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Zhou M, Mathew S, de Bruin B. Thermal and (Thermo-Reversible) Photochemical Cycloisomerization of 1 H-2-Benzo[ c]oxocins: From Synthetic Applications to the Development of a New T-Type Molecular Photoswitch. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:645-657. [PMID: 36548378 PMCID: PMC9837851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel T-type molecular photoswitch based on the reversible cyclization of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromenes has been developed. The switching mechanism involves a light-triggered ring-contraction of 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins to 4,6-fused O-heterocyclic dihydro-4H-cyclobuta[c]isochromene ring systems, with reversion back to the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocin state accessible through heating. Both processes are unidirectional and proceed with good efficiency, with switching properties─including reversibility and half-life time─easily adjusted via structural functionalization. Our new molecular-switching platform exhibits independence from solvent polarity, originating from its neutral-charge switching mechanism, a property highly sought-after for biological applications. The photoinduced ring-contraction involves a [2+2] conjugated-diene cyclization that obeys the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. In contrast, the reverse process initiates via a thermal ring-opening (T > 60 °C) to produce the original 8-membered 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins, which is thermally forbidden according to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. The thermal ring-opening is likely to proceed via an ortho-quinodimethane (o-QDM) intermediate, and the corresponding switching mechanisms are supported by experimental observations and density functional theory calculations. Other transformations of 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins were found upon altering reaction conditions: prolonged heating of the 1H-2-benzo[c]oxocins at a significantly elevated temperature (72 h at 120 °C), with the resulting dihydronaphthalenes formed via the o-QDM intermediate. These reactions also proceed with good chemoselectivities, providing new synthetic protocols for motifs found in several bioactive molecules, but are otherwise difficult to access.
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Ceccoli RD, Bianchi DA, Fink MJ, Mihovilovic MD, Rial DV. Cloning and characterization of the Type I Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Leptospira biflexa. AMB Express 2017; 7:87. [PMID: 28452041 PMCID: PMC5407406 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases are recognized by their ability and high selectivity as oxidative biocatalysts for the generation of esters or lactones using ketones as starting materials. These enzymes represent valuable tools for biooxidative syntheses since they can catalyze reactions that otherwise involve strong oxidative reagents. In this work, we present a novel enzyme, the Type I Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from Leptospira biflexa. This protein is phylogenetically distant from other well-characterized BVMOs. In order to study this new enzyme, we cloned its gene, expressed it in Escherichia coli and characterized the substrate scope of the Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase from L. biflexa as a whole-cell biocatalyst. For this purpose, we performed the screening of a collection of ketones with variable structures and sizes, namely acyclic ketones, aromatic ketones, cyclic ketones, and fused ketones. As a result, we observed that this biocatalyst readily oxidized linear- and branched- medium-chain ketones, alkyl levulinates and linear ketones with aromatic substituents with excellent regioselectivity. In addition, this enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of 2-substituted cycloketone derivatives but showed an unusual selection against substituents in positions 3 or 4 of the ring.
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Rodríguez-Mata M, Lavandera I, Gotor-Fernández V, Gotor V, García-Cerrada S, Mendiola J, de Frutos Ó, Collado I. Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase-catalyzed desymmetrizations of cyclobutanones. Application to the synthesis of valuable spirolactones. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Aldehydes are a class of chemicals with many industrial uses. Several aldehydes are responsible for flavors and fragrances present in plants, but aldehydes are not known to accumulate in most natural microorganisms. In many cases, microbial production of aldehydes presents an attractive alternative to extraction from plants or chemical synthesis. During the past 2 decades, a variety of aldehyde biosynthetic enzymes have undergone detailed characterization. Although metabolic pathways that result in alcohol synthesis via aldehyde intermediates were long known, only recent investigations in model microbes such as Escherichia coli have succeeded in minimizing the rapid endogenous conversion of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols. Such efforts have provided a foundation for microbial aldehyde synthesis and broader utilization of aldehydes as intermediates for other synthetically challenging biochemical classes. However, aldehyde toxicity imposes a practical limit on achievable aldehyde titers and remains an issue of academic and commercial interest. In this minireview, we summarize published efforts of microbial engineering for aldehyde synthesis, with an emphasis on de novo synthesis, engineered aldehyde accumulation in E. coli, and the challenge of aldehyde toxicity.
