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Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Huang K, Liang Z. Acid-resistant enzymes: the acquisition strategies and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6163-6178. [PMID: 37615723 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have promising applications in chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, and other variety products because of their high efficiency, specificity, and environmentally friendly properties. However, due to the complexity of raw materials, pH, temperature, solvents, etc., the application range of enzymes is greatly limited in the industry. Protein engineering and enzyme immobilization are classical strategies to overcome the limitations of industrial applications. Although the pH tendency of enzymes has been extensively researched, the mechanism underlying enzyme acid resistance is unclear, and a less practical strategy for altering the pH propensity of enzymes has been suggested. This review proposes that the optimum pH of enzyme is determined by the pKa values of active center ionizable amino acid residues. Three levels of acquiring acid-resistant enzymes are summarized: mining from extreme environments and enzyme databases, modification with protein engineering and enzyme microenvironment engineering, and de novo synthesis. The industrial applications of acid-resistant enzymes in chemicals, food, and pharmaceuticals are also summarized. KEY POINTS: • The mechanism of enzyme acid resistance is fundamentally determined. • The three aspects of the method for acquiring acid-resistant enzymes are summarized. • Computer-aided strategies and artificial intelligence are used to obtain acid-resistant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zitong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Activity-Based Screening of Soil Samples from Nyingchi, Tibet, for Amylase-Producing Bacteria and Other Multifunctional Enzyme Capacities. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:2401766. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2401766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the interest in Tibetan soil as a promising source of functional enzymes with potential biotechnological applications, few studies have considered the screening and identification of amylase producing bacteria from Tibetan soil. Amylase has many applications in the food and feed industries, textile and biofuel production, and biomedical engineering. The area of amylase with specific properties is attracting growing attention because of its better application to various industrial conditions. This study aims to screen and identify amylase-producing strains from soil samples collected in Nyingchi, Tibet, and then explore whether the bacterial isolates are superior for unique enzymes. In this paper, a total of 127 amylase producing bacteria were isolated by activity-based screening of six Tibetan soil samples. The 16S rRNA gene survey then identified four major phyla, namely, firmicutes, bacteroidetes, proteobacteria, and actinobacteria, which were differentiated into twelve genera with a dominance of Bacillus (67.72%), followed by Pseudomonas (8.66%). Microbial diversity analysis revealed that the amylase-producing bacterial community of the Kadinggou forest soil sample showed the best variety (the Simpson index was 0.69 and the Shannon index was 0.85). The amylase activity assay of the bacterial isolates showed a mean of 0.66 U/mL at 28°C and pH 5.2. Based on the effect of temperatures and pHs on amylase activity, several bacterial isolates can produce thermophilic (50°C), psychrophilic (10°C), acidophilic (pH 4.2), and alkaliphilic (pH 10.2) amylases. Furthermore, four bacterial isolates were screened for amylase, protease, and esterase activities, which indicated multifunctional enzyme capacities. The present study is expected to contribute to our understanding of Tibetan microbial resources and their potential for scientific research and industrial applications.
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Shan Y, Shang J, Zhang D, Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Ma Y, Song P, Qin K, Ji X, Wei Y, Wu L. Cloning, Expression and Biochemical Characterization of the Recombinant
α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis YX48. CURR PROTEOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164618666210726161428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Amylase used in the market is mostly medium-temperature enzyme or
high-temperature enzyme and has poor enzyme activity under low-temperature environment. Acid
α-amylase can be used to develop digestion additives in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.
The amino acid sequence and structural differences among α-amylases obtained from various
organisms are high enough to confer interesting biochemical diversity to the enzymes. However,
low- temperature (0-50°C) amylase, with an optimum temperature and heat sensitivity, has a
greater potential value than medium (50-80°C) and high (80-110°C) temperature amylases.
Methodology:
The gene amy48 from encoding extracellular α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis YX48
was successfully cloned into the pET30a (+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
for biochemical characterization.
