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Martinez-Garcia M, Van Hecke W, Peeters H, Gabriels D, Van der Weeën P, Dejonghe W, Satyawali Y. Methyl oleate for plant protection products formulations: Enzymatic synthesis, reaction kinetics and application testing. J Biotechnol 2024; 379:78-86. [PMID: 38072327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a solvent-free enzymatic approach for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), such as methyl oleate, for their application as adjuvant in plant protection products (PPP) formulations. The direct esterification between free fatty acid and methanol was optimized to achieve 98% acid conversion. The kinetics of this conversion was accurately described by a simple second order mechanism and non-linear regression was applied to calculate the rate constants of the forward and backward reactions based on full progress curves data. The rate constant of the forward reaction (synthesis) was one order of magnitude higher than the backward reaction (hydrolysis) and favored formation of the target methyl ester product, rendering the removal of water unnecessary. Enzymatically synthesized methyl oleate was benchmarked against the chemically synthesized compound, showing matching results in terms of stability, spreadability and emulsifying capacity in plant care formulations. The enzymatic synthesis of FAMEs under solvent free conditions allows to achieve a safer and more sustainable character for carrier solvents in PPP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Garcia
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Hecke
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Oleon, Avril group, Assenedestraat 2, Evergem 9940, Belgium
| | - Dries Gabriels
- Oleon, Avril group, Assenedestraat 2, Evergem 9940, Belgium
| | | | - Winnie Dejonghe
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Yamini Satyawali
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
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2
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Costa IO, Morais JRF, de Medeiros Dantas JM, Gonçalves LRB, Dos Santos ES, Rios NS. Enzyme immobilization technology as a tool to innovate in the production of biofuels: A special review of the Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 170:110300. [PMID: 37523882 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the crucial role of enzyme immobilization technology in advancing the production of two main biofuels, ethanol and biodiesel, with a specific focus on the Cross-linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) strategy. This method of immobilization has gained attention due to its simplicity and affordability, as it does not initially require a solid support. CLEAs synthesis protocol includes two steps: enzyme precipitation and cross-linking of aggregates using bifunctional agents. We conducted a thorough search for papers detailing the synthesis of CLEAs utilizing amylases, cellulases, and hemicellulases. These key enzymes are involved in breaking down starch or lignocellulosic materials to produce ethanol, both in first and second-generation processes. CLEAs of lipases were included as these enzymes play a crucial role in the enzymatic process of biodiesel production. However, when dealing with large or diverse substrates such as lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production and oils/fats for biodiesel production, the use of individual enzymes may not be the most efficient method. Instead, a system that utilizes a blend of enzymes may prove to be more effective. To innovate in the production of biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel), enzyme co-immobilization using different enzyme species to produce Combi-CLEAs is a promising trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathália Saraiva Rios
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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3
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Immobilization of Lipase on the Graphene Oxides Magnetized with NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Lipids. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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4
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Silvianti F, Maniar D, Boetje L, Woortman AJJ, van Dijken J, Loos K. Greener Synthesis Route for Furanic-Aliphatic Polyester: Enzymatic Polymerization in Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Maniar
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Boetje
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. J. Woortman
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jur van Dijken
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
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Sovová H, Pleskač O, Sajfrtová M. Modeling of lipase-catalyzed oil hydrolysis in supercritical CO2 in a packed-bed reactor. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Zaman F, Ishaq MW, Ul‐Haq N, Rahman WU, Ali MM, Ahmed F, Haq AU. Effect of Different Parameters on Catalytic Production of Biodiesel from Different Oils. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhar Zaman
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials 100029 Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ishaq
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemical Physics 230026 Hefei Anhui China
| | - Noaman Ul‐Haq
- COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Wajeeh Ur Rahman
- COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - M. Muzaffar Ali
- COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- COMSATS University Islamabad Department of Chemical Engineering Lahore Campus Lahore Pakistan
| | - Anwar ul Haq
- Riphah International University Department of Basic Sciences I-14 Campus 44000 Islamabad Pakistan
