1
|
Aguiar LO, Silva EDO, David JM. Biotransformation of chalcones and flavanones: An update on their bio-based derivatizations. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2073226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge M. David
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Matos IL, Birolli WG, Santos DDA, Nitschke M, Porto ALM. Stereoselective reduction of flavanones by marine-derived fungi. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. The Callus of Phaseolus coccineus and Glycine max Biotransform Flavanones into the Corresponding Flavones. Molecules 2020; 25:E5767. [PMID: 33297500 PMCID: PMC7730475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro plant cultures are gaining in industrial importance, especially as biocatalysts and as sources of secondary metabolites used in pharmacy. The idea that guided us in our research was to evaluate the biocatalytic potential of newly obtained callus tissue towards flavonoid compounds. In this publication, we describe new ways of using callus cultures in the biotransformations. In the first method, the callus cultures grown on a solid medium are transferred to the water, the reaction medium into which the substrate is introduced. In the second method, biotransformation is carried out on a solid medium by growing callus cultures. In the course of the research, we have shown that the callus obtained from Phaseolus coccineus and Glycine max is capable of converting flavanone, 5-methoxyflavanone and 6-methoxyflavanone into the corresponding flavones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (T.J.); (E.K.-S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Flavonoids are known for their numerous biological activities; however, their pharmacological application is limited by poor bioavailability. Glycosides are usually more stable and more soluble in water and in this form, flavonoids are present in nature. Likewise, the presence of the methyl group in the flavonoid skeleton results in facilitated absorption and greater bioavailability. Entomopathogenic filamentous fungi are effective in the biotransformation of flavonoids; they are known especially for efficient glycosylation. In the current study we used strains of Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 and Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 to biotransform flavonoids with a single methyl group. 2′-Hydroxy-5′-methylchalcone was biotransformed by both strains into 2′-hydroxy-5′-methylchalcone 3-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. In the culture of B. bassiana KCH J1.5 four products were obtained from 6-methylflavanone: 4′-hydroxy-6-methylflavanone 3′-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; 4′-hydroxyflavanone 6-methylene-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; 6-hydroxymethylflavanone 3′-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 4′-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethylflavanone 3′-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. Biotransformation with I. fumosorosea KCH J2 as a biocatalyst resulted in the formation of 6-methylflavanone 4′-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 2-phenyl-6-methylchromane 4-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. All of these flavonoids can be used in biological activity tests and can be useful in studies concerning structure—bioactivity relationships.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kozłowska E, Matera A, Sycz J, Kancelista A, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Janeczko T. New 6,19-oxidoandrostan derivatives obtained by biotransformation in environmental filamentous fungi cultures. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:37. [PMID: 32066453 PMCID: PMC7026961 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid compounds with a 6,19-oxirane bridge possess interesting biological activities including anticonvulsant and analgesic properties, bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria and selective anti-glucocorticoid action, while lacking mineralocorticoid and progestagen activity. Results The study aimed to obtain new derivatives of 3β-acetyloxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one by microbial transformation. Twelve filamentous fungal strains were used as catalysts, including entomopathogenic strains with specific activity in the transformation of steroid compounds. All selected strains were characterised by high biotransformation capacity for steroid compounds. However, high substrate conversions were obtained in the cultures of 8 strains: Beauveria bassiana KCh BBT, Beauveria caledonica KCh J3.4, Penicillium commune KCh W7, Penicillium chrysogenum KCh S4, Mucor hiemalis KCh W2, Fusarium acuminatum KCh S1, Trichoderma atroviride KCh TRW and Isaria farinosa KCh KW1.1. Based on gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, it was found that almost all strains hydrolysed the ester bond of the acetyl group. The strain M. hiemalis KCh W2 reduced the carbonyl group additionally. From the P. commune KCh W7 and P. chrysogenum KCh S4 strain cultures a product of D-ring Baeyer–Villiger oxidation was isolated, whereas from the culture of B. bassiana KCh BBT a product of hydroxylation at the 11α position and oxidation of the D ring was obtained. Three 11α-hydroxy derivatives were obtained in the culture of I. farinosa KCh KW1.1: 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one, 3β,11α,19-trihydroxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one and 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17,19-dione. They are a result of consecutive reactions