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Tripathy RK, Anakha J, Pande AH. Towards development of biobetter: L-asparaginase a case study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130499. [PMID: 37914146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (ASNase) has played a key role in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As an amidohydrolase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, a crucial step in the treatment of ALL. Various ASNase variants have evolved from diverse sources since it was first used in paediatric patients in the 1960s. This review describes the available ASNase and approaches being used to develop ASNase as a biobetter candidate. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review discusses the Glycosylation and PEGylation techniques, which are frequently used to develop biobetter versions of the majority of the therapeutic proteins. Further, it explores current ASNase biobetters in therapeutic use and discusses the protein engineering and chemical modification approaches that were employed to reduce immunogenicity, extend protein half-life, and enhance protease stability of ASNase. Emerging strategies like immobilization and encapsulation are also highlighted as potential pathways for improving ASNase properties. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The purpose of the development of ASNase biobetter is to achieve a novel therapeutic candidate that could improve catalytic efficiency, in vivo stability with minimum glutaminase (GLNase) activity and toxicity. Modification of ASNase by immobilization and encapsulation or by fusion technologies like Albumin fusion, Fc fusion, ELP fusion, XTEN fusion, etc. can be exploited to develop a novel biobetter candidate suitable for therapeutic approaches. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the importance of biobetter development for therapeutic proteins like ASNase. Improved ASNase molecules have the potential to significantly advance the treatment of ALL and have broader implications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - J Anakha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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Miranda J, Lefin N, Beltran JF, Belén LH, Tsipa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Enzyme Engineering Strategies for the Bioenhancement of L-Asparaginase Used as a Biopharmaceutical. BioDrugs 2023; 37:793-811. [PMID: 37698749 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a surge in the industrial production of recombinant enzymes from microorganisms due to their catalytic characteristics being highly efficient, selective, and biocompatible. L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme belonging to the class of amidohydrolases that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. It has been widely investigated as a biologic agent for its antineoplastic properties in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The demand for L-ASNase is mainly met by the production of recombinant type II L-ASNase from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, the presence of immunogenic proteins in L-ASNase sourced from prokaryotes has been known to result in adverse reactions in patients undergoing treatment. As a result, efforts are being made to explore strategies that can help mitigate the immunogenicity of the drug. This review gives an overview of recent biotechnological breakthroughs in enzyme engineering techniques and technologies used to improve anti-leukemic L-ASNase, taking into account the pharmacological importance of L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Miranda
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Nicolás Lefin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Jorge F Beltran
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Argyro Tsipa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jorge G Farias
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile.
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Shishparenok AN, Gladilina YA, Zhdanov DD. Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase Development and Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15220. [PMID: 37894901 PMCID: PMC10607044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering for heterologous expression has advanced in recent years. Model systems such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pichia pastoris are often used as host microorganisms for the enzymatic production of L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. The combination of rational design and/or directed evolution and heterologous expression has been used to create enzymes with desired characteristics. Computer design, combined with other methods, could make it possible to generate mutant libraries of novel L-ASNases without costly and time-consuming efforts. In this review, we summarize the strategies and approaches for obtaining and developing L-ASNase with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Nunes JCF, Cristóvão RO, Freire MG, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Faria JL, Silva CG, Tavares APM. Recent Strategies and Applications for l-Asparaginase Confinement. Molecules 2020; 25:E5827. [PMID: 33321857 PMCID: PMC7764279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase (ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1) is an aminohydrolase enzyme with important uses in the therapeutic/pharmaceutical and food industries. Its main applications are as an anticancer drug, mostly for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment, and in acrylamide reduction when starch-rich foods are cooked at temperatures above 100 °C. Its use as a biosensor for asparagine in both industries has also been reported. However, there are certain challenges associated with ASNase applications. Depending on the ASNase source, the major challenges of its pharmaceutical application are the hypersensitivity reactions that it causes in ALL patients and its short half-life and fast plasma clearance in the blood system by native proteases. In addition, ASNase is generally unstable and it is a thermolabile enzyme, which also hinders its application in the food sector. These drawbacks have been overcome by the ASNase confinement in different (nano)materials through distinct techniques, such as physical adsorption, covalent attachment and entrapment. Overall, this review describes the most recent strategies reported for ASNase confinement in numerous (nano)materials, highlighting its improved properties, especially specificity, half-life enhancement and thermal and operational stability improvement, allowing its reuse, increased proteolysis resistance and immunogenicity elimination. The most recent applications of confined ASNase in nanomaterials are reviewed for the first time, simultaneously providing prospects in the described fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. F. Nunes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Raquel O. Cristóvão