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Mathew GM, Raina D, Narisetty V, Kumar V, Saran S, Pugazhendi A, Sindhu R, Pandey A, Binod P. Recent advances in biodiesel production: Challenges and solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148751. [PMID: 34218145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mono alkyl fatty acid ester or methyl ethyl esters (biodiesel) are the promising alternative for fossil fuel or petroleum derived diesel with similar properties and could reduce the carbon foot print and the greenhouse gas emissions. Biodiesel can be produced from renewable and sustainable feedstocks like plant derived oils, and it is biodegradable and non-toxic to the ecosystem. The process for the biodiesel production is either through traditional chemical catalysts (Acid or Alkali Transesterification) or enzyme mediated transesterification, but as enzymes are natural catalysts with environmentally friendly working conditions, the process with enzymes are proposed to overcome the drawbacks of chemical synthesis. At present 95% of the biodiesel production is contributed by edible oils worldwide whereas recycled oils and animal fats contribute 10% and 6% respectively. Although every process has its own limitations, the enzyme efficiency, resistance to alcohols, and recovery rate are the crucial factors to be addressed. Without any benefit of doubt, production of biodiesel using renewable feedstocks and enzymes as the catalysts could be recommended for the commercial purpose, but further research on improving the efficiency could be an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy Marina Mathew
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Diksha Raina
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vivek Narisetty
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, India.
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Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.
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Statistical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Salmon Oil via Enzymatic Transesterification: Investigation of the Effects of Various Operational Parameters. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase from Candida antartica) to produce biodiesel. A response surface modelling design was performed to investigate the relationship between biodiesel yield and several critical factors, including enzyme concentration (5, 10, or 15%), temperature (40, 45, or 50 °C), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) and time (8, 16, or 24 h). The results indicated that the effects of all the factors were statistically significant at p-values of 0.000 for biodiesel production. The optimum parameters for biodiesel production were determined as 10% enzyme concentration, 45 °C, 16 h, and 1:4 oil/alcohol molar ratio, leading to a biodiesel yield of 87.23%. The step-wise addition of methanol during the enzymatic transesterification further increased the biodiesel yield to 94.5%. This is the first study that focused on Atlantic salmon oil-derived biodiesel production, which creates a paradigm for valorization of Atlantic salmon by-products that would also reduce the consumption and demand of plant oils derived from crops and vegetables.
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10
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Influence of the Procedure to Immobilize Lipase on SBA-15 for Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Bhatt C, Nielsen PM, Rancke-Madsen A, Woodley JM. Combining technology with liquid-formulated lipases for in-spec biodiesel production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:7-19. [PMID: 33179313 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodiesel production has been at the forefront of biofuels research in recent decades because of the significant environmental advantages it offers, while having the potential to be as effective as conventional chemically catalyzed biodiesel production. However, the higher capital cost, longer reaction time, and sensitivity of enzyme processes have restricted their widespread industrial adoption so far. It is also posited that the lack of research to bring the biodiesel product into final specification has scuppered industrial confidence in the viability of the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the vast majority of literature has focused on the development of immobilized enzyme processes, which seem too costly (and risky) to be used industrially. There has been little focus on liquid lipase formulations such as the Eversa Transform 2.0, which is in fact already used commercially for triglyceride transesterification. It is the objective of this review to highlight new research that focuses on bringing enzymatically produced biodiesel into specification via a liquid lipase polishing process, and the process considerations that come with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi Bhatt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
Enzyme-mediated esterification reactions can be a promising alternative to produce esters of commercial interest, replacing conventional chemical processes. The aim of this work was to verify the potential of an esterase for ester synthesis. For that, recombinant lipolytic enzyme EST5 was purified and presented higher activity at pH 7.5, 45 °C, with a Tm of 47 °C. Also, the enzyme remained at least 50% active at low temperatures and exhibited broad substrate specificity toward p-nitrophenol esters with highest activity for p-nitrophenyl valerate with a Kcat/Km of 1533 s−1 mM−1. This esterase exerted great properties that make it useful for industrial applications, since EST5 remained stable in the presence of up to 10% methanol and 20% dimethyl sulfoxide. Also, preliminary studies in esterification reactions for the synthesis of methyl butyrate led to a specific activity of 127.04 U·mg−1. The enzyme showed higher esterification activity compared to other literature results, including commercial enzymes such as LIP4 and CL of Candida rugosa assayed with butyric acid and propanol which showed esterification activity of 86.5 and 15.83 U·mg−1, respectively. In conclusion, EST5 has potential for synthesis of flavor esters, providing a concept for its application in biotechnological processes.
