Lipase-catalyzed enantioselective resolution of (R,S)-N-2-methylalkanoyl-3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazoles in organic solvents

Structural features, temperature adaptation and industrial applications of microbial lipases from psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic origins

Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. Here microbial lipases from different origins (psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles) have been reviewed. This review emphasizes an update of structural diversity in temperature adaptation and industrial applications, of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic lipases. The microbial origins of lipases are logically dynamic, proficient, and also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. It is therefore of interest to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to temperature in occurring lipases. However, lipases from extremophiles (psychrophiles, and thermophiles) are widely used to design biotransformation reactions with higher yields, fewer byproducts, or useful side products and have been predicted to catalyze those reactions also, which otherwise are not possible with the mesophilic lipases. Lipases as a multipurpose biological catalyst have given a favorable vision in meeting the needs of several industries such as biodiesel, foods, and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and medicals.

Chemoenzymatic Cascade Synthesis of Optically Pure Alkanoic Acids by Using Engineered Arylmalonate Decarboxylase Variants

Arylmalonate decarboxylase (AMDase) catalyzes the cofactor‐free asymmetric decarboxylation of prochiral arylmalonic acids and produces the corresponding monoacids with rigorous R selectivity. Alteration of catalytic cysteine residues and of the hydrophobic environment in the active site by protein engineering has previously resulted in the generation of variants with opposite enantioselectivity and improved catalytic performance. The substrate spectrum of AMDase allows it to catalyze the asymmetric decarboxylation of small methylvinylmalonic acid derivatives, implying the possibility to produce short‐chain 2‐methylalkanoic acids with high optical purity after reduction of the nonactivated C=C double bond. Use of diimide as the reductant proved to be a simple strategy to avoid racemization of the stereocenter during reduction. The developed chemoenzymatic sequential cascade with use of R‐ and S‐selective AMDase variants produced optically pure short‐chain 2‐methylalkanoic acids in moderate to full conversion and gave both enantiomers in excellent enantiopurity (up to 83 % isolated yield and 98 % ee).

A green and one-pot synthesis of benzo[g]chromene derivatives through a multi-component reaction catalyzed by lipase

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of benzo[g]chromene derivatives.

An efficient lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis of (R,S)-azolides derived from N-protected proline, pipecolic acid, and nipecotic acid

In the Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed hydrolysis of (R,S)-azolides derived from (R,S)-N-protected proline in water-saturated methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), high enzyme activity with excellent enantioselectivity (V (S) V (R) (-1)  > 100) for (R,S)-N-Cbz-proline 1,2,4-triazolide (1) and (R,S)-N-Cbz-proline 4-bromopyrazolide (2) was exploited in comparison with their corresponding methyl ester analog (3). Changing of the substrate structure, water content, solvent, and temperature was found to have profound influences on the lipase performance. On the basis of enzyme activity and enantioselectivity and solvent boiling point, the best reaction condition of using 1 as the substrate in water-saturated MTBE at 45 °C was selected and further employed for the successful resolution of (R,S)-N-Cbz-pipecolic 1,2,4-triazolide (5) and (R,S)-N-Boc-nipecotic 1,2,4-triazolide (9). Moreover, more than 89.1 % recovery of remained (R)-1 is obtainable in five cycles of enzyme reusage, when pH 7 phosphate buffers were employed as the extract at 4 °C.

Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis for lipase-catalyzed hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)-alcohols though their azolyl carbamates

A new approach to the lipase-catalyzed hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)-azolyl carbamates for obtaining chiral azolyl carbamates and alcohol is described. With (R,S)-1-phenylethyl azolyl carbamates as the model substrates, the best reaction condition of using (R,S)-1-phenylethyl 4-bromopyrazole carbamate (1) as the substrate in water-saturated diisopropyl ether at 45 °C is selected. The kinetic constants, and hence enantiomeric ratio of 124, are then estimated from the kinetic analysis by considering the alcohol inhibition effect, with which theoretical time-course conversions for both enantiomers are numerically solved and agree with the experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters -ΔΔH and -ΔΔS satisfying a linear enthalpy-entropy compensation relationship of -ΔΔS = -38.84 + 3.29(-ΔΔH) are further estimated. An extension of the resolution platform to (R,S)-4-bromopyrazole carbamates derived from other (R,S)-alcohols (4, 5, 7) is also addressed.