1
|
Wang B, Lei S, Li Q, Luo Y. Production of lactulose from lactose using a novel cellobiose 2-epimerase from Clostridium disporicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110466. [PMID: 38889605 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lactulose is a semisynthetic nondigestive sugar derived from lactose, with wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Its biological production routes which use cellobiose 2-epimerase (C2E) as the key enzyme have attracted widespread attention. In this study, a set of C2Es from different sources were overexpressed in Escherichia coli to produce lactulose. We obtained a novel and highly efficient C2E from Clostridium disporicum (CDC2E) to synthesize lactulose from lactose. The effects of different heat treatment conditions, reaction pH, reaction temperature, and substrate concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum biotransformation conditions, the final concentration of lactulose was up to 1.45 M (496.3 g/L), with a lactose conversion rate of 72.5 %. This study provides a novel C2E for the biosynthesis of lactulose from low-cost lactose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China.
| | - Song Lei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Qingqin Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Yushuang Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Q, Wu J, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zeng M, He Z, Chen J, Mu W. Rational Design of Loop Dynamics for a Barrel-Shaped Enzyme by Introducing Disulfide Bonds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38848490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Loop dynamics redesign is an important strategy to manipulate protein function. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) and other members of its superfamily are widely used for diverse industrial applications. The structural feature of the loops connecting barrel helices contributes greatly to the differences in their functional characteristics. Inspired by the in-silico mutation with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, we propose a strategy for identifying disulfide bond mutation candidates based on the prediction of protein flexibility and residue-residue interaction. The most beneficial mutant with the newly introduced disulfide bond would simultaneously improve both its thermostability and its reaction propensity to the targeting isomerization product. The ratio of the isomerization/epimerization catalytic rate was improved from 4:103 to 9:22. MD simulation and binding free energy calculations were applied to provide insights into molecular recognition upon mutations. The comparative analysis of enzyme/substrate binding modes indicates that the altered catalytic reaction pathway is due to less efficient binding of the native product. The key residue responsible for the observed phenotype was identified by energy decomposition and was further confirmed by the mutation experiment. The rational design of the key loop region might be a promising strategy to alter the catalytic behavior of all (α/α)6-barrel-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yanchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Xiong S, Ni D, Huang Z, Ding J, Mu W. Engineering Bacillus subtilis for highly efficient production of functional disaccharide lactulose from lactose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132478. [PMID: 38772465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Bioconversion of lactose to functional lactose derivatives attracts increasing attention. Lactulose is an important high-value lactose derivative, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries. Lactulose can be enzymatically produced from lactose by cellobiose 2-epimerase (CEase). Several studies have already focused on the food-grade expression of CEase, but they are all aimed at the biosynthesis of epilactose. Herein, we reported for the first time the biosynthesis of lactulose using the recombinant food-grade Bacillus subtilis. Lactulose biosynthesis was optimized by varying lactulose-producing CEases and expression vectors. Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus CEase and pP43NMK were determined to be the optimal CEase and expression vector. Fine-tuning of CEase expression was investigated by screening a beneficial N-terminal coding sequence. After fed-batch cultivation, the highest fermentation isomerization activity reached 11.6 U/mL. Lactulose was successfully produced by the broth of the engineered B. subtilis with a yield of 52.1 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Suchun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia DX, Yu H, Wang F, Jin LQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Computer-aided design of novel cellobiose 2-epimerase for efficient synthesis of lactulose using lactose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02896-z. [PMID: 37450268 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is ideally suited to synthesize lactulose from lactose, but the poor thermostability and catalytic efficiency restrict enzymatic application. Herein, a non-characterized CE originating from Caldicellulosiruptor morganii (CmCE) was discovered in the NCBI database. Then, a smart mutation library was constructed based on FoldX ΔΔG calculation and modeling structure analysis, from which a positive mutant D226G located within the α8/α9 loop exhibited longer half-lives at 65-75 °C as well as lower Km and higher kcat/Km values compared with CmCE. Molecular modeling demonstrated that the improvement of D226G was largely attributed to the rigidification of the flexible loop, the compactness of the catalysis pocket and the increment of substrate-binding capability. Finally, the yield of synthesizing lactulose catalyzed by D226G reached 45.5%, higher than the 35.9% achieved with CmCE. The disclosed effect of the flexible loop on enzymatic stability and catalysis provides insight to redesign efficient CEs to biosynthesize lactulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xu Jia