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Mara G. Freire
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Joaquim L. Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Cláudia G. Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (J.C.F.N.); (R.O.C.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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Ali M, Ishqi HM, Husain Q. Enzyme engineering: Reshaping the biocatalytic functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1877-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misha Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life SciencesAligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Qayyum Husain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life SciencesAligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
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L-asparaginase – A promising biocatalyst for industrial and clinical applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Radha R, Arumugam N, Gummadi SN. Glutaminase free l-asparaginase from Vibrio cholerae: Heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Izadpanah Qeshmi F, Homaei A, Fernandes P, Javadpour S. Marine microbial L-asparaginase: Biochemistry, molecular approaches and applications in tumor therapy and in food industry. Microbiol Res 2018; 208:99-112. [PMID: 29551216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment is a rich source of biological and chemical diversity. It covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and features a wide diversity of habitats, often displaying extreme conditions, where marine organisms thrive, offering a vast pool for microorganisms and enzymes. Given the dissimilarity between marine and terrestrial habitats, enzymes and microorganisms, either novel or with different and appealing features as compared to terrestrial counterparts, may be identified and isolated. L-asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1), is among the relevant enzymes that can be obtained from marine sources. This amidohydrolase acts on L-asparagine and produce L-aspartate and ammonia, accordingly it has an acknowledged chemotherapeutic application, namely in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, L-asparaginase is also of interest in the food industry as it prevents acrylamide formation. Terrestrial organisms have been largely tapped for L-asparaginases, but most failed to comply with criteria for practical applications, whereas marine sources have only been marginally screened. This work provides an overview on the relevant features of this enzyme and the framework for its application, with a clear emphasis on the use of L-asparaginase from marine sources. The review envisages to highlight the unique properties of marine L-asparaginases that could make them good candidates for medical applications and industries, especially in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sedigheh Javadpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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An K, Duong HD, Rhee JI. Ratiometric fluorescent l-arginine and l-asparagine biosensors based on the oxazine 170 perchlorate-ethyl cellulose membrane. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:847-856. [PMID: 32624832 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ratiometric fluorescent l-arginine (Arg) and l-asparagine (Asn) biosensors were developed using an oxazine 170 perchlorate (O17) ethyl cellulose (EC) membrane and the enzymes entrapped into the matrix of EC and hydrogel polyurethane. The sensing principles were based on the hydrolysis reactions of urea and l-Arg under the catalysis of the urease and arginase to produce ammonia in the case of an l-Arg-sensing membrane and also on the hydrolysis reaction of l-Asn under the catalysis of asparaginase in the case of an l-Asn-sensing membrane. The O17-EC membrane reacted with the ammonia produced from the hydrolysis reactions and changed the fluorescence intensities at λ em = 565 and 625 nm. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities at λ em = 565 and 625 nm was proportional to the concentrations of l-Arg or l-Asn in the range of 0.1-10 mM. The LOD of the l-Arg- and l-Asn-sensing membranes was 0.082 ± 0.0014 and 0.074 ± 0.0023 mM, respectively. The sensing membranes also showed good quality in terms of response time, reversibility, and stability. The interference study demonstrated that some components such as amino acids had little negative effects on the performance of the sensing membranes for the detection of l-Arg and l-Asn. These simple and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent sensing membranes provide a basic or comprehensive method for detecting l-Arg and l-Asn in blood and urine samples as well as in the fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kido An
- School of Chemical Engineering Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Dinh Duong
- School of Chemical Engineering Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Il Rhee
