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Tran C, Horyanto D, Stanley D, Cock IE, Chen X, Feng Y. Antimicrobial Properties of Bacillus Probiotics as Animal Growth Promoters. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:407. [PMID: 36830317 PMCID: PMC9952206 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) suppress the growth of infectious pathogens. These pathogens negatively impact agricultural production worldwide and often cause health problems if left untreated. Here, we evaluate six Bacillus strains (BPR-11, BPR-12, BPR-13, BPR-14, BPR-16 and BPR-17), which are known for their ability to survive harsh environmental conditions, as AGP replacements in animal feed. Four of these Bacillus strains (BPR-11, BPR-14, BPR-16 and BPR-17) showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic strains Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 25 μg/mL, with BPR-16 and BPR-17 also able to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica at 100 μg/mL. Further chemical investigation of BPR-17 led to the identification of eight metabolites, namely C16, C15, C14 and C13 surfactin C (1-4), maculosin (5), maculosine 2 (6), genistein (7) and daidzein (8). Purified compounds (1-4) were able to inhibit all the tested pathogens with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 50 μg/mL. Maculosin (5) and maculosine 2 (6) inhibited C. perfringens, E. coli and S. aureus with an MIC of 25 μg/mL while genistein (7) and daidzein (8) showed no activity. An animal trial involving feeding BPR-11, BPR-16 and BPR-17 to a laboratory poultry model led to an increase in animal growth, and a decrease in feed conversion ratio and mortality. The presence of surfactin C analogues (3-4) in the gut following feeding with probiotics was confirmed using an LC-MS analysis. The investigation of these Bacillus probiotics, their metabolites, their impacts on animal performance indicators and their presence in the gastrointestinal system illustrates that these probiotics are effective alternatives to AGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Tran
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Darwin Horyanto
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (D.H.); (D.S.)
- Bioproton Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4110, Australia;
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia; (D.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | | | - Yunjiang Feng
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia;
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Lee PG, Lee UJ, Song H, Choi KY, Kim BG. Recent advances in the microbial hydroxylation and reduction of soy isoflavones. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5089968. [PMID: 30184116 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are naturally occurring phytochemicals, which are biotransformed into functional derivatives through oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of diverse microorganisms. Such representative derivatives, ortho-dihydroxyisoflavones (ODIs) and equols, have attracted great attention for their versatile health benefits since they were found from soybean fermented foods and human intestinal fluids. Recently, scientists in food technology, nutrition and microbiology began to understand their correct biosynthetic pathways and nutraceutical values, and have attempted to produce the valuable bioactive compounds using microbial fermentation and whole-cell/enzyme-based biotransformation. Furthermore, artificial design of microbial catalysts and/or protein engineering of oxidoreductases were also conducted to enhance production efficiency and regioselectivity of products. This minireview summarizes and introduces the past year's studies and recent advances in notable production of ODIs and equols, and provides information on available microbial species and their catalytic performance with perspectives on industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Uk-Jae Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbit Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Bioengineering Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Institute of Bioengineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Production of New Isoflavone Glucosides from Glycosylation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein by Glycosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxydaidzein (8-OHDe) has been proven to possess some important bioactivities; however, the low aqueous solubility and stability of 8-OHDe limit its pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. The present study focuses on glycosylation of 8-OHDe to improve its drawbacks in solubility and stability. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis with several identified flavonoid-catalyzing glycosyltransferases (GTs), three glycosyltransferase genes (BsGT110, BsGT292 and BsGT296) from the genome of the Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The three BsGTs were then purified and the glycosylation activity determined toward 8-OHDe. The results showed that only BsGT110 possesses glycosylation activity. The glycosylated metabolites were then isolated with preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and identified as two new isoflavone glucosides, 8-OHDe-7-O-β-glucoside and8-OHDe-8-O-β-glucoside, whose identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aqueous solubility of 8-OHDe-7-O-β-glucoside and 8-OHDe-8-O-β-glucoside is 9.0- and 4.9-fold, respectively, higher than that of 8-OHDe. Moreover, more than 90% of the initial concentration of the two 8-OHDe glucoside derivatives remained after 96 h of incubation in 50 mM of Tris buffer at pH 8.0. In contrast, the concentration of 8-OHDe decreased to 0.8% of the initial concentration after 96 h of incubation. The two new isoflavone glucosides might have potential in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.