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Jin
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Zhang JY, Teng JY, Xiong HF, Li QF. Biochemical characteristics of point mutated Capra hircus lysosome α-mannosidase. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:244-251. [PMID: 36596563 PMCID: PMC10017285 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Locoweeds, a type of poisonous weedare, are widely distributed throughout the world and have a significant impact on the development of herbivore animal husbandry. Swainsonine (SW), the main toxin in locoweeds, can competitively inhibit lysosomes α-mannosidase (LAM) in animal cells, resulting in α-mannosidosis. However, the specifics of the interaction between SW and LAM are still unclear. Here, we used molecular docking to predicte the interaction points between SW and LAM, built mutated lysosomes α-mannosidase (LAMM), and analyzed its biochemical properties changes in presumption points. The Trp at the 28th position and the Tyr at the 599th position of the LAM were interaction point candidates, and the above two amino acids in Capra hircus LAM (chLAM), were successfully mutated to glycine by constructing recombinant yeast GS115/PIC9K- LAMM. The results showed that the sensitivity of Capra hircus LAMM (chLAMM), to SW decreased significantly compared with wild-type LAM, the enzyme activity of LAM decreased approximately threefold, the optimum temperature of LAMM decreased from 55°C to 50°C, the optimum pH value increased from 4.5 to 5.0, and the effects of Mn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Co2+, Cr3+, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on LAM enzyme activity before and after point mutation changed significantly. These findings help us better understanding the molecular mechanism of the interaction mechanism between SW and chLAM, and provide new reference for solving locoweeds poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiang-Ye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun-Yang Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hao-Fei Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin-Fan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Gu J, Zhao W, Wang M, Ng KR, Lyu X, Yang R. Reshaping the Binding Pocket of Cellobiose 2-Epimerase for Improved Substrate Affinity and Isomerization Activity for Enabling Green Synthesis of Lactulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15879-15893. [PMID: 36475670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic isomerization of lactose into lactulose via cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) could provide an eco-friendly route for the industrial production of lactulose, a valuable food prebiotic. However, poor substrate affinity for lactose and preference for epimerization over isomerization hinder this application. Previous studies on CE improvement have focused on random mutagenesis or active site rational design; little is known about the relationship between substrate binding and enzyme efficacy, which was hence the subject of this study. First, residues 372W and 308W were identified as key for disaccharide recognition in CEs based on crystal structure alignment of the N-acetyl-glucosamine 2-epimerase superfamily and site-directed mutation. This binding domain was then reshaped through site saturation mutagenesis, resulting in seven mutants with enhanced isomerization activity. The optimal mutant CsCE/Q371E had significantly enhanced substrate affinity (Km, 269.65 mM vs Km, 417.5 mM), reduced epimerization activity, and 3.3-fold increased isomerization activity over the original CsCE. Molecular dynamics simulation further revealed that substituting Gln-371 with Glu strengthened the hydrogen-bonding network and altered the active site-substrate interactions, increasing the substrate stability and shifting the catalytic direction. This study uncovered new information about the substrate binding region and its mechanisms and impact on CE catalytic performance, paving the way for potential commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kuan Rei Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen H, Ma L, Dai H, Fu Y, Wang H, Zhang Y. Advances in Rational Protein Engineering toward Functional Architectures and Their Applications in Food Science. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4522-4533. [PMID: 35353517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein biomolecules including enzymes, cagelike proteins, and specific peptides have been continuously exploited as functional biomaterials applied in catalysis, nutrient delivery, and food preservation in food-related areas. However, natural proteins usually function well in physiological conditions, not industrial conditions, or may possess undesirable physical and chemical properties. Currently, rational protein design as a valuable technology has attracted extensive attention for the rational engineering or fabrication of ideal protein biomaterials with novel properties and functionality. This article starts with the underlying knowledge of protein folding and assembly and is followed by the introduction of the principles and strategies for rational protein design. Basic strategies for rational protein engineering involving experienced protein tailoring, computational prediction, computation redesign, and de novo protein design are summarized. Then, we focus on the recent progress of rational protein engineering or design in the application of food science, and a comprehensive summary ranging from enzyme manufacturing to cagelike protein nanocarriers engineering and antimicrobial peptides preparation is given. Overall, this review highlights the importance of rational protein engineering in food biomaterial preparation which could be beneficial for food science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongjie Dai
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vera C, Guerrero C, Illanes A. Trends in lactose-derived bioactives: synthesis and purification. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2022; 2:393-412. [PMID: 38624767 PMCID: PMC8776390 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-021-00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactose obtained from cheese whey is a low value commodity despite its great potential as raw material for the production of bioactive compounds. Among them, prebiotics stand out as valuable ingredients to be added to food matrices to build up functional foods, which currently represent the most active sector within the food industry. Functional foods market has been growing steadily in the recent decades along with the increasing awareness of the World population about healthy nutrition, and this is having a strong impact on lactose-derived bioactives. Most of them are produced by enzyme biocatalysis because of molecular precision and environmental sustainability considerations. The current status and outlook of the production of lactose-derived bioactive compounds is presented with special emphasis on downstream operations which are critical because of the rather modest lactose conversion and product yields that are attainable. Even though some of these products have already an established market, there are still several challenges referring to the need of developing better catalysts and more cost-effective downstream operations for delivering high quality products at affordable prices. This technological push is expected to broaden the spectrum of lactose-derived bioactive compounds to be produced at industrial scale in the near future. Graphical abstract
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Guerrero
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Andrés Illanes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaiso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Preparation of a flowerlike protein-inorganic nanohybrid biocatalyst via co-immobilization of cobalt phosphate with mutant cellobiose 2-epimerase. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
11
|
Chen Q, Wu Y, Huang Z, Zhang W, Mu W. Molecular Characterization of a Mesophilic Cellobiose 2-Epimerase That Maintains a High Catalytic Efficiency at Low Temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8268-8275. [PMID: 34231359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) can catalyze bioconversion of lactose to its prebiotic derivative epilactose. The catalytic property of a novel CE from Treponema brennaborense (Trbr-CE) was investigated. Trbr-CE showed the highest catalytic efficiency of epimerization toward lactose among all of the previously reported CEs. This enzyme's specific activity could reach as high as 208.5 ± 5.3 U/mg at its optimum temperature, which is 45 °C. More importantly, this enzyme demonstrated a considerably high activity at low temperatures, suggesting Trbr-CE as a promising enzyme for industrial low-temperature production of epilactose. This structurally flexible enzyme exhibited a comparatively high binding affinity toward substrates, which was confirmed by both experimental verification and computational analysis. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations were applied to provide insights into molecular recognition upon temperature changes. Compared with thermophilic CEs, Trbr-CE presents a more negative enthalpy change and a higher entropy change when the temperature drops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Gu J, Feng Y, Wang M, Tong Y, Liu Y, Lyu X, Yang R. Enhancement of the Isomerization Activity and Thermostability of Cellobiose 2-Epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus by Exchange of a Flexible Loop. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1907-1915. [PMID: 33541071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) offers a promising enzymatic approach to produce lactulose. However, its application is limited by the unsatisfactory isomerization activity and thermostability. Our study attempted to optimize the catalytic performances of CEs by flexible loop exchange, for which four mutants were constructed using CsCE (CE from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus) as a template. As a result, all mutants maintained the same catalytic directions as the templates. Mutant RmC displayed a 2.2- and 1.34-fold increase in the isomerization activity and catalytic efficiency, respectively. According to the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it was revealed that the loop exchange in RmC enlarged the entrance of the active site for substrate binding and benefited proton transfer involved in the isomerization process. Besides, the t1/2 of mutant StC at 70 °C was increased from 29.07 to 38.29 h, owing to the abundance of rigid residues (proline) within the flexible loop of StC. Our work demonstrated that the isomerization activity and thermostability of CEs were closely related to the flexible loop surrounding the active site, which provides a new perspective to engineer CEs for higher lactulose production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yinghui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanjun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen Q, Xiao Y, Shakhnovich EI, Zhang W, Mu W. Semi-rational design and molecular dynamics simulations study of the thermostability enhancement of cellobiose 2-epimerases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1356-1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
14
|
Simulation-guided enzyme discovery: A new microbial source of cellobiose 2-epimerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1002-1008. [PMID: 31401280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is a promising industrial enzyme that can be utilized in the dairy industry. More thermostable CEs from different microorganisms are still needed for a higher lactulose productivity. This study demonstrated the feasibility to use molecular dynamics (MD) simulation as the preliminary computational filter for thermostable enzymes screening. Sequence information of eleven uncharacterized CEs were chosen to be analyzed by MD simulations. The CE from Dictyoglomus thermophilum (Dith-CE) was determined experimentally to be one of the most thermostable CEs with the highest epimerization (160 ± 6.5 U mg-1) and isomerization activities (3.52 ± 0.23 U mg-1) among all the reported CEs. This enzyme shows the highest isomerization activity at 85 °C and pH 7.0. The kinetic parameters (kcat and Km) of isomerization activity of this CE are 3.98 ± 0.3 s-1 and 235.2 ± 11.2 mM, respectively. These results suggest that the CE from Dith-CE is a promising lactulose-producing enzyme.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen Q, Xiao Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L, Mu W. Current research on cellobiose 2-epimerase: Enzymatic properties, mechanistic insights, and potential applications in the dairy industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zheng Q. What regulates the catalytic activities in AGE catalysis? An answer from quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31731-31746. [PMID: 29167851 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The AGE superfamily (AGEs) is made up of kinds of isomerase which are very important both physiologically and industrially. One of the most intriguing aspects of AGEs has to do with the mechanism that regulates their activities in single conserved active pocket. In order to clarify the relationship among single conserved active pocket and two activities in AGEs, results for the epimerization activity catalyzed by RaCE and the isomerization activity catalyzed by SeYihS were obtained by using QM/MM umbrella sampling simulations and 2D-FES calculations. Our results show that both of them have similar enzyme-substrate combination mode for inner pyranose ring in single conserved active pocket even though they have different substrate specificity. This means that the pathways of ring opening catalyzed by them are similar. However, one non-conserved residue (Leu183 in RaCE, Met175 in SeYihS) in the active site, which has different steric hindrance, causes a small but effective change in the direction of ring opening in stage 1. And then this change will induce a fundamentally different catalytic activity for RaCE and SeYihS in stage 2. Our results give a novel viewpoint about the regulatory mechanism between CE and YihS in AGEs, and may be helpful for further experiments of rational enzyme design based on the (α/α)6-barrel basic scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulai Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, International Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lactulose production from efficient isomerization of lactose catalyzed by recyclable sodium aluminate. Food Chem 2017; 233:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
18
|