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Fink MJ, Rial DV, Kapitanova P, Lengar A, Rehdorf J, Cheng Q, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD. Quantitative Comparison of Chiral Catalysts Selectivity and Performance: A Generic Concept Illustrated with Cyclododecanone Monooxygenase as Baeyer-Villiger Biocatalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fink MJ, Fischer TC, Rudroff F, Dudek H, Fraaije MW, Mihovilovic MD. Extensive substrate profiling of cyclopentadecanone monooxygenase as Baeyer–Villiger biocatalyst reveals novel regiodivergent oxidations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Leisch H, Morley K, Lau PCK. Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases: More Than Just Green Chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4165-222. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Krista Morley
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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de Gonzalo G, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW. Recent developments in the application of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases as biocatalysts. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2208-31. [PMID: 20936617 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) represent a specific class of monooxygenases that are capable of catalyzing a variety of oxidation reactions, including Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. The recently elucidated BVMO crystal structures have provided a more detailed insight into the complex mechanism of these flavin-containing enzymes. Biocatalytic studies on a number of newly discovered BVMOs have shown that they are very potent oxidative biocatalysts. In addition to catalyzing the regio- and enantioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of a wide range of carbonylic compounds, epoxidations, and enantioselective sulfoxidations have also been shown to be part of their catalytic repertoire. This review provides an overview on the recent developments in BVMO-mediated biocatalytic processes, identification of the catalytic role of these enzymes in metabolic routes and prodrug activation, as well as the efforts in developing effective biocatalytic methodologies to apply BVMOs for the synthesis of high added value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Gonzalo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Doyle MP, Ratnikov M, Liu Y. Intramolecular catalytic asymmetric carbon–hydrogen insertion reactions. Synthetic advantages in total synthesis in comparison with alternative approaches. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4007-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rioz-Martínez A, de Gonzalo G, Pazmiño DET, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Chiral Sulfoxides Employing Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rioz-Martínez A, de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño DE, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Benzo-Fused Ketones: Formation of Regiocomplementary Lactones. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kayser MM. ‘Designer reagents’ recombinant microorganisms: new and powerful tools for organic synthesis. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mihovilovic MD, Kapitán P, Kapitánová P. Regiodivergent Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of fused ketones by recombinant whole-cell biocatalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2008; 1:143-148. [PMID: 18605677 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing monooxygenases of different bacterial origin were evaluated in microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidations of racemic fused ketones. During the enzymatic oxidation process, both the "normal" lactone generated by migration of the more-substituted carbon atom and/or the "abnormal" lactone resulting from migration of the less-substituted carbon atom can be formed. Depending on the nature of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, either a regiodivergent biooxygenation to both lactones in high optical purities was observed or essentially racemic "normal" rearrangement product was formed. The complementary behavior of enzymes was found to correlate with our previous observation of clustering of cycloketone-oxidizing proteins into two distinct clusters based on phylogenetic relationship and biocatalyst performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Moreno-Horn M, Martinez-Rojas E, Görisch H, Tressl R, Garbe LA. Oxidation of 1,4-alkanediols into γ-lactones via γ-lactols using Rhodococcus erythropolis as biocatalyst. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rodríguez C, de Gonzalo G, Fraaije MW, Gotor V. Enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic ketones catalyzed by Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fuchs S, Berl V, Lepoittevin JP. A Highly Stereoselective Divergent Synthesis of Bicyclic Models of Photoreactive Sesquiterpene Lactones. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kirschner A, Bornscheuer UT. Kinetic Resolution of 4-Hydroxy-2-ketones Catalyzed by a Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7004-6. [PMID: 17013956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Kirschner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 18c, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Kirschner A, Bornscheuer UT. Katalytische kinetische Racematspaltung von 4-Hydroxy-2-ketonen durch eine Baeyer-Villiger-Monooxygenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de Gonzalo G, Ottolina G, Zambianchi F, Fraaije MW, Carrea G. Biocatalytic properties of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases in aqueous–organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Gonzalo G, Torres Pazmiño DE, Ottolina G, Fraaije MW, Carrea G. 4-Hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB as an oxidative biocatalyst in the synthesis of optically active sulfoxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moonen M, Westphal A, Rietjens I, van Berkel W. Enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Benzaldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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