- School of Chemical Engineering Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Li D, Li Y. Expression and purification of L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and the inhibitory effects of cyclic dipeptides. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2099-2106. [PMID: 28105864 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1277350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, a key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism, is an effective anti-tumour agent. Cyclic dipeptides, a group of compounds, contain several important biological functions. In this paper, we proposed a novel method for L-asparaginase expression and purification from Echerichia coli and determined the effect of cyclic dipeptides on the enzymatic activity of recombinant L-asparaginase. The gene ansB encoding L-asparaginase was amplified from the genome of E. coli BL21 (DE3) by polymerase chain reaction and sub-cloned into pET-15b vector to construct expressing plasmid pET-15b-ansB. The expression of recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography using a nickel resin followed by anion exchange chromatography. The purity and quality of the recombinant L-asparaginase were optimised. The results indicated that km for the recombinant L-asparaginase was 3.02 × 10-4 mol/L. Both cyclo-(Pro-Tyr) and cyclo-(Pro-Phe) could inhibit the activity of recombinant L-asparaginase at the level of 10-5 mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- a College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- a College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- a College of Life Sciences , Qingdao University , Qingdao , P.R. China
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Labrou NE, Muharram MM. Biochemical characterization and immobilization of Erwinia carotovora l -asparaginase in a microplate for high-throughput biosensing of l -asparagine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 92:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sudhir AP, Agarwaal VV, Dave BR, Patel DH, Subramanian R. Enhanced catalysis of l-asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis by a rational redesign. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 86:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ulu A, Koytepe S, Ates B. Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable pHEMA-starch composites for immobilization of L-asparaginase. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fu Y, Wu Y, Wei Y, Chen X, Xu J, Xu X. Development of a thermally stable formulation for l -asparaginase storage in aqueous conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Recent research progress on microbial l-asparaginases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1069-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stephens DE, Khan FI, Singh P, Bisetty K, Singh S, Permaul K. Creation of thermostable and alkaline stable xylanase variants by DNA shuffling. J Biotechnol 2014; 187:139-46. [PMID: 25093937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.07.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutant xylanases, G41 and G53, were generated by random mutagenesis of Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase DSM 5826 (xynA) in a previous study. Incubation at 90 min showed that G41 had 75% activity at 80 °C and G53 had 93% activity at pH 10. In order to create xylanase variants possessing both thermal and alkaline stability in a single enzyme, G41 and G53 served as templates for DNA shuffling using the StEP recombination method. One of the resulting StEP recombinants, S340, retained 54% stability at 80 °C and 60% stability at pH 10 with three resulting amino acid mutations. Another StEP recombinant, S325, displayed 85% stability at 80 °C and 60% stability at pH 10 and DNA sequencing showed that it inherited mutations from both parents. All thermostable variants displayed an increase in arginine content with poor enzyme activity. Thus, the StEP recombination method successfully recombined mutations into two xylanases that were more robust than their parent counterparts. Additionally, the 3D-models of the wild type T. lanuginosus xynA (xyl_ext) and its variants, G41 and S325, were predicted using I-TASSER and then subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 300 K for a deeper understanding of their structural features. The results from the predicted 3D models show clearly the presence of α-helical regions in the N-terminal residues of the xyl_ext, G41 and S325. Moreover, the MD analysis suggests that the presence of additional residues (1-31) and point mutation induces slight structural changes with the stability of the protein being evenly distributed over the whole structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Elizabeth Stephens
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, ML Sultan Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, ML Sultan Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Steve Biko Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Steve Biko Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krishna Bisetty
- Department of Chemistry, Steve Biko Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, ML Sultan Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kugen Permaul
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, ML Sultan Campus, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Erdogan A, Koytepe S, Ates B, Yilmaz I, Seckin T. Preparation of the L-Asparaginase-Based Biosensor With Polyimide Membrane Electrode for Monitoring L-Asparagine Levels in Leukemia. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.886228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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KOLACINSKA K, KONCKI R. A Novel Optoelectronic Detector and Improved Flow Analysis Procedure for Ammonia Determination with Nessler’s Reagent. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:1019-22. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila KOLACINSKA
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
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Skopelitou K, Georgakis N, Efrose R, Flemetakis E, Labrou NE. Sol–gel immobilization of haloalkane dehalogenase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum for the remediation 1,2-dibromoethane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Immobilization of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in silica-based hydrogels: A comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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