Results and Conclusion:
The molecular weight of α-amylase was 75 kDa. The activity of α-amylase
was not affected by Ca2+, and Amy48 had the best activity at pH 5.0 and 37°C. AMY48 has
high stability over a narrow pH and temperature range (5.0-8.0 and 30-45°C). Amylase activity
was strongly inhibited by Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ ions, but Na+, K+, and Co2+ ions stimulate its activity
slightly. The purified enzyme showed gradually reduced activity in the presence of detergents.
However, it was remarkably stable against EDTA and urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shan
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Junjie Shang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yinshan Cui
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yi Wang
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yongkai Ma
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
| | - Kunhao Qin
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd, Yunnan Kunming 650000, China
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Miao H, Jiang R, Han N, Ma Y, Wu Q, Mu Y, Huang Z. Enhanced extracellular expression of α-Amylase DL3-4-1 in Bacillus subtilis via systematic screening of optimal signal peptides. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ferreira A, Cahú T, Xu J, Blennow A, Bezerra R. A highly stable raw starch digesting α-amylase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera. Food Chem 2021; 354:129513. [PMID: 33765464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A raw starch digesting α-amylase from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) intestine was identified. The α-amylase, AMY-T, had an estimated molecular weight of 60 kDa and purified to near homogeneity. AMY-T showed an apparent KM 4.78 mg/mL and Vmax 0.44 mg/mL/min) towards soluble starch. It was highly stable for 24 h in the pH range 3.0-10.0, and to solvents like methanol, isopropanol, butanol, dimethylformamide, DMSO and ethyl-ether. AMY-T was able to digest different carbohydrates, mainly showing endo-activity. Importantly, AMY-T was catalytically efficient and adsorbing towards raw potato starch at temperature documented for other raw starch digesting α-amylases. Thin layer and anion exchange chromatography characterization showed that the end products of raw starch hydrolysis were glucose, maltose and maltodextrins, with degree of polymerisation ranging 1-8. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the AMY-T treated starch granules documented both granular exo- and endo-attack by AMY-T. These catalytic capabilities suggest high potential for AMY-T for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amália Ferreira
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cahú
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jinchuan Xu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ranilson Bezerra
- Laboratory of Enzymology - LABENZ, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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7
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Salem K, Elgharbi F, Ben Hlima H, Perduca M, Sayari A, Hmida-Sayari A. Biochemical characterization and structural insights into the high substrate affinity of a dimeric and Ca 2+ independent Bacillus subtilis α-amylase. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2964. [PMID: 31951110 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular amylase (AmyKS) produced by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis strain US572 was purified and characterized. AmyKS showed maximal activity at pH 6 and 60°C with a half-life of 10 min at 70°C. It is a Ca2+ independent enzyme and able to hydrolyze soluble starch into oligosaccharides consisting mainly of maltose and maltotriose. When compared to the studied α-amylases, AmyKS presents a high affinity toward soluble starch with a Km value of 0.252 mg ml-1 . Coupled with the size-exclusion chromatography data, MALDI-TOF/MS analysis indicated that the purified amylase is a dimer with a molecular mass of 136,938.18 Da. It is an unusual feature of a non-maltogenic α-amylase. A 3D model and a dimeric model of AmyKS were generated showing the presence of an additional domain suspected to be involved in the dimerization process. This dimer arrangement could explain the high substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Salem
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Fatma Elgharbi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Hajer Ben Hlima
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Massimiliano Perduca
- Biocrystallography and Nanostructure Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Adel Sayari
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Aïda Hmida-Sayari
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne et d'Ingénierie des Enzymes (LBMIE), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax (CBS), Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisie
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Agricultural waste materials enhance protease production by Bacillus subtilis B22 in submerged fermentation under blue light-emitting diodes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:821-830. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Directed evolution of α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis to enhance its acid-stable performance. