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Wang B, Lei S, Li Q, Luo Y. Production of lactulose from lactose using a novel cellobiose 2-epimerase from Clostridium disporicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110466. [PMID: 38889605 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lactulose is a semisynthetic nondigestive sugar derived from lactose, with wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Its biological production routes which use cellobiose 2-epimerase (C2E) as the key enzyme have attracted widespread attention. In this study, a set of C2Es from different sources were overexpressed in Escherichia coli to produce lactulose. We obtained a novel and highly efficient C2E from Clostridium disporicum (CDC2E) to synthesize lactulose from lactose. The effects of different heat treatment conditions, reaction pH, reaction temperature, and substrate concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum biotransformation conditions, the final concentration of lactulose was up to 1.45 M (496.3 g/L), with a lactose conversion rate of 72.5 %. This study provides a novel C2E for the biosynthesis of lactulose from low-cost lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China.
| | - Song Lei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Qingqin Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Yushuang Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
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Jia DX, Yu H, Wang F, Jin LQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Computer-aided design of novel cellobiose 2-epimerase for efficient synthesis of lactulose using lactose. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02896-z. [PMID: 37450268 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is ideally suited to synthesize lactulose from lactose, but the poor thermostability and catalytic efficiency restrict enzymatic application. Herein, a non-characterized CE originating from Caldicellulosiruptor morganii (CmCE) was discovered in the NCBI database. Then, a smart mutation library was constructed based on FoldX ΔΔG calculation and modeling structure analysis, from which a positive mutant D226G located within the α8/α9 loop exhibited longer half-lives at 65-75 °C as well as lower Km and higher kcat/Km values compared with CmCE. Molecular modeling demonstrated that the improvement of D226G was largely attributed to the rigidification of the flexible loop, the compactness of the catalysis pocket and the increment of substrate-binding capability. Finally, the yield of synthesizing lactulose catalyzed by D226G reached 45.5%, higher than the 35.9% achieved with CmCE. The disclosed effect of the flexible loop on enzymatic stability and catalysis provides insight to redesign efficient CEs to biosynthesize lactulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xu Jia
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Jin
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Gonçalves DA, González A, Roupar D, Teixeira JA, Nobre C. How prebiotics have been produced from agro-industrial waste: An overview of the enzymatic technologies applied and the models used to validate their health claims. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Mital S, Christie G, Dikicioglu D. Recombinant expression of insoluble enzymes in Escherichia coli: a systematic review of experimental design and its manufacturing implications. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:208. [PMID: 34717620 PMCID: PMC8557517 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant enzyme expression in Escherichia coli is one of the most popular methods to produce bulk concentrations of protein product. However, this method is often limited by the inadvertent formation of inclusion bodies. Our analysis systematically reviews literature from 2010 to 2021 and details the methods and strategies researchers have utilized for expression of difficult to express (DtE), industrially relevant recombinant enzymes in E. coli expression strains. Our review identifies an absence of a coherent strategy with disparate practices being used to promote solubility. We discuss the potential to approach recombinant expression systematically, with the aid of modern bioinformatics, modelling, and ‘omics’ based systems-level analysis techniques to provide a structured, holistic approach. Our analysis also identifies potential gaps in the methods used to report metadata in publications and the impact on the reproducibility and growth of the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Mital
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Duygu Dikicioglu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Jameson JK, Mathiesen G, Pope PB, Westereng B, La Rosa SL. Biochemical characterization of two cellobiose 2-epimerases and application for efficient production of lactulose and epilactose. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Whey and Its Derivatives for Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Functional Foods: a Critical Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:348-369. [PMID: 29732479 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of whey as a source of new-generation functional ingredients. Particular interest is given to probiotic growth in the presence of whey derivatives such as lactulose, a lactose derivative, which is a highly sought-after prebiotic in functional feeding. The role of sugar/nitrogen interactions in the formation of Maillard products is also highlighted. These compounds are known for their antioxidant power. The role of bioactive peptides from whey is also discussed in this study. Finally, the importance of an integrated valuation of whey is discussed with an emphasis on functional nutrition and the role of probiotics in the development of novel foods such as synbiotics.
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Wang M, Wang H, Feng Y, Xu Q, Admassu H, Yang R, Hua X. Preparation and Characterization of Sugar-Assisted Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates (CLEAs) of Recombinant Cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus ( CsCE). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7712-7721. [PMID: 29978693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency lactulose-producing enzyme of Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus cellobiose 2-epimerase (WT- CsCE) was immobilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Conditions for enzyme aggregation and cross-linking were optimized, and a sugar-assisted strategy with less damage to enzyme secondary structures was developed to improve the activity yield of CLEAs up to approximately 65%. The resulting CLEAs with multiple-layer network structures exhibited an enlarged optimal temperature range (70-80 °C) and maintained higher activity at 50-90 °C. Besides, CLEAs retained more than 95% of their initial activity after 10 successive batches at 60 °C, demonstrating superior reusability. Moreover, CLEAs displayed an equivalent or higher catalytic ability to free WT- CsCE in lactulose biosynthesis, and the final sugar ratios were similar, lactulose 58.8-61.7%, epilactose 9.3-10.2%, and lactose 27.8-30%, with a constant isomerization selectivity of 0.84-0.87 regardless of enzymes used and temperature applied. The proposed strategy is the first trial for enzymatic synthesis of lactulose catalyzed by CLEAs of WT- CsCE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - He Wang
- Jiyang College , Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University , Zhuji , Zhejiang 311800 , China
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Kuschel B, Seitl I, Glück C, Mu W, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L. Hidden Reaction: Mesophilic Cellobiose 2-Epimerases Produce Lactulose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2530-2539. [PMID: 28252294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-fructofuranose) is a prebiotic sugar derived from the milk sugar lactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose). In our study we observed for the first time that known cellobiose 2-epimerases (CEs; EC 5.1.3.11) from mesophilic microorganisms were generally able to catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. Commonly, CEs catalyze the C2-epimerization of d-glucose and d-mannose moieties at the reducing end of β-1,4-glycosidic-linked oligosaccharides. Thus, epilactose (4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-mannopyranose) is formed with lactose as substrate. So far, only four CEs, exclusively from thermophilic microorganisms, have been reported to additionally catalyze the isomerization reaction of lactose into lactulose. The specific isomerization activity of the seven CEs in this study ranged between 8.7 ± 0.1 and 1300 ± 37 pkat/mg. The results indicate that very likely all CEs are able to catalyze both the epimerization as well as the isomerization reaction, whereby the latter is performed at a comparatively much lower reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Kuschel
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Claudia Glück
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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