Activity of Candida rugosa lipase for synthesis of hexyl octoate under high hydrostatic pressure and the mechanism of this reaction

Computer-Aided Lipase Engineering for Improving Their Stability and Activity in the Food Industry: State of the Art

As some of the most widely used biocatalysts, lipases have exhibited extreme advantages in many processes, such as esterification, amidation, and transesterification reactions, which causes them to be widely used in food industrial production. However, natural lipases have drawbacks in terms of organic solvent resistance, thermostability, selectivity, etc., which limits some of their applications in the field of foods. In this systematic review, the application of lipases in various food processes was summarized. Moreover, the general structure of lipases is discussed in-depth, and the engineering strategies that can be used in lipase engineering are also summarized. The protocols of some classical methods are compared and discussed, which can provide some information about how to choose methods of lipase engineering. Thermostability engineering and solvent tolerance engineering are highlighted in this review, and the basic principles for improving thermostability and solvent tolerance are summarized. In the future, comput er-aided technology should be more emphasized in the investigation of the mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by lipases and guide the engineering of lipases. The engineering of lipase tunnels to improve the diffusion of substrates is also a promising prospect for further enhanced lipase activity and selectivity.

Rebuilding the lid region from conformational and dynamic features to engineering applications of lipase in foods: Current status and future prospects

The applications of lipases in esterification, amidation, and transesterification have broadened their potential in the production of fine compounds with high cumulative values. Mostly, the catalytic triad of lipases is covered by either one or two mobile peptides called the "lid" that control the substrate channel to the catalytic center. The lid holds unique conformational allostery via interfacial activation to regulate the dynamics and catalytic functions of lipases, thereby highlighting its importance in redesigning these enzymes for industrial applications. The structural characteristic of lipase, the dynamics of lids, and the roles of lid in lipase catalysis were summarized, providing opportunities for rebuilding lid region by biotechniques (e.g., metagenomic technology and protein engineering) and enzyme immobilization. The review focused on the advantages and disadvantages of strategies rebuilding the lid region. The main shortcomings of biotechnologies on lid rebuilding were discussed such as negative effects on lipase (e.g., a decrease of activity). Additionally, the main shortcomings (e.g., enzyme desorption at high temperatre) in immobilization on hydrophobic supports via interfacial action were presented. Solutions to the mentioned problems were proposed by combinations of computational design with biotechnologies, and improvements of lipase immobilization (e.g., immobilization protocols and support design). Finally, the review provides future perspectives about designing hyperfunctional lipases as biocatalysts in the food industry based on lid conformation and dynamics.