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Kumar S, Dangi AK, Shukla P, Baishya D, Khare SK. Thermozymes: Adaptive strategies and tools for their biotechnological applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:372-382. [PMID: 30709766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In today's scenario of global climate change, there is a colossal demand for sustainable industrial processes and enzymes from thermophiles. Plausibly, thermozymes are an important toolkit, as they are known to be polyextremophilic in nature. Small genome size and diverse molecular conformational modifications have been implicated in devising adaptive strategies. Besides, the utilization of chemical technology and gene editing attributions according to mechanical necessities are the additional key factor for efficacious bioprocess development. Microbial thermozymes have been extensively used in waste management, biofuel, food, paper, detergent, medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. To understand the strength of enzymes at higher temperatures different models utilize X-ray structures of thermostable proteins, machine learning calculations, neural networks, but unified adaptive measures are yet to be totally comprehended. The present review provides a recent updates on thermozymes and various interdisciplinary applications including the aspects of thermophiles bioengineering utilizing synthetic biology and gene editing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arun K Dangi
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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11
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Parashar D, Satyanarayana T. An Insight Into Ameliorating Production, Catalytic Efficiency, Thermostability and Starch Saccharification of Acid-Stable α-Amylases From Acidophiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:125. [PMID: 30324103 PMCID: PMC6172347 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the extracellular enzymes of acidophilic bacteria and archaea are stable at acidic pH with a relatively high thermostability. There is, however, a dearth of information on their acid stability. Although several theories have been postulated, the adaptation of acidophilic proteins to low pH has not been explained convincingly. This review highlights recent developments in understanding the structure and biochemical characteristics, and production of acid-stable and calcium-independent α-amylases by acidophilic bacteria with special reference to that of Bacillus acidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Functional Genomic Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tulasi Satyanarayana
- Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Wu X, Wang Y, Tong B, Chen X, Chen J. Purification and biochemical characterization of a thermostable and acid-stable alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis B4-423. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:329-337. [PMID: 29233713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel thermostable amylase need to be continuously explored with the improvement of industrial requirements. A new acidophilic and thermostable amylase producing bacterium isolated from spring was identified as Bacillus strain on the basis of 16S rDNA. The amylase was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel chromatography and anion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed that the enzyme was monomeric with a molecular weight of 58 kDa. The amylase exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.0 and temperature 100 °C. Then the enzyme showed high stability in pH ranges 4.0-10.0 and more than 90% of maximal activity was found from 20 °C to 80 °C. Apart from good stability toward SDS and non-ionic detergent, the purified enzyme exhibited high compatibility with some inhibitors such as urea and EDTA. The results demonstrated the stability of the enzyme in different organic solvents. Moreover, we determined the amylase gene, compared the structure with α-amylase BAA and BLA and found some thermostability determinants in our enzyme. Overall, presenting various properties were including high thermostability, Ca2+-independency, broad temperature and pH profiles, organic-solvent tolerance as well as excellent stability with detergents. Such characteristics have not been reported for this type of enzyme, and the α-amylase will be a suitable candidate in industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bending Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangs u Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xianghua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Chen J, Chen X, Dai J, Xie G, Yan L, Lu L, Chen J. Cloning, enhanced expression and characterization of an α-amylase gene from a wild strain in B. subtilis WB800. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:200-7. [PMID: 26092061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Bacillus strain with high productivity of α-amylase isolated from a starch farm was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The α-amylase encoding gene amy1 was cloned into pMD18-T vector and amplified in E. coli DH5α. Shuttle vector pP43MNX was reconstructed to obtain vector pP43X for heterologous expression of the α-amylase in B. subtilis WB800. Recombinant enzyme was sufficiently purified by precipitation, gel filtration and anion exchange with a specific activity of 5566 U/mg. The α-amylase sequence contains an open reading frame of 1545 bp, which encodes a protein of 514 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 58.4 kDa. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 6.0 and 60 °C. Catalytic efficiency of the recombinant α-amylase was inhibited by Hg(2+), Pb(2+) and Cu(2+), but stimulated by Li(+), Mn(2+) and Ca(2+). The purified enzyme showed decreased activity toward detergents (SDS, Tween 20 and Triton X-100). Compared with production by the wild strain, there was a 1.48-fold increase in the productivity of α-amylase in recombinant B. subtilis WB800.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xianghua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jun Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guangrong Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Luying Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lina Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel cold-adapted alpha-amylase with multiple extremozyme characteristics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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