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Li T, Zhu H, Jia W, Tian X, Xu Z, Zhu J, Liu W, Cao Y. Identification, characterization and application of M16AT, a new organic solvent-tolerant (R)-enantio-selective type IV amine transaminase from Mycobacterium sp. ACS1612. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300812. [PMID: 38351400 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful alternative to traditional chemical methods, especially for asymmetric synthesis. As biocatalysts usually exhibit excellent chemical, regio- and enantioselectivity, they facilitate and simplify many chemical processes for the production of a broad range of products. Here, a new biocatalyst called, R-selective amine transaminases (R-ATAs), was obtained from Mycobacterium sp. ACS1612 (M16AT) using in-silico prediction combined with a genome and protein database. A two-step simple purification process could yield a high concentration of pure enzyme, suggesting that industrial application would be inexpensive. Additionally, the newly identified and characterized R-ATAs displayed a broad substrate spectrum and strong tolerance to organic solvents. Moreover, the synthetic applicability of M16AT has been demonstrated by the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-fendiline from of (R)-1-phenylethan-1-amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Weiwei Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ziwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic, and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for PrecisionMeasurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wencheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
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2
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Wang CN, Qiu S, Fan FF, Lyu CJ, Hu S, Zhao WR, Mei JQ, Mei LH, Huang J. Enhancing the organic solvent resistance of ω-amine transaminase for enantioselective synthesis of (R)-(+)-1(1-naphthyl)-ethylamine. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300120. [PMID: 37337619 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocatalysis in high-concentration organic solvents has been applied to produce various industrial products with many advantages. However, using enzymes in organic solvents often suffers from inactivation or decreased catalytic activity and stability. An R-selective ω-amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus (AtATA) exhibited activity toward 1-acetylnaphthalene. However, AtATA displayed unsatisfactory organic solvent resistance, which is required to enhance the solubility of the hydrophobic substrate 1-acetylnaphthalene. So, improving the tolerance of enzymes in organic solvents is essential. MAIN METHODS AND RESULTS The method of regional random mutation combined with combinatorial mutation was used to improve the resistance of AtATA in organic solvents. Enzyme surface areas are structural elements that undergo reversible conformational transitions, thus affecting the stability of the enzyme in organic solvents. Herein, three surface areas containing three loops were selected as potential mutation regions. And the "best" mutant T23I/T200K/P260S (M3) was acquired. In different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) toward 1-acetylnaphthalene and the stability (half-life t1/2 ) were higher than the wild-type (WT) of AtATA. The results of decreased Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) values via 20-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations under 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% DMSO revealed that mutant M3 had lower flexibility, acquiring a more stable protein structure and contributing to its organic solvents stability than WT. Furthermore, M3 was applied to convert 1-acetylnaphthalene for synthesizing (R)-(+)-1(1-naphthyl)-ethylamine ((R)-NEA), which was an intermediate of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride for the treatment of secondary hyperthyroidism and hypercalcemia. Moreover, in a 20-mL scale-up experiment, 10 mM 1-acetylnaphthalene can be converted to (R)-NEA with 85.2% yield and a strict R-stereoselectivity (enantiomeric excess (e.e.) value >99.5%) within 10 h under 25% DMSO. CONCLUSION The beneficial mutation sites were identified to tailor AtATA's organic solvents stability via regional random mutation. The "best" mutant T23I/T200K/P260S (M3) holds great potential application for the synthesis of (R)-NEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Fang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei-Rui Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jia-Qi Mei
- Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-He Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical and Biological Processing Technology for Farm Products of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Zhu L, Di J, Li Q, He YC, Ma C. Enhanced conversion of corncob into furfurylamine via chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis in a toluene–water medium. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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4