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Plata E, Ruiz M, Ruiz J, Ortiz C, Castillo JJ, Fernández-Lafuente R. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the New 3-((2,3-Diacetoxypropanoyl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl Diacetate Using Immobilized Lipase B from Candida antarctica and Pyridinium Chlorochromate as an Oxidizing Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186501. [PMID: 32899537 PMCID: PMC7555366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To exploit the hydrolytic activity and high selectivity of immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica on octyl agarose (CALB-OC) in the hydrolysis of triacetin and also to produce new value-added compounds from glycerol, this work describes a chemoenzymatic methodology for the synthesis of the new dimeric glycerol ester 3-((2,3-diacetoxypropanoyl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl diacetate. According to this approach, triacetin was regioselectively hydrolyzed to 1,2-diacetin with CALB-OC. The diglyceride product was subsequently oxidized with pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) and a dimeric ester was isolated as the only product. It was found that the medium acidity during the PCC treatment and a high 1,2-diacetin concentration favored the formation of the ester. The synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, MS, HR-MS, and NMR techniques. The obtained dimeric ester was evaluated at 100 ppm against seven bacterial strains and two Candida species to identify its antimicrobial activity. The compound has no inhibitory activity against the bacterial strains used but decreased C. albicans and C. parapsilosis growth by 49% and 68%, respectively. Hemolytic activity was evaluated, and the results obtained support the use of the dimeric ester to control C. albicans and C. parapsilosis growth in non-intravenous applications because the compound shows hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Plata
- Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (E.P.); (M.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Mónica Ruiz
- Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (E.P.); (M.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Jennifer Ruiz
- Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (E.P.); (M.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Claudia Ortiz
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 680001 Bucaramanga, Colombia;
| | - John J. Castillo
- Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001 Bucaramanga, Colombia; (E.P.); (M.R.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (R.F.-L.); Tel.:+57-320-902-6464 (J.J.C.); +34915854804 (R.F.-L.)
| | - Roberto Fernández-Lafuente
- ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.C.); (R.F.-L.); Tel.:+57-320-902-6464 (J.J.C.); +34915854804 (R.F.-L.)
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Ribeiro BD, de Carvalho Iff L, Coelho MAZ, Marrucho IM. Influence of Betaine- and Choline-based Eutectic Solvents on Lipase Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2212711906666190710181629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Eutectic solvents are a mixture of two compounds which possess a lower
melting temperature than the parent compounds, using quaternary ammonium salts, such as choline
chloride and betaine hydrochloride and organic acids, polyols and amides as hydrogen bond donors.
These solvents can be an alternative as non-aqueous media for enzymatic reactions, mainly using lipases.
Objective:
The objective of this work is to evaluate enzymatic activity and stability of commercial lipases,
immobilized or at free form (Thermomyces lanuginosus: Lipozyme TL IM, iTL and Lipolase
100 L, fTL; Candida antarctica: Novozym 435, iCALB; Novozym 735, iCALA and Novozym CALB
L, fCALB); and a phospholipase (Lecitase Ultra), in the presence of eutectic solvents (choline chloride
ChCl:urea, ChCl:glycerol, betaine hydrochloride (BeHCl):urea and BeHCl: glycerol.
Methods:
Initially, lipases were maintained for 2 hours in solutions of choline and betaine-based
eutectic solvents (1 to 20% m/m) at 25ºC compared with water for relative enzymatic activity. Using
the solvent that best promoted lipase activity, some parameters were evaluated such as the molar ratio
between quaternary ammonium salts and urea, stocking temperature and kinetics.