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Hsu C, Wu BY, Chang YC, Chang CF, Chiou TY, Su NW. Phosphorylation of Isoflavones by Bacillus subtilis BCRC 80517 May Represent Xenobiotic Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:127-137. [PMID: 29231720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The soy isoflavones daidzein (DAI) and genistein (GEN) have beneficial effects on human health. However, their oral bioavailability is hampered by their low aqueous solubility. Our previous study revealed two water-soluble phosphorylated conjugates of isoflavones, daidzein 7-O-phosphate and genistein 7-O-phosphate, generated via biotransformation by Bacillus subtilis BCRC80517 cultivated with isoflavones. In this study, two novel derivatives of isoflavones, daidzein 4'-O-phosphate and genistein 4'-O-phosphate, were identified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, and their biotransformation roadmaps were proposed. Primarily, isoflavone glucosides were deglycosylated and then phosphorylated predominantly into 7-O-phosphate conjugates with traces of 4'-O-phosphate conjugates. Inevitably, trace quantities of glucosides were converted into 6″-O-succinyl glucosides. GEN was more efficiently phosphorylated than DAI. Nevertheless, the presence of GEN prolonged the time until the exponential phase of cell growth, whereas the other isoflavones showed little effect on cell growth. Our findings provide new insights into the novel microbial phosphorylation of isoflavones involved in xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hsu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Yuan Wu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fon Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Chiou
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Chemistry, Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507, Japan
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Koffas MA, Sohng JK. Microbial production of natural and non-natural flavonoids: Pathway engineering, directed evolution and systems/synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:634-662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wu SC, Chang CW, Lin CW, Hsu YC. Production of 8-hydroxydaidzein Polyphenol Using Biotransformation by Aspergillus oryzae. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Exploring the electron transfer pathway in the oxidation of avermectin by CYP107Z13 in Streptomyces ahygroscopicus ZB01. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98916. [PMID: 24905717 PMCID: PMC4048220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces ahygroscopicus ZB01 can effectively oxidize 4″-OH of avermectin to form 4″-oxo-avermectin. CYP107Z13 is responsible for this site-specific oxidation in ZB01. In the present study, we explored the electron transfer pathway in oxidation of avermectin by CYP107Z13 in ZB01. A putative [3Fe-4S] ferredoxin gene fd68 and two possible NADH-dependent ferredoxin reductase genes fdr18 and fdr28 were cloned from the genomic DNA of ZB01. fd68 gene disruption mutants showed no catalytic activity in oxidation of avermectin to form 4″-oxo-avermectin. To clarify whether FdR18 and FdR28 participate in the electron transfer during avermectin oxidation by CYP107Z13, two whole-cell biocatalytic systems were designed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), with one co-expressing CYP107Z13, Fd68 and FdR18 and the other co-expressing CYP107Z13, Fd68 and FdR28. Both of the two biocatalytic systems were found to be able to mediate the oxidation of avermectin to form 4″-oxo-avermectin. Thus, we propose an electron transfer pathway NADH→FdR18/FdR28→Fd68→CYP107Z13 for oxidation of avermectin to form 4″-oxo-avermectin in ZB01.
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Chang TS. Isolation, bioactivity, and production of ortho-hydroxydaidzein and ortho-hydroxygenistein. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5699-716. [PMID: 24705463 PMCID: PMC4013590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Daidzein and genistein are two major components of soy isoflavones. They exist abundantly in plants and possess multiple bioactivities. In contrast, ortho-hydroxydaidzein (OHD) and ortho-hydroxygenistein (OHG), including 6-hydroxydaidzein (6-OHD), 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD), 3'-hydroxydaidzein (3'-OHD), 6-hydroxygenistein (6-OHG), 8-hydroxygenistein (8-OHG), and 3'-hydroxygenistein (3'-OHG), are rarely found in plants. Instead, they are usually isolated from fermented soybean foods or microbial fermentation broth feeding with soybean meal. Accordingly, the bioactivity of OHD and OHG has been investigated less compared to that of soy isoflavones. Recently, OHD and OHG were produced by genetically engineering microorganisms through gene cloning of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme systems. This success opens up bioactivity investigation and industrial applications of OHD and OHG in the future. This article reviews isolation of OHD and OHG from non-synthetic sources and production of the compounds by genetically modified microorganisms. Several bioactivities, such as anticancer and antimelanogenesis-related activities, of OHD and OHG, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National University of Tainan, 33 Sec. 2 Su-Lin St., Tainan 702, Taiwan.