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Wang H, Masuku MV, Tao Y, Yang J, Kuang Y, Lyu C, Huang J, Yang S. Improved Stability and Catalytic Efficiency of ω-Transaminase in Aqueous Mixture of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093895. [PMID: 37175305 PMCID: PMC10180074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient biosynthesis of chiral amines at an industrial scale to meet the high demand from industries that require chiral amines as precursors is challenging due to the poor stability and low catalytic efficiency of ω-transaminases (ω-TAs). Herein, this study adopted a green and efficient solvent engineering method to explore the effects of various aqueous solutions of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as cosolvents on the catalytic efficiency and stability of ω-TA. Binary- and ternary-based DESs were used as cosolvents in enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of a ω-TA variant from Aspergillus terreus (E133A). The enzyme exhibited a higher catalytic activity in a ternary-based DES that was 2.4-fold higher than in conventional buffer. Moreover, the thermal stability was enhanced by a magnitude of 2.7, with an improvement in storage stability. Molecular docking studies illustrated that the most potent DES established strong hydrogen bond interactions with the enzyme's amino acid, which enhanced the catalytic efficiency and improved the stability of the ω-TA. Molecular docking is essential in designing DESs for a specific enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Mercy Vimbai Masuku
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yachen Tao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jiayao Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yi Kuang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Changjiang Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shengxiang Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Resolution of Racemic Aryloxy-Propan-2-yl Acetates via Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure/Enantioenriched Mexiletine Intermediates and Analogs. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipase kinetic resolution (KR) of aryloxy-propan-2-yl acetates, via hydrolysis, produced enantiomerically pure/enantioenriched mexiletine intermediates and analogs. Racemic acetates rac-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-yl acetate (rac-5a), rac-1-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-yl acetate (rac-5b), rac-1-(o-tolyloxy)propan-2-yl acetate (rac-5c) and rac-1-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propan-2-yl acetate (rac-5d) were used as substrates. A preliminary screening (24 h, phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with 20% acetonitrile as co-solvent, 30 °C and enzyme:substrate ratio of 2:1, m:m) was carried out with twelve lipases using acetate 5a as substrate. Two enzymes stood out in the KR of 5a, the Amano AK lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) immobilized on Immobead 150. Under these conditions, both the (R)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-ol [(R)-4a] and the remaining (S)-1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)propan-2-yl acetate [(S)-5a] were obtained with enantiomeric excess (ee) > 99%, 50% conversion and enantiomeric ratio (E) > 200. The KR study was expanded to racemic acetates 5b-d, leading to the corresponding chiral remaining acetates with ≥95% ee, and the alcohols 4b-d with ≥98% ee, and conversion values close to 50%. The best conditions for KRs of rac-5b-d involved the use of lipase from P. fluorescens or TLL immobilized on Immobead 150, 24 or 48 h and 30 °C. These intermediates had their absolute configurations determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy (Mosher’s method), showing that the KRs of these acetates obeyed the Kazlauskas’ rule. Molecular docking studies corroborated the experimental results, indicating a preference for the hydrolysis of (R)-5a-d.
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6
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Computer Modeling Explains the Structural Reasons for the Difference in Reactivity of Amine Transaminases Regarding Prochiral Methylketones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020777. [PMID: 35054965 PMCID: PMC8776209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amine transaminases (ATAs) are pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from an amino donor to an aldehyde and/or ketone. In the past decade, the enzymatic reductive amination of prochiral ketones catalyzed by ATAs has attracted the attention of researchers, and more traditional chemical routes were replaced by enzymatic ones in industrial manufacturing. In the present work, the influence of the presence of an α,β-unsaturated system in a methylketone model substrate was investigated, using a set of five wild-type ATAs, the (R)-selective from Aspergillus terreus (Atr-TA) and Mycobacterium vanbaalenii (Mva-TA), the (S)-selective from Chromobacterium violaceum (Cvi-TA), Ruegeria pomeroyi (Rpo-TA), V. fluvialis (Vfl-TA) and an engineered variant of V. fluvialis (ATA-256 from Codexis). The high conversion rate (80 to 99%) and optical purity (78 to 99% ee) of both (R)- and (S)-ATAs for the substrate 1-phenyl-3-butanone, using isopropylamine (IPA) as an amino donor, were observed. However, the double bond in the α,β-position of 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one dramatically reduced wild-type ATA reactivity, leading to conversions of <10% (without affecting the enantioselectivity). In contrast, the commercially engineered V. fluvialis variant, ATA-256, still enabled an 87% conversion, yielding a corresponding amine with >99% ee. Computational docking simulations showed the differences in orientation and intermolecular interactions in the active sites, providing insights to rationalize the observed experimental results.