of hydrolysis of the acetyl group at C-3, 11α- hydroxylation, then hydroxylation at C-19 and its further oxidation to lactone. Conclusions As a result of the biotransformations, seven steroid derivatives, not previously described in the literature, were obtained: 3β-hydroxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one, 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5α-chloro-6,19-oxidoandrostane, 3β-hydroxy-5α-chloro-17α-oxa-D-homo-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one, 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5α-chloro-17α-oxa-D-homo-6,19-oxidoandrostan-17-one and the three above–mentioned 11α-hydroxy derivatives. This study will allow a better understanding and characterisation of the catalytic abilities of individual microorganisms, which is crucial for more accurate planning of experiments and achieving more predictable results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agata Matera
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jordan Sycz
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kancelista
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Methoxy- Substituted γ-Oxa-ε-lactones Derived from Flavanones. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224151. [PMID: 31744042 PMCID: PMC6891755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six γ-oxa-ε-lactones, 4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-2-one (5a) and its five derivatives with methoxy groups in different positions of A and B rings (5b–f), were synthesized from corresponding flavanones. Three of the obtained lactones (5b,c,f) have not been previously described in the literature. Structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed by complete spectroscopic analysis with the assignments of signals on 1H and 13C-NMR spectra to the corresponding atoms. In most cases, lactones 5a–f exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of selected pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus), filamentous fungi (Fusarium graminearum, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria sp.), and yeast (Candida albicans). The broadest spectrum of activity was observed for unsubstituted lactone 5a, which was particularly active against filamentous fungi and yeast. Lactones with methoxy groups in the 3′ (5c) and 4′ (5d) position of B ring were more active towards bacteria whereas lactone substituted in the 7 position of the A ring (5e) exhibited higher antifungal activity. In most cases, the introduction of lactone function increased the activity of the compound compared to its flavonoid precursors, chalcones 3a–e, and flavanones 4a–f.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Glycosylation of Methoxylated Flavonoids in the Cultures of Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2. Molecules 2018; 23:E2578. [PMID: 30304815 PMCID: PMC6222689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely described plant secondary metabolites with high and diverse pro-health properties. In nature, they occur mostly in the form of glycosides. Our research showed that an excellent way to obtain the sugar derivatives of flavonoids is through biotransformations with the use of entomopathogenic filamentous fungi as biocatalysts. In the current paper, we described the biotransformations of five methoxylated flavonoid compounds (2'-methoxyflavanone, 3'-methoxyflavanone, 4'-methoxyflavanone, 6-methoxyflavanone, and 6-methoxyflavone) in cultures of Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2. As a result, we obtained twelve new flavonoid 4-O-methylglucopyranosides. The products were purified with methods that enabled the reduction of the consumption of organic solvents (preparative TLC and flash chromatography). The structures of the products were confirmed with spectroscopic methods (NMR: ¹H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC, COSY). The compounds obtained by us expand the library of available flavonoid derivatives and can be used in biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, Wrocław 50-375, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Biotransformations of Flavones and an Isoflavone (Daidzein) in Cultures of Entomopathogenic Filamentous Fungi. Molecules 2018; 23:E1356. [PMID: 29874813 PMCID: PMC6100588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic filamentous fungi of the genus Isaria are effective biocatalysts in the biotransformation of flavonoids as well as steroids. In the present study, the species Isariafumosorosea and Isariafarinosa isolated from the environment were used. Their catalytic capacity to carry out biotransformations of flavones-unsubstituted, with hydroxy- and amino-substituents as well as a hydroxylated isoflavone-was investigated. Biotransformations of flavone, 5-hydroxyflavone, 6-hydroxyflavone, 7-hydroxyflavone, and daidzein resulted in the formation of O-methylglucosides, in the case of flavone and 5-hydroxyflavone with additional hydroxylations. 7-Aminoflavone was transformed into two acetamido derivatives. The following products were obtained: From flavone⁻flavone 2'-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside, flavone 4'-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 3'-hydroxyflavone 4'-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; from 5-hydroxyflavone⁻5-hydroxyflavone 4'-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; from 6-hydroxyflavone⁻flavone 6-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; from 7-hydroxyflavone⁻flavone 7-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; from daidzein⁻daidzein 7-O-β-d-(4''-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside; and from 7-aminoflavone⁻7-acetamidoflavone and 7-acetamido-4'-hydroxyflavone. Seven of the products obtained by us have not been previously reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Dymarska M, Guzik U, Wojcieszyńska D, Janeczko T. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: A Gram-Negative Bacterium Useful for Transformations of Flavanone and Chalcone. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111830. [PMID: 29077064 PMCID: PMC6150369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, and chalcones was subjected to small-scale biotransformation studies with the Gram-negative Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain in order to evaluate the capability of this strain to transform flavonoid compounds and to investigate the relationship between compound structure and transformation type. The tested strain transformed flavanones and chalcones. The main type of transformation of compounds with a flavanone moiety was central heterocyclic C ring cleavage, leading to chalcone and dihydrochalcone structures, whereas chalcones underwent reduction to dihydrochalcones and cyclisation to a benzo-γ-pyrone moiety. Substrates with a C-2–C-3 double bond (flavones and isoflavones) were not transformed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dymarska M, Grzeszczuk J, Urbaniak M, Janeczko T, Pląskowska E, Stępień Ł, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Glycosylation of 6-methylflavone by the strain Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184885. [PMID: 28981527 PMCID: PMC5628805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi are known for their ability to carry out glycosylation of flavonoids, which usually results in the improvement of their stability and bioavailability. In this study we used a newly isolated strain of the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 as a biocatalyst. Our aim was to evaluate its ability to carry out the biotransformation of flavonoids and to obtain new flavonoid derivatives. The fungus was isolated from a spider's carcass and molecularly identified using analysis of the ITS1-ITS2 rDNA sequence. As a result of biotransformation of 6-methylflavone two new products were obtained: 6-methylflavone 8-O-β-D-(4"-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 6-methylflavone 4'-O-β-D-(4"-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. Chemical structures of the products were determined based on spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HMBC, HSQC). Our research allowed us to discover a new species of filamentous fungus capable of carrying out glycosylation reactions and proved that I. fumosorosea KCH J2 is an effective biocatalyst for glycosylation of flavonoid compounds. For the first time we describe biotransformations of 6-methylflavone and the attachment of the sugar unit to the flavonoid substrate having no hydroxyl group. The possibility of using flavonoid aglycones is often limited by their low bioavailability due to poor solubility in water. The incorporation of a sugar unit improves the physical properties of tested compounds and thus increases the chance of using them as pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzeszczuk
- Department of Plant Protection, Plant Pathology and Mycology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pląskowska
- Department of Plant Protection, Plant Pathology and Mycology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Novel Structurally Related Flavones Augment Cell Death Induced by rhsTRAIL. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061211. [PMID: 28587286 PMCID: PMC5486034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) was identified as a powerful activator of apoptosis in tumor cells and one of the most promising candidates for cancer therapy with no toxicity against normal tissues. However, many tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The aim of this work was to analyze the improvement of the anticancer effect of rhsTRAIL (recombinant human soluble TRAIL) by nine flavones: 5-Hydroxyflavone, 6-Hydroxyflavone, 7-Hydroxyflavone and their new synthetic derivatives 5-acetoxyflavone, 5-butyryloxyflavone, 6-acetoxyflavone, 6-butyryloxyflavone, 7-acetoxyflavone and 7-butyryloxyflavone. We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of rhsTRAIL enhanced by novel structurally-related flavones on SW480 and SW620 colon cancer cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test, the lactate dehydrogenase assay and annexin V-FITC fluorescence staining. We observed a slight difference in the activities of the flavones that was dependent on their chemical structure. Our study indicates that all nine flavones significantly augment cell death by rhsTRAIL (cytotoxicity range 36.8 ± 1.7%–91.4 ± 1.7%; apoptosis increase of 33.0 ± 0.7%–78.5 ± 0.9%). Our study demonstrates the potential use of tested flavones in TRAIL-based anticancer therapy and prevention.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma S, Zheng C, Feng L, Huang Y, Wang R, Huang C, Li Y, Guo F. Microbial transformation of prenylflavonoids from Psoralea corylifolia by using Cunninghamella blakesleeana and C. elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Biotransformation of Steroids and Flavonoids by Cultures of Aspergillus niger. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:903-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Cao H, Chen X, Jassbi AR, Xiao J. Microbial biotransformation of bioactive flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:214-223. [PMID: 25447420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|