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Zhang RX, Wu ZW, Zhang SJ, Wei HM, Hua CW, Li L, Yang TY. Gene cloning and molecular characterization of a thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus cereus TY24. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:30. [PMID: 36303174 PMCID: PMC9615241 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important conceptual advance in health and the environment has been recognized that enzymes play a key role in the green processing industries. Of particular interest, chitosanase is beneficial for recycling the chitosan resource and producing chitosan oligosaccharides. Also, chitosan gene expression and molecular characterization will promote understanding of the biological function of bacterial chitosanase as well as explore chitosanase for utilizing chitosan resources. Results A chitosanase-producing bacterium TY24 was isolated and identified as Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the chitosanase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis reveals that the recombinant chitosanase (CHOE) belongs to the glycoside hydrolases 8 family. The purified CHOE has a molecular weight of about 48 kDa and the specific activity of 1150 U/mg. The optimal pH and temperature of CHOE were 5.5 and 65 °C, respectively. The enzyme was observed stable at the pH range of 4.5–7.5 and the temperature range of 30–65 °C. Especially, the half-life of CHOE at 65 °C was 161 min. Additionally, the activity of CHOE was remarkably enhanced in the presence of Mn2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and K+, beside Ca2+ at 5 mM. Especially, the activity of CHOE was enhanced to more than 120% in the presence of 1% of various surfactants. CHOE exhibited the highest substrate specificity toward colloid chitosan. Conclusion A bacterial chitosanase was cloned from B. cereus and successfully expressed in E. coli (BL21) DE3. The recombinant enzyme displayed good stability under acid pH and high-temperature conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00762-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-You Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
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Guo J, Wang Y, Gao W, Wang X, Gao X, Man Z, Cai Z, Qing Q. Gene Cloning, Functional Expression, and Characterization of a Novel GH46 Chitosanase from Streptomyces avermitilis (SaCsn46A). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:813-826. [PMID: 34542822 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A n ovel glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 46 chitosanase (SaCsn46A) from Streptomyces avermitilis was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) strains. SaCsn46A consists of 271 amino acids, which includes a 34-amino acid signal peptide. The protein sequence of SaCsn46A shows maximum identity (83.5%) to chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E. Then, the mature enzyme was purified to homogeneity through Ni-chelating affinity chromatography with a recovery yield of 78% and the molecular mass of purified enzyme was estimated to be 29 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The recombinant enzyme possessed a temperature optimum of 45 °C and a pH optimum of 6.2, and it was stable at pH ranging from 4.0 to 9.0 and below 30 °C. The Km and Vmax values of this enzyme were 1.32 mg/mL, 526.32 U/mg/min, respectively (chitosan as substrate). The enzyme activity can be enhanced by Mg2+ and especially Mn2+, which could enhance the activity about 3.62-fold at a 3-mM concentration. The enzyme can hydrolyze a variety of polysaccharides which are linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds such as chitin, xylan, and cellulose, but it could not hydrolyze polysaccharides linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The results of thin-layer chromatography and HPLC showed that the enzyme exhibited an endo-type cleavage pattern and could hydrolyze chitosan to glucosamine (GlcN) and (GlcN)2. This study demonstrated that SaCsn46A is a promising enzyme to produce glucosamine and chitooligosaccharides (COS) from chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xinrou Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zaiwei Man
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. .,School of Petrochemical Engineering, School of Food Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. .,Zaozhuang Key Laboratory of Corn Bioengineering, Zaozhuang Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Enzyme, Shandong Hengren Gongmao Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Qing Qing
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.
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Aktuganov GE, Melentiev AI, Varlamov VP. Biotechnological Aspects of the Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Chitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Embaby AM, Melika RR, Hussein A, El-Kamel AH, S.Marey H. Biosynthesis of chitosan-Oligosaccharides (COS) by non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus sp. strain EGY1 DSM 101520: A robust biotechnological approach. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Santos-Moriano P, Woodley JM, Plou FJ. Continuous production of chitooligosaccharides by an immobilized enzyme in a dual-reactor system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ledesma-Amaro R, Nicaud JM. Metabolic Engineering for Expanding the Substrate Range of Yarrowia lipolytica. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:798-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Multiplex gene editing of the Yarrowia lipolytica genome using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1085-93. [PMID: 27349768 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is categorized as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organism and is a heavily documented, unconventional yeast that has been widely incorporated into multiple industrial fields to produce valuable biochemicals. This study describes the construction of a CRISPR-Cas9 system for genome editing in Y. lipolytica using a single plasmid (pCAS1yl or pCAS2yl) to transport Cas9 and relevant guide RNA expression cassettes, with or without donor DNA, to target genes. Two Cas9 target genes, TRP1 and PEX10, were repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination, with maximal efficiencies in Y. lipolytica of 85.6 % for the wild-type strain and 94.1 % for the ku70/ku80 double-deficient strain, within 4 days. Simultaneous double and triple multigene editing was achieved with pCAS1yl by NHEJ, with efficiencies of 36.7 or 19.3 %, respectively, and the pCASyl system was successfully expanded to different Y. lipolytica breeding strains. This timesaving method will enable and improve synthetic biology, metabolic engineering and functional genomic studies of Y. lipolytica.