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7
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Khobragade TP, Sarak S, Pagar AD, Jeon H, Giri P, Yun H. Synthesis of Sitagliptin Intermediate by a Multi-Enzymatic Cascade System Using Lipase and Transaminase With Benzylamine as an Amino Donor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:757062. [PMID: 34692666 PMCID: PMC8526967 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.757062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a multi-enzyme cascade using transaminase (TA), esterase, aldehyde reductase (AHR), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH), using benzylamine as an amino donor to synthesize the industrially important compound sitagliptin intermediate. A panel of 16 TAs was screened using ethyl 3-oxo-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl) butanoate as a substrate (1). Amongst these enzymes, TA from Roseomonas deserti (TARO) was found to be the most suitable, showing the highest activity towards benzylamine (∼70%). The inhibitory effect of benzaldehyde was resolved by using AHR from Synechocystis sp. and FDH from Pseudomonas sp., which catalyzed the conversion of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol at the expense of NAD(P)H. Reaction parameters, such as pH, buffer system, and concentration of amino donor, were optimized. A single whole-cell system was developed for co-expressing TARO and esterase, and the promoter engineering strategy was adopted to control the expression level of each biocatalyst. The whole-cell reactions were performed with varying substrate concentrations (10-100 mM), resulting in excellent conversions (ranging from 72 to 91%) into the desired product. Finally, the applicability of this cascade was highlighted on Gram scale, indicating production of 70% of the sitagliptin intermediate with 61% isolated yield. The protocol reported herein may be considered an alternative to existing methods with respect to the use of cheaper amine donors as well as improved synthesis of (R) and (S) enantiomers with the use of non-chiral amino donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Liu CY, Cecylia Severin L, Lyu CJ, Zhu WL, Wang HP, Jiang CJ, Mei LH, Liu HG, Huang J. Improving thermostability of (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus by evolutionary coupling saturation mutagenesis. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Han R, Cao X, Fang H, Zhou J, Ni Y. Structure-based engineering of ω-transaminase for enhanced catalytic efficiency toward (R)-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine synthesis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Tang K, Yi Y, Gao Z, Jia H, Li Y, Cao F, Zhou H, Jiang M, Wei P. Identification, Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Transaminase from Rhizobium sp. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Bezsudnova EY, Popov VO, Boyko KM. Structural insight into the substrate specificity of PLP fold type IV transaminases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2343-2357. [PMID: 31989227 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent transaminases of fold type IV (class IV) are promising enzymes for (R)-selective amination of organic compounds. Transaminases of fold type IV exhibit either strict (R)-selectivity or (S)-selectivity that is implemented within geometrically similar active sites of different amino acid compositions. Based on substrate specificity, class IV comprises three large families of transaminases: (S)-selective branched-chain L-amino acid aminotransferases and (R)-selective D-amino acid aminotransferases and (R)-amine:pyruvate transaminases. In this review, we aim to analyze the substrate profiles and correlations between the substrate specificity and organization of the active site in transaminases from these structurally related families. New transaminases with an expanded substrate specificity are also discussed. An analysis of the structural features of substrate binding and comparisons of structural determinants of chiral discrimination between members of the class IV transaminases could be helpful in identifying new biocatalytically relevant enzymes as well as rational protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yu Bezsudnova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119071.