Results and Conclusion:
These eutectic solvents enable, mainly with immobilized lipases, 25 to 125
times more activity than water at 25ºC and 2h, and even after 24h, lipase iTLL was still 40 times more
active in the presence of ChCl:Urea 1:3. Lipase iCALB showed great thermostability 47 times higher
at 55ºC, almost double relative activity at 25ºC in the presence of BetHCl:Urea 1:4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Dias Ribeiro
- Escola de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Carvalho Iff
- Escola de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Zarur Coelho
- Escola de Quimica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel M. Marrucho
- Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rodovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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Kouteu PAN, Blin J, Baréa B, Barouh N, Villeneuve P. Solvent-Free Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Crude Lipase Powder from Seeds: Effects of Alcohol Polarity, Glycerol, and Thermodynamic Water Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8683-8690. [PMID: 28880083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of crude lipase powders made from Adansonia grandidieri and Jatropha mahafalensis seeds for the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters in a solvent-free system. The influence of the nature of the alcohol, the amount of glycerol, and hydration of the powder was investigated. Results showed that the activity of these crude lipase powders was inversely proportional to the alcohol polarity and the amount of the glycerol in the reaction medium. To ensure optimum activity, A. grandidieri and J. mahafalensis powders must be conditioned to a water activity of 0.33 and 0.66. To obtain a fatty acid ethyl ester yield greater than 95% with A. grandidieri, ethanol should be introduced at an amount corresponding to a triacylglycerol to ethanol molar ratio of 2:1 every 15 h for 96 h and use 25% of preconditioned crude lipase powders (2 additions of 12.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Alain Nanssou Kouteu
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes , 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Blin
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Baréa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Barouh
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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17
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Spongin-Based Scaffolds from Hippospongia communis Demosponge as an Effective Support for Lipase Immobilization. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7050147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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18
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Canet A, Bonet-Ragel KÍ, Benaiges MD, Valero F. Biodiesel synthesis in a solvent-free system by recombinant Rhizopus oryzae: comparative study between a stirred tank and a packed-bed batch reactor. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2016.1278211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canet
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Spain
| | - KÍrian Bonet-Ragel
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Dolors Benaiges
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Valero
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Zitzewitz P, Fieg G. Multi‐objective optimization superimposed model‐based process design of an enzymatic hydrolysis process. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Zitzewitz
- Institute of Process and Plant EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburg21073 Germany
| | - Georg Fieg
- Institute of Process and Plant EngineeringHamburg University of TechnologyHamburg21073 Germany
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20
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Ramos L, Martin LS, Santos JC, de Castro HF. Combined Use of a Two-Stage Packed Bed Reactor with a Glycerol Extraction Column for Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis from Macaw Palm Oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ramos
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Lucas S. Martin
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Júlio C. Santos
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Heizir F. de Castro
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo 12602-810, Brazil
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21
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Remonatto D, Santin CM, de Oliveira D, Di Luccio M, de Oliveira JV. FAME Production from Waste Oils Through Commercial Soluble Lipase Eversa® Catalysis. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Remonatto
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Claudia M.T. Santin
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marco Di Luccio
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J. Vladimir de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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22
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Continuous enzymatic biodiesel production from coconut oil in two-stage packed-bed reactor incorporating an extracting column to remove glycerol formed as by-product. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1611-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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A fluidized bed reactor as an approach to enzymatic biodiesel production in a process with simultaneous glycerol removal. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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25
