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Gherbovet O, Ferreira F, Clément A, Ragon M, Durand J, Bozonnet S, O'Donohue MJ, Fauré R. Regioselective chemoenzymatic syntheses of ferulate conjugates as chromogenic substrates for feruloyl esterases. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:325-333. [PMID: 33828614 PMCID: PMC7871029 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, carbohydrate-active enzymes are studied using chromogenic substrates that provide quick and easy color-based detection of enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. For feruloyl esterases, commercially available chromogenic ferulate derivatives are both costly and limited in terms of their experimental application. In this study, we describe solutions for these two issues, using a chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize different ferulate compounds. The overall synthetic routes towards commercially available 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl and 4-nitrophenyl 5-O-feruloyl-α-ʟ-arabinofuranosides were significantly shortened (from 7 or 8 to 4–6 steps), and the transesterification yields were enhanced (from 46 to 73% and from 47 to 86%, respectively). This was achieved using enzymatic (immobilized Lipozyme® TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus) transesterification of unprotected vinyl ferulate to the primary hydroxy group of α‐ʟ‐arabinofuranosides. Moreover, a novel feruloylated 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl-substituted butanetriol analog, containing a cleavable hydroxylated linker, was also synthesized in 32% overall yield in 3 steps (convergent synthesis). The latter route combined the regioselective functionalization of 4-nitrocatechol and enzymatic transferuloylation. The use of this strategy to characterize type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger reveals the advantages of this substrate for the characterizations of feruloyl esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gherbovet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Apolline Clément
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Ragon
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Durand
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael J O'Donohue
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Fauré
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Bio & Chemical Engineering (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS 5504, INRAE 792, INSA de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Cerullo G, Varriale S, Bozonnet S, Antonopoulou I, Christakopoulos P, Rova U, Gherbovet O, Fauré R, Piechot A, Jütten P, Brás JLA, Fontes CMGA, Faraco V. Directed evolution of the type C feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporum FoFaeC and molecular docking analysis of its improved variants. N Biotechnol 2019; 51:14-20. [PMID: 30685332 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need to develop competitive and eco-friendly processes in the cosmetic industry leads to the search for new enzymes with improved properties for industrial bioconversions in this sector. In the present study, a complete methodology to generate, express and screen diversity for the type C feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporium FoFaeC was set up in a high-throughput fashion. A library of around 30,000 random mutants of FoFaeC was generated by error prone PCR of fofaec cDNA and expressed in Yarrowia lipolytica. Screening for enzymatic activity towards the substrates 5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl and 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl ferulates allowed the selection of 96 enzyme variants endowed with improved enzymatic activity that were then characterized for thermo- and solvent- tolerance. The five best mutants in terms of higher activity, thermo- and solvent- tolerance were selected for analysis of substrate specificity. Variant L432I was shown to be able to hydrolyze all the tested substrates, except methyl sinapate, with higher activity than wild type FoFaeC towards methyl p-coumarate, methyl ferulate and methyl caffeate. Moreover, the E455D variant was found to maintain completely its hydrolytic activity after two hour incubation at 55 °C, whereas the L284Q/V405I variant showed both higher thermo- and solvent- tolerance than wild type FoFaeC. Small molecule docking simulations were applied to the five novel selected variants in order to examine the binding pattern of substrates used for enzyme characterization of wild type FoFaeC and the evolved variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Cerullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Varriale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Io Antonopoulou
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Olga Gherbovet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Fauré
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Peter Jütten
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Joana L A Brás
- NzyTech LDA, Estrada Do Paco Do Lumiar, Campus Do Lumiar, Ed. E - R/C, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos M G A Fontes
- NzyTech LDA, Estrada Do Paco Do Lumiar, Campus Do Lumiar, Ed. E - R/C, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Pessôa MG, Vespermann KA, Paulino BN, Barcelos MC, Pastore GM, Molina G. Newly isolated microorganisms with potential application in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:319-339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tailoring the specificity of the type C feruloyl esterase FoFaeC from Fusarium oxysporum towards methyl sinapate by rational redesign based on small molecule docking simulations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198127. [PMID: 29795702 PMCID: PMC5967792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The type C feruloyl esterase FoFaeC from Fusarium oxysporum is a newly discovered enzyme with high potential for use in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass but it shows low activity towards sinapates. In this work, small molecule docking simulations were employed in order to identify important residues for the binding of the four model methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, methyl ferulate/caffeate/sinapate/p-coumarate, to the predicted structure of FoFaeC. Subsequently rational redesign was applied to the enzyme’ active site in order to improve its specificity towards methyl sinapate. A double mutation (F230H/T202V) was considered to provide hydrophobic environment for stabilization of the methoxy substitution on sinapate and a larger binding pocket. Five mutant clones and the wild type were produced in Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. All clones showed improved activity, substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency and turnover rate compared to the wild type against methyl sinapate, with clone P13 showing a 5-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency. Although the affinity of all mutant clones was improved against the four model substrates, the catalytic efficiency and turnover rate decreased for the substrates containing a hydroxyl substitution.