| | - Vladimir O Popov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119071.,Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Akad. Kurchatova sqr 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123182
| | - Konstantin M Boyko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119071
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12
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Lakó Á, Molnár Z, Mendonça R, Poppe L. Transaminase-mediated synthesis of enantiopure drug-like 1-(3′,4′-disubstituted phenyl)propan-2-amines. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40894-40903. [PMID: 35519186 PMCID: PMC9057730 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transaminases (TAs) offer an environmentally and economically attractive method for the direct synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant disubstituted 1-phenylpropan-2-amine derivatives starting from prochiral ketones. In this work, we report the application of immobilised whole-cell biocatalysts with (R)-transaminase activity for the synthesis of novel disubstituted 1-phenylpropan-2-amines. After optimisation of the asymmetric synthesis, the (R)-enantiomers could be produced with 88–89% conversion and >99% ee, while the (S)-enantiomers could be selectively obtained as the unreacted fraction of the corresponding racemic amines in kinetic resolution with >48% conversion and >95% ee. Immobilised whole-cell (R)-transaminases (TAs) enabled synthesis of either (R)- or (S)-enantiomers of drug-like amines from prochiral ketones or from racemic amines, respectively, in >95% ee.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1111 Budapest
- Hungary
- Hovione Farmaciência, S.A
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1111 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Ricardo Mendonça
- Hovione Farmaciência, S.A
- Campus do Lumiar
- 1649-038 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - László Poppe
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1111 Budapest
- Hungary
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformation Research Center
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González‐Martínez D, Gotor V, Gotor‐Fernández V. Stereoselective Synthesis of 1‐Arylpropan‐2‐amines from Allylbenzenes through a Wacker‐Tsuji Oxidation‐Biotransamination Sequential Process. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González‐Martínez
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor‐Fernández
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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14
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A Single Mutation Increases the Thermostability and Activity of Aspergillus terreus Amine Transaminase. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071194. [PMID: 30934681 PMCID: PMC6479498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the thermostability of (R)-selective amine transaminases (AT-ATA) will expand its application in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amines. In this study, mutual information and coevolution networks of ATAs were analyzed by the Mutual Information Server to Infer Coevolution (MISTIC). Subsequently, the amino acids most likely to influence the stability and function of the protein were investigated by alanine scanning and saturation mutagenesis. Four stabilized mutants (L118T, L118A, L118I, and L118V) were successfully obtained. The best mutant, L118T, exhibited an improved thermal stability with a 3.7-fold enhancement in its half-life (t1/2) at 40 °C and a 5.3 °C increase in T5010 compared to the values for the wild-type protein. By the differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) analysis, the best mutant, L118T, showed a melting temperature (Tm) of 46.4 °C, which corresponded to a 5.0 °C increase relative to the wild-type AT-ATA (41.4 °C). Furthermore, the most stable mutant L118T displayed the highest catalytic efficiency among the four stabilized mutants.
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15
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A Photo-Enzymatic Cascade to Transform Racemic Alcohols into Enantiomerically Pure Amines. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The consecutive photooxidation and reductive amination of various alcohols in a cascade reaction were realized by the combination of a photocatalyst and several enzymes. Whereas the photocatalyst (sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate) mediated the light-driven, aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, the enzymes (various ω-transaminases) catalyzed the enantio-specific reductive amination of the intermediate aldehydes and ketones. The system worked in a one-pot one-step fashion, whereas the productivity was significantly improved by switching to a one-pot two-step procedure. A wide range of aliphatic and aromatic compounds was transformed into the enantiomerically pure corresponding amines via the photo-enzymatic cascade.
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Xie DF, Yang JX, Lv CJ, Mei JQ, Wang HP, Hu S, Zhao WR, Cao JR, Tu JL, Huang J, Mei LH. Construction of stabilized (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus by consensus mutagenesis. J Biotechnol 2019; 293:8-16. [PMID: 30703468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amine transaminases are a class of efficient and industrially-desired biocatalysts for the production of chiral amines. In this study, stabilized variants of the (R)-selective amine transaminase from Aspergillus terreus (AT-ATA) were constructed by consensus mutagenesis. Using Consensus Finder (http://cbs-kazlab.oit.umn.edu/), six positions with the most prevalent amino acid (over 60% threshold) among the homologous family members were identified. Subsequently, these six residues were individually mutated to match the consensus sequence (I77 L, Q97E, H210N, N245D, G292D, and I295 V) using site-directed mutagenesis. Compared to that of the wild-type, the thermostability of all six single variants was improved. The H210N variant displayed the largest shift in thermostability, with a 3.3-fold increase in half-life (t1/2) at 40 °C, and a 4.6 °C increase in T5010 among the single variants. In addition, the double mutant H210N/I77L displayed an even larger shift with 6.1-fold improvement of t1/2 at 40 °C, and a 6.6 °C increase in T5010. Furtherly, the H210N/I77L mutation was introduced into the previously engineered thermostable AT-ATA by the introduction of disulfide bonds, employing B-factor and folding free energy (ΔΔGfold) calculations. Our results showed that the combined variant H210N/I77L/M150C-M280C had the largest shift in thermostability, with a 16.6-fold improvement of t1/2 and a 11.8 °C higher T5010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Xie
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Jun-Xing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Chang-Jiang Lv
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Mei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84102, United States
| | - Hong-Peng Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Wei-Rui Zhao
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China
| | - Jia-Ren Cao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Jun-Liang Tu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, PR China.
| | - Le-He Mei
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China.