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Vázquez L, González N, Reglero G, Torres C. Solvent-Free Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diacylgycerols as Low-Calorie Food Ingredients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26904539 PMCID: PMC4748054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems derived from obesity and overweight have recently promoted the development of fat substitutes and other low-calorie foods. On the one hand, fats with short- and medium-chain fatty acids are a source of quick energy, easily hydrolyzable and hardly stored as fat. Furthermore, 1,3-diacylglycerols are not hydrolyzed to 2-monoacylglycerols in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the formation of chylomicron and lowers the serum level of triacylglycerols by decreasing its resynthesis in the enterocyte. In this work, these two effects were combined to synthesize short- and medium-chain 1,3-diacylglycerols, leading to a product with great potential as for their low-calorie properties. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions were performed between short- and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters and glycerol. Different variables were investigated, such as the type of biocatalyst, the molar ratio FAEE:glycerol, the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel, or the addition of lecithin. Best reaction conditions were evaluated considering the percentage of 1,3-DAG produced and the reaction rate. Except Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica), other lipases required the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel to form acylglycerols. Lipases that gave the best results with adsorption were Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei) with 52 and 60.7% DAG at 32 h, respectively. Because of its specificity for sn-1 and sn-3 positions, lipases leading to a higher proportion of 1,3-DAG vs. 1,2-DAG were Lipozyme RM IM (39.8 and 20.9%, respectively) and Lipase PLG (Alcaligenes sp.) (35.9 and 19.3%, respectively). By adding 1% (w/w) of lecithin to the reaction with Novozym 435 and raw glycerol, the reaction rate was considerably increased from 41.7 to 52.8% DAG at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Noemí González
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torres
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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26
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Vázquez L, Jordán A, Reglero G, Torres CF. A First Attempt into the Production of Acylglycerol Mixtures from Echium Oil. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 3:208. [PMID: 26904538 PMCID: PMC4745384 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic glycerolysis of Echium oil (Echium plantagineum) has been carried out in the presence of four commercial lipases. Different pretreatments of the reaction mixture, such as high pressure homogenization and addition of food grade monoolein as an emulsifier, were evaluated to test their influence on the glycerolysis reaction. In addition, the impact of reducing temperature and the utilization of a solvent generally recognized as safe as a flavoring agent, such as limonene, were also investigated. Conversion of ca. 60-70% of triacylglycerols and production of ca. 25-30% of monoacylglycerols (MAGs) were attained. Finally, at the best reaction conditions, the glycerolysis reaction was scaled up at pilot plant and the product mixture obtained was fractionated via molecular distillation. From this stage, two products were attained: a distillate containing 80% of MAGs and a residue containing approximately 50% of diacylglycerols and 50% of triacylglycerols. All these mixtures can be utilized as self-emulsifying vehicles for the formulation of bioactive substances and also as precursors for the production of structured bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jordán
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos F. Torres
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Babaki M, Yousefi M, Habibi Z, Brask J, Mohammadi M. Preparation of highly reusable biocatalysts by immobilization of lipases on epoxy-functionalized silica for production of biodiesel from canola oil. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Kleiner B, Schörken U. Native lipase dissolved in hydrophilic green solvents: A versatile 2-phase reaction system for high yield ester synthesis. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kleiner
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences; FH Köln - Campus Leverkusen; Leverkusen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schörken
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences; FH Köln - Campus Leverkusen; Leverkusen Germany
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29
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Zitzewitz P, Fieg G. New Laboratory Setup for the Experimental Analysis of a Heterogeneous Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Continuous Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5022333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Zitzewitz
- Institute
of Process and
Plant Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Schwarzenbergstr.
95 C, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Fieg
- Institute
of Process and
Plant Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Schwarzenbergstr.