Chen Q, Levin R, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L, Mu W. Characterisation of a novel cellobiose 2-epimerase from thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis for lactulose production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3095-3105. [PMID: 27873314 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose, a bioactive lactose derivative, has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Isomerisation of lactose to lactulose by cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) has recently attracted increasing attention, since CE produces lactulose with high yield from lactose as a single substrate. In this study, a new lactulose-producing CE from Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis was extensively characterised. RESULTS The recombinant enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.5 and 70 °C. It displayed high thermostability with Tm of 86.7 °C. The half-life was calculated to be 8.1, 2.8 and 0.6 h at 75, 80, and 85 °C, respectively. When lactose was used as substrate, epilactose was rapidly produced in a short period, and afterwards both epilactose and lactose were steadily isomerised to lactulose, with a final ratio of 35:11:54 for lactose:epilactose:lactulose. When the reverse reaction was investigated using lactulose as substrate, both lactose and epilactose appeared to be steadily produced from the start. CONCLUSION The recombinant CE showed both epimerisation and isomerisation activities against lactose, making it an alternative promising biocatalyst candidate for lactulose production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Roman Levin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen Z, Shen X, Wang J, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yan Y. Rational engineering of p
-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase to enable efficient gallic acid synthesis via a novel artificial biosynthetic pathway. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Engineering; The University of Georgia; 615 Driftmier Engineering Center Athens 30602 Georgia
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; 15 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Yajun Yan
- College of Engineering; The University of Georgia; 615 Driftmier Engineering Center Athens 30602 Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Improvingthecatalytic properties and stability of immobilized γ-glutamyltranspeptidase by post-immobilization with Pharmalyte MT 8-10.5. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1581-1586. [PMID: 28414108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is a dimeric protein that specifically catalyzes the transfer of γ-glutamyl in the optimum pH range of 8.5-9.0, but has poor in vitro stability under the alkaline conditions. In the present work, GGT was immobilized on a mesoporoustitania oxide whisker (MTWs) carrier to afford MTWs-GGT that was further modified with PharmalyteMT (Phar) 8.0-10.5 to yield MTWs-GGT-Phar. Phar absorbed on MTWs-GGT to form a buffering layer with an isoelectric point of ∼9.2 that isolated the immobilized enzyme from the liquid bulk and significantly in proved the pH tolerance and stability of the immobilized GGT. The MTWs-GGT-Phar exhibited a stable enzyme activity in the pH range of 6.0-11.0 and an optimum temperature 10°C higher than GGT. Its pH stability at pH 11.0 and thermal stability at 50°C were respectively 23.7 times and 19.4 times higher than those of GGT. In addition, the affinity constant of MTWs-GGT-Phar towards GpNA (Km) was 0.597mM, slightly lower than that of free GGT, indicating that Phar had a protective effect on the structure of GGT.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kuschel B, Seitl I, Glück C, Mu W, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L. Hidden Reaction: Mesophilic Cellobiose 2-Epimerases Produce Lactulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2530-2539. [PMID: 28252294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructofuranose) is a prebiotic sugar derived from the milk sugar lactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose). In our study we observed for the first time that known cellobiose 2-epimerases (CEs; EC 5.1.3.11) from mesophilic microorganisms were generally able to catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. Commonly, CEs catalyze the C2-epimerization of d-glucose and d-mannose moieties at the reducing end of β-1,4-glycosidic-linked oligosaccharides. Thus, epilactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-mannopyranose) is formed with lactose as substrate. So far, only four CEs, exclusively from thermophilic microorganisms, have been reported to additionally catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. The specific isomerization activity of the seven CEs in this study ranged between 8.7 ± 0.1 and 1300 ± 37 pkat/mg. The results indicate that very likely all CEs are able to catalyze both the epimerization as well as the isomerization reaction, whereby the latter is performed at a comparatively much lower reaction rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kuschel
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Glück
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reaction investigation of lactulose-producing cellobiose 2-epimerases under operational relevant conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Shen Q, Zhang Y, Yang R, Pan S, Dong J, Fan Y, Han L. Enhancement of isomerization activity and lactulose production of cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Food Chem 2016; 207:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|