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17
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Fesko K, Suplatov D, Švedas V. Bioinformatic analysis of the fold type I PLP-dependent enzymes reveals determinants of reaction specificity in l-threonine aldolase from Aeromonas jandaei. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1013-1028. [PMID: 29928580 PMCID: PMC5986058 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of specific amino acid residues in the molecular mechanism of a protein's function is one of the most challenging problems in modern biology. A systematic bioinformatic analysis of protein families and superfamilies can help in the study of structure–function relationships and in the design of improved variants of enzymes/proteins, but represents a methodological challenge. The pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes are catalytically diverse and include the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily which implements a common structural framework known as type fold I. In this work, the recently developed bioinformatic online methods Mustguseal and Zebra were used to collect and study a large representative set of the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily with high structural, but low sequence similarity to l‐threonine aldolase from Aeromonas jandaei (LTAaj), in order to identify conserved positions that provide general properties in the superfamily, and to reveal family‐specific positions (FSPs) responsible for functional diversity. The roles of the identified residues in the catalytic mechanism and reaction specificity of LTAaj were then studied by experimental site‐directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling. It was shown that FSPs determine reaction specificity by coordinating the PLP cofactor in the enzyme's active centre, thus influencing its activation and the tautomeric equilibrium of the intermediates, which can be used as hotspots to modulate the protein's functional properties. Mutagenesis at the selected FSPs in LTAaj led to a reduction in a native catalytic activity and increased the rate of promiscuous reactions. The results provide insight into the structural basis of catalytic promiscuity of the PLP‐dependent enzymes and demonstrate the potential of bioinformatic analysis in studying structure–function relationship in protein superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Graz University of Technology Austria
| | - Dmitry Suplatov
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia
| | - Vytas Švedas
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Russia
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18
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Slabu I, Galman JL, Iglesias C, Weise NJ, Lloyd RC, Turner NJ. n-Butylamine as an alternative amine donor for the stereoselective biocatalytic transamination of ketones. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Herter S, Medina F, Wagschal S, Benhaïm C, Leipold F, Turner NJ. Mapping the substrate scope of monoamine oxidase (MAO-N) as a synthetic tool for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral amines. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:1338-1346. [PMID: 28764963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A library of 132 racemic chiral amines (α-substituted methylbenzylamines, benzhydrylamines, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthylamines (THNs), indanylamines, allylic and homoallylic amines, propargyl amines) was screened against the most versatile monoamine oxidase (MAO-N) variants D5, D9 and D11. MAO-N D9 exhibited the highest activity for most substrates and was applied to the deracemisation of a comprehensive set of selected primary amines. In all cases, excellent enantioselectivity was achieved (e.e. >99%) with moderate to good yields (55-80%). Conditions for the deracemisation of primary amines using a MAO-N/borane system were further optimised using THN as a template addressing substrate load, nature of the enzyme preparation, buffer systems, borane sources, and organic co-solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Herter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Medina
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Cyril Benhaïm
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Friedemann Leipold
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom.