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Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:883-899. [PMID: 27206559 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are well documented, and numerous reports of COS production using specific and non-specific enzymes are available. However, strategies for improving the overall yield by making it monomer free need to be developed. Continuous enzymatic production from chitosan derived from marine wastes is desirable and is cost-effective. Isolation of potential microbes showing chitosanase activity from various ecological niches, gene cloning, enzyme immobilization, and fractionation/purification of COS are some areas, where lot of work is in progress. This review covers recent measures to improve monomer-free COS production using chitosanase/non-specific enzymes and purification/fractionation of these molecules using ultrafiltration and column chromatographic techniques. Various bioprocess strategies, gene cloning for enhanced chitosanase enzyme production, and other measures for COS yield improvements have also been covered in this review. COS derivative preparation as well as COS-coated nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery are being focused in recent studies.
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Gärtner G, Uzunov B, Ingolic E, Kofler W, Gacheva G, Pilarski P, Zagorchev L, Odjakova M, Stoyneva M. Мicroscopic investigations (LM, TEM and SEM) and identification ofChlorellaisolate R-06/2 from extreme habitat in Bulgaria with a strong biological activity and resistance to environmental stress factors. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1013283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Zhou Z, Zhao S, Wang S, Li X, Su L, Ma Y, Li J, Song J. Extracellular overexpression of chitosanase from Bacillus sp. TS in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3271-86. [PMID: 25637506 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chitosanase gene from a Bacillus sp. strain isolated from soil in East China was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene had 1224 nucleotides and encoded a mature protein of 407 amino acid residues. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified recombinant chitosanase were 5.0 and 60 °C, respectively, and the enzyme was stable below 40 °C. The K m, V max, and specific activity of the enzyme were 1.19 mg mL(-1), 674.71 μmol min(-1) at 50 °C, and 555.3 U mg(-1), respectively. Mn(2+) was an activator of the recombinant chitosanase, while Co(2+) was an inhibitor. Hg(2+) and Cu(2+) inhibited the enzyme at 1 mM. The highest level of enzyme activity (186 U mL(-1)) was achieved in culture medium using high cell-density cultivation in a 7-L fermenter. The main products of chitosan hydrolyzed by recombinant chitosanase were (GlcN)3-6. The chitosanases was successfully secreted to the culture media through the widely used SecB-dependent type II pathway in E. coli. The high yield of the extracellular overexpression, relevant thermostability, and effective hydrolysis of commercial grade chitosan showed that this recombinant enzyme had a great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanping Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300308, China,
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Thadathil N, Velappan SP. Recent developments in chitosanase research and its biotechnological applications: a review. Food Chem 2013; 150:392-9. [PMID: 24360467 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyse the endohydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of partially acetylated chitosan to release chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Chitosanases are isolated, purified and characterised from different sources mainly from bacteria and fungi. Chitosanases have received much attention due to their wide range of applications including the preparation of bioactive COS and fungal protoplasts, as biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi and insects, the bioconversion of chitinous bio waste associated with seafood processing, etc. Bioactive COS produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan have finds numerous health benefits as well as other biological activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in chitosanases research, the enzyme production processes, characterization, genetic improvement and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidheesh Thadathil
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
| | - Suresh Puthanveetil Velappan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
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Liu L, Yang H, Shin HD, Chen RR, Li J, Du G, Chen J. How to achieve high-level expression of microbial enzymes: strategies and perspectives. Bioengineered 2013; 4:212-23. [PMID: 23686280 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial enzymes have been used in a large number of fields, such as chemical, agricultural and biopharmaceutical industries. The enzyme production rate and yield are the main factors to consider when choosing the appropriate expression system for the production of recombinant proteins. Recombinant enzymes have been expressed in bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria), filamentous fungi (e.g., Aspergillus) and yeasts (e.g., Pichia pastoris). The favorable and very advantageous characteristics of these species have resulted in an increasing number of biotechnological applications. Bacterial hosts (e.g., E. coli) can be used to quickly and easily overexpress recombinant enzymes; however, bacterial systems cannot express very large proteins and proteins that require post-translational modifications. The main bacterial expression hosts, with the exception of lactic acid bacteria and filamentous fungi, can produce several toxins which are not compatible with the expression of recombinant enzymes in food and drugs. However, due to the multiplicity of the physiological impacts arising from high-level expression of genes encoding the enzymes and expression hosts, the goal of overproduction can hardly be achieved, and therefore, the yield of recombinant enzymes is limited. In this review, the recent strategies used for the high-level expression of microbial enzymes in the hosts mentioned above are summarized and the prospects are also discussed. We hope this review will contribute to the development of the enzyme-related research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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