95 C, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Cesarini S, Haller RF, Diaz P, Nielsen PM. Combining phospholipases and a liquid lipase for one-step biodiesel production using crude oils. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:29. [PMID: 24571739 PMCID: PMC4015511 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic biodiesel is becoming an increasingly popular topic in bioenergy literature because of its potential to overcome the problems posed by chemical processes. However, the high cost of the enzymatic process still remains the main drawback for its industrial application, mostly because of the high price of refined oils. Unfortunately, low cost substrates, such as crude soybean oil, often release a product that hardly accomplishes the final required biodiesel specifications and need an additional pretreatment for gums removal. In order to reduce costs and to make the enzymatic process more efficient, we developed an innovative system for enzymatic biodiesel production involving a combination of a lipase and two phospholipases. This allows performing the enzymatic degumming and transesterification in a single step, using crude soybean oil as feedstock, and converting part of the phospholipids into biodiesel. Since the two processes have never been studied together, an accurate analysis of the different reaction components and conditions was carried out. RESULTS Crude soybean oil, used as low cost feedstock, is characterized by a high content of phospholipids (900 ppm of phosphorus). However, after the combined activity of different phospholipases and liquid lipase Callera Trans L, a complete transformation into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs >95%) and a good reduction of phosphorus (P <5 ppm) was achieved. The combination of enzymes allowed avoidance of the acid treatment required for gums removal, the consequent caustic neutralization, and the high temperature commonly used in degumming systems, making the overall process more eco-friendly and with higher yield. Once the conditions were established, the process was also tested with different vegetable oils with variable phosphorus contents. CONCLUSIONS Use of liquid lipase Callera Trans L in biodiesel production can provide numerous and sustainable benefits. Besides reducing the costs derived from enzyme immobilization, the lipase can be used in combination with other enzymes such as phospholipases for gums removal, thus allowing the use of much cheaper, non-refined oils. The possibility to perform degumming and transesterification in a single tank involves a great efficiency increase in the new era of enzymatic biodiesel production at industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cesarini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Bioenergy Opportunities, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, Bagsvaerd 2880, Denmark
| | - Rune Falkenberg Haller
- Department of Analytical Development, Novozymes A/S, Hallas Alle 1, Kalundborg 4400, Denmark
| | - Pilar Diaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Per Munk Nielsen
- Department of Bioenergy Opportunities, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, Bagsvaerd 2880, Denmark
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Price J, Nordblad M, Woodley JM, Huusom JK. Fed-Batch Feeding Strategies for Enzymatic Biodiesel Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Edwards HD, Anderson RC, Miller RK, Taylor TM, Hardin MD, Smith SB, Krueger NA, Nisbet DJ. Glycerol inhibition of ruminal lipolysis in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2013; 95:5176-5181. [PMID: 22916923 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental glycerol inhibits rumen lipolysis, a prerequisite for rumen biohydrogenation, which is responsible for the saturation of dietary fatty acids consumed by ruminant animals. Feeding excess glycerol, however, adversely affects dry matter digestibility. To more clearly define the effect of supplemental glycerol on rumen lipolysis, mixed populations of ruminal bacteria were incubated with 6 or 20% glycerol (vol/vol). After 48-h anaerobic incubation of mixed culture rumen fluid, rates of free fatty acid production (nmol/mL per h) for the 6 and 20% glycerol-supplemented samples were decreased by 80 and 86%, respectively, compared with rates from nonsupplemented control cultures (12.4±1.0; mean ± SE). Conversely, assay of the prominent ruminal lipase-producing bacteria Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 5S, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, and Propionibacterium species avidum and acnes revealed no effect of 2 or 10% (vol/vol) added glycerol on lipolytic activity by these organisms. Supplementing glycerol at 6% on a vol/vol basis, equivalent to supplementing glycerol at approximately 8 to 15% of diet dry matter, effectively reduced lipolysis. However, the mechanism of glycerol inhibition of ruminal lipolysis remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - R C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845.
| | - R K Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - T M Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - M D Hardin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - S B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - N A Krueger
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845
| | - D J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845
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Fernández Ó, Vázquez L, Reglero G, Torres CF. Discrimination against diacylglycerol ethers in lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of shark liver oil. Food Chem 2013; 136:464-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Fedosov SN, Brask J, Pedersen AK, Nordblad M, Woodley JM, Xu X. Kinetic model of biodiesel production using immobilized lipase Candida antarctica lipase B. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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37
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A two-stage enzymatic ethanol-based biodiesel production in a packed bed reactor. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:407-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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39
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Lu J, Deng L, Nie K, Wang F, Tan T. Stability of ImmobilizedCandidasp. 99-125 Lipase for Biodiesel Production. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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