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20
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Voges M, Abu R, Gundersen MT, Held C, Woodley JM, Sadowski G. Reaction Equilibrium of the ω-Transamination of (S)-Phenylethylamine: Experiments and ePC-SAFT Modeling. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voges
- Laboratory
of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rohana Abu
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria T. Gundersen
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoph Held
- Laboratory
of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Laboratory
of Thermodynamics, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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21
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Oláh M, Boros Z, Hornyánszky G, Poppe L. Isopropyl 2-ethoxyacetate—an efficient acylating agent for lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of amines in batch and continuous-flow modes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Heintz S, Börner T, Ringborg RH, Rehn G, Grey C, Nordblad M, Krühne U, Gernaey KV, Adlercreutz P, Woodley JM. Development of in situ product removal strategies in biocatalysis applying scaled-down unit operations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:600-609. [PMID: 27668843 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An experimental platform based on scaled-down unit operations combined in a plug-and-play manner enables easy and highly flexible testing of advanced biocatalytic process options such as in situ product removal (ISPR) process strategies. In such a platform, it is possible to compartmentalize different process steps while operating it as a combined system, giving the possibility to test and characterize the performance of novel process concepts and biocatalysts with minimal influence of inhibitory products. Here the capabilities of performing process development by applying scaled-down unit operations are highlighted through a case study investigating the asymmetric synthesis of 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine (MPPA) using ω-transaminase, an enzyme in the sub-family of amino transferases (ATAs). An on-line HPLC system was applied to avoid manual sample handling and to semi-automatically characterize ω-transaminases in a scaled-down packed-bed reactor (PBR) module, showing MPPA as a strong inhibitor. To overcome the inhibition, a two-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) ISPR concept was tested using scaled-down unit operations combined in a plug-and-play manner. Through the tested ISPR concept, it was possible to continuously feed the main substrate benzylacetone (BA) and extract the main product MPPA throughout the reaction, thereby overcoming the challenges of low substrate solubility and product inhibition. The tested ISPR concept achieved a product concentration of 26.5 gMPPA · L-1 , a purity up to 70% gMPPA · gtot-1 and a recovery in the range of 80% mol · mol-1 of MPPA in 20 h, with the possibility to increase the concentration, purity, and recovery further. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 600-609. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Heintz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Tim Börner
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf H Ringborg
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Gustav Rehn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Carl Grey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mathias Nordblad
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Ulrich Krühne
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | | | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, Lyngby 2800 Kgs., Denmark
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23
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Mourelle-Insua Á, López-Iglesias M, Gotor V, Gotor-Fernández V. Stereoselective Access to 1-[2-Bromo(het)aryloxy]propan-2-amines Using Transaminases and Lipases; Development of a Chemoenzymatic Strategy Toward a Levofloxacin Precursor. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9765-9774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Mourelle-Insua
- Organic
and Inorganic Chemistry
Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - María López-Iglesias
- Organic
and Inorganic Chemistry
Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Organic
and Inorganic Chemistry
Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Organic
and Inorganic Chemistry
Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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24
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Meier RJ, Gundersen MT, Woodley JM, Schürmann M. A Practical and Fast Method To Predict the Thermodynamic Preference of ω-Transaminase-Based Transformations. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Tufvesson P, Nordblad M, Krühne U, Schürmann M, Vogel A, Wohlgemuth R, Woodley JM. Economic Considerations for Selecting an Amine Donor in Biocatalytic Transamination. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Tufvesson
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias Nordblad
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Krühne
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - John M. Woodley
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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27
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Fuchs CS, Hollauf M, Meissner M, Simon RC, Besset T, Reek JNH, Riethorst W, Zepeck F, Kroutil W. Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of 2-Phenylpropanal Derivatives to Yield β-Chiral Primary AminesviaBioamination. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Łyskowski A, Gruber C, Steinkellner G, Schürmann M, Schwab H, Gruber K, Steiner K. Crystal structure of an (R)-selective ω-transaminase from Aspergillus terreus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87350. [PMID: 24498081 PMCID: PMC3907554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral amines are important building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals. ω-Transaminases are able to directly synthesize enantiopure chiral amines by catalysing the transfer of an amino group from a primary amino donor to a carbonyl acceptor with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) as cofactor. In nature, (S)-selective amine transaminases are more abundant than the (R)-selective enzymes, and therefore more information concerning their structures is available. Here, we present the crystal structure of an (R)-ω-transaminase from Aspergillus terreus determined by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.6 Å. The structure of the protein is a homodimer that displays the typical class IV fold of PLP-dependent aminotransferases. The PLP-cofactor observed in the structure is present in two states (i) covalently bound to the active site lysine (the internal aldimine form) and (ii) as substrate/product adduct (the external aldimine form) and free lysine. Docking studies revealed that (R)-transaminases follow a dual binding mode, in which the large binding pocket can harbour the bulky substituent of the amine or ketone substrate and the α-carboxylate of pyruvate or amino acids, and the small binding pocket accommodates the smaller substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helmut Schwab
- ACIB GmbH, c/o TU Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, TU Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- ACIB GmbH, c/o TU Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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29
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Busto E, Simon RC, Grischek B, Gotor-Fernández V, Kroutil W. Cutting Short the Asymmetric Synthesis of the Ramatroban Precursor by Employing ω-Transaminases. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Simon RC, Richter N, Busto E, Kroutil W. Recent Developments of Cascade Reactions Involving ω-Transaminases. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400930v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Simon
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Richter
- ACIB GmbH, c/o Heinrichstraße
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eduardo Busto
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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