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Ba L, Li P, Zhang H, Duan Y, Lin Z. Engineering of a hybrid biotransformation system for cytochrome P450sca-2 in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:785-93. [PMID: 23744742 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
P450sca-2 is an industrially important enzyme that stereoselectively converts mevastatin into pravastatin. However, little information or engineering efforts have been reported for this enzyme or its redox partner. In this study, we successfully reconstituted the P450sca-2 activity in Escherichia coli by co-expression with putidaredoxin reductase (Pdr) and putidaredoxin (Pdx) from the Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P450cam system. With an HPLC-based screening assay, random mutagenesis was applied to yield a mutant (R8-5C) with a pravastatin yield of the whole-cell biotransformation 4.1-fold that of the wild type. P450sca-2 wild-type and R8-5C were characterized in terms of mevastatin binding and hydroxylation, electron transfer, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. R8-5C showed an active P450 expression level that was 3.8-fold that of the wild type, with relatively smaller changes in the apparent k(cat)/K(M) with respect to the substrate mevastatin (1.3-fold) or Pdx (1.5-fold) compared with the wild type. Thus, the increase in the pravastatin yield of the whole-cell biotransformation primarily came from the improved active P450 expression, which has resulted largely from better heme incorporation, although none of the six mutations of R8-5C are located near the heme active site. These results will facilitate further engineering of this P450sca-2 system and provide useful clues for improving other hybrid P450 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Ba L, Li P, Zhang H, Duan Y, Lin Z. Semi-rational engineering of cytochrome P450sca-2 in a hybrid system for enhanced catalytic activity: Insights into the important role of electron transfer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2815-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes; Tsinghua University; One Tsinghua Garden Road Beijing 100084 China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes; Tsinghua University; One Tsinghua Garden Road Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes; Tsinghua University; One Tsinghua Garden Road Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes; Tsinghua University; One Tsinghua Garden Road Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhanglin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes; Tsinghua University; One Tsinghua Garden Road Beijing 100084 China
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Chang TS, Chao SY, Chen YC. Production of ortho-hydroxydaidzein derivatives by a recombinant strain of Pichia pastoris harboring a cytochrome P450 fusion gene. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Screening of bacterial cytochrome P450s responsible for regiospecific hydroxylation of (iso)flavonoids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 48:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Pandey BP, Roh C, Choi KY, Lee N, Kim EJ, Ko S, Kim T, Yun H, Kim BG. Regioselective hydroxylation of daidzein using P450 (CYP105D7) from Streptomyces avermitilis MA4680. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:697-704. [PMID: 19845003 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Regiospecific 3'-hydroxylation reaction of daidzein was performed with CYP105D7 from Streptomyces avermitilis MA4680 expressed in Escherichia coli. The apparent K(m) and k(cat) values of CYP105D7 for daidzein were 21.83 +/- 6.3 microM and 15.01 +/- 0.6 min(-1) in the presence of 1 microM of CYP105D7, putidaredoxin (CamB) and putidaredoxin reductase (CamA), respectively. When CYP105D7 was expressed in S. avermitilis MA4680, its cytochrome P450 activity was confirmed by the CO-difference spectra at 450 nm using the whole cell extract. When the whole-cell reaction for the 3'-hydroxylation reaction of daidzein was carried out with 100 microM of daidzein in 100 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), the recombinant S. avermitilis grown in R2YE media overexpressing CYP105D7 and ferredoxin FdxH (SAV7470) showed a 3.6-fold higher conversion yield (24%) than the corresponding wild type cell (6.7%). In a 7 L (working volume 3 L) jar fermentor, the recombinants S. avermitilis grown in R2YE media produced 112.5 mg of 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (i.e., 29.5% conversion yield) from 381 mg of daidzein in 15 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Pandey
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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