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Evolution of the feruloyl esterase MtFae1a from Myceliophthora thermophila towards improved catalysts for antioxidants synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5185-5196. [PMID: 29687143 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical syntheses currently employed for industrial purposes, including in the manufacture of cosmetics, present limitations such as unwanted side reactions and the need for harsh chemical reaction conditions. In order to overcome these drawbacks, novel enzymes are developed to catalyze the targeted bioconversions. In the present study, a methodology for the construction and the automated screening of evolved variants library of a Type B feruloyl esterase from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtFae1a) was developed and applied to generation of 30,000 mutants and their screening for selecting the variants with higher activity than the wild-type enzyme. The library was generated by error-prone PCR of mtfae1a cDNA and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Screening for extracellular enzymatic activity towards 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl ferulate, a new substrate developed ad hoc for high-throughput assays of feruloyl esterases, led to the selection of 30 improved enzyme variants. The best four variants and the wild-type MtFae1a were investigated in docking experiments with hydroxycinnamic acid esters using a model of 3D structure of MtFae1a. These variants were also used as biocatalysts in transesterification reactions leading to different target products in detergentless microemulsions and showed enhanced synthetic activities, although the screening strategy had been based on improved hydrolytic activity.
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A family of archaea-like carboxylesterases preferentially expressed in the symbiotic phase of the mychorrizal fungus Tuber melanosporum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7628. [PMID: 28794466 PMCID: PMC5550427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of esterases is being revealed by (meta) genomic sequencing projects, but few of them are functionally/structurally characterized, especially enzymes of fungal origin. Starting from a three-member gene family of secreted putative “lipases/esterases” preferentially expressed in the symbiotic phase of the mycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum (“black truffle”), we show here that these enzymes (TmelEST1-3) are dimeric, heat-resistant carboxylesterases capable of hydrolyzing various short/medium chain p-nitrophenyl esters. TmelEST2 was the most active (kcat = 2302 s−1 for p-nitrophenyl-butyrate) and thermally stable (T50 = 68.3 °C), while TmelEST3 was the only one displaying some activity on tertiary alcohol esters. X-ray diffraction analysis of TmelEST2 revealed a classical α/β hydrolase-fold structure, with a network of dimer-stabilizing intermolecular interactions typical of archaea esterases. The predicted structures of TmelEST1 and 3 are overall quite similar to that of TmelEST2 but with some important differences. Most notably, the much smaller volume of the substrate-binding pocket and the more acidic electrostatic surface profile of TmelEST1. This was also the only TmelEST capable of hydrolyzing feruloyl-esters, suggestinng a possible role in root cell-wall deconstruction during symbiosis establishment. In addition to their potential biotechnological interest, TmelESTs raise important questions regarding the evolutionary recruitment of archaea-like enzymes into mesophilic subterranean fungi such as truffles.
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