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Talavera RA, Prichard BE, Sommer RA, Leitao RM, Sarabia CJ, Hazir S, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Kellogg DR. Cell growth and nutrient availability control the mitotic exit signaling network in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305008. [PMID: 38722822 PMCID: PMC11082370 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is required for cell cycle progression. The amount of growth required for cell cycle progression is reduced in poor nutrients, which leads to a reduction in cell size. In budding yeast, nutrients can influence cell size by modulating the extent of bud growth, which occurs predominantly in mitosis. However, the mechanisms are unknown. Here, we used mass spectrometry to identify proteins that modulate bud growth in response to nutrient availability. This led to the discovery that nutrients regulate numerous components of the mitotic exit network (MEN), which controls exit from mitosis. A key component of the MEN undergoes gradual multisite phosphorylation during bud growth that is dependent upon bud growth and correlated with the extent of growth. Furthermore, activation of the MEN is sufficient to override a growth requirement for mitotic exit. The data suggest a model in which the MEN ensures that mitotic exit occurs only when an appropriate amount of bud growth has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Talavera
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Beth E. Prichard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert A. Sommer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo M. Leitao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Sarabia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Semin Hazir
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas R. Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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2
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Feng Y, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Liang Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Yu X, Song X, Mao Q, Xia W, Chen B, Xu L, Dong G, Jiang F. The super-enhancer-driven lncRNA LINC00880 acts as a scaffold between CDK1 and PRDX1 to sustain the malignance of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:551. [PMID: 37620336 PMCID: PMC10449921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Super-enhancers (SEs) are regulatory element clusters related to cell identity and disease. While the studies illustrating the function of SE-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains few. In our research, a SE-driven lncRNA, LINC00880, was identified, which showed higher expression in LUAD compared to normal tissues and indicated worse outcomes in stage I LUADs. We found that the transcription factor (TF) FOXP3 could simultaneously occupy the promoter and SE regions of LINC00880 to promote its transcription. The oncogenic function of LINC00880 was validated both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, LINC00880 binds to the protein CDK1 to increase its kinase activity, which rely on the phosphorylation state of pT161 in CDK1. LINC00880 also promotes the interaction between CDK1 and PRDX1. Moreover, LINC00880 interacts with PRDX1, which indicates that LINC00880 acts as a protein scaffold between CDK1 and PRDX1 to form a ternary complex, thereby resulting in the activation of PI3K/AKT to promote malignancy. Our results reveal that the SE-associated lncRNA LINC00880 regulates the CDK1/PRDX1 axis to sustain the malignancy of LUAD, providing a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Te Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingkuang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinnian Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qixing Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaochao Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 21009, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
- The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Partscht P, Schiebel E. The diverging role of CDC14B: from mitotic exit in yeast to cell fate control in humans. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114364. [PMID: 37493185 PMCID: PMC10425841 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC14, originally identified as crucial mediator of mitotic exit in budding yeast, belongs to the family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that are present in most eukaryotes. Contradicting data have sparked a contentious discussion whether a cell cycle role is conserved in the human paralogs CDC14A and CDC14B but possibly masked due to redundancy. Subsequent studies on CDC14A and CDC14B double knockouts in human and mouse demonstrated that CDC14 activity is dispensable for mitotic progression in higher eukaryotes and instead suggested functional specialization. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of how faithful cell division is linked to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and compare functional similarities and divergences between the mitotic phosphatases CDC14, PP2A, and PP1 from yeast and higher eukaryotes. Furthermore, we review the latest discoveries on CDC14B, which identify this nuclear phosphatase as a key regulator of gene expression and reveal its role in neuronal development. Finally, we discuss CDC14B functions in meiosis and possible implications in other developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Partscht
- Zentrum für Molekulare BiologieUniversität Heidelberg, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianzHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare BiologieUniversität Heidelberg, DKFZ‐ZMBH AllianzHeidelbergGermany
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Panda M, Kalita E, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Mechanism of cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation during human viral infection. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:497-525. [PMID: 37061340 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the history of the coevolution of Host viral interaction, viruses have customized the host cellular machinery into their use for viral genome replication, causing effective infection and ultimately aiming for survival. They do so by inducing subversions to the host cellular pathways like cell cycle via dysregulation of important cell cycle checkpoints by viral encoded proteins, arresting the cell cycle machinery, blocking cytokinesis as well as targeting subnuclear bodies, thus ultimately disorienting the cell proliferation. Both DNA and RNA viruses have been active participants in such manipulation resulting in serious outcomes of cancer. They achieve this by employing different mechanisms-Protein-protein interaction, protein-phosphorylation, degradation, redistribution, viral homolog, and viral regulation of APC at different stages of cell cycle events. Several DNA viruses cause the quiescent staged cells to undergo cell cycle which increases nucleotide pools logistically significantly persuading viral replication whereas few other viruses arrest a particular stage of cell cycle. This allows the latter group to sustain the infection which allows them to escape host immune response and support viral multiplication. Mechanical study of signaling such viral mediated pathways could give insight into understanding the etiology of tumorigenesis and progression. Overall this chapter highlights the possible strategies employed by DNA/RNA viral families which impact the normal cell cycle but facilitate viral infected cell replication. Such information could contribute to comprehending viral infection-associated disorders to further depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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5
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Yam CQX, Lim HH, Surana U. DNA damage checkpoint execution and the rules of its disengagement. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1020643. [PMID: 36274841 PMCID: PMC9582513 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes are susceptible to damage during their duplication and segregation or when exposed to genotoxic stresses. Left uncorrected, these lesions can result in genomic instability, leading to cells’ diminished fitness, unbridled proliferation or death. To prevent such fates, checkpoint controls transiently halt cell cycle progression to allow time for the implementation of corrective measures. Prominent among these is the DNA damage checkpoint which operates at G2/M transition to ensure that cells with damaged chromosomes do not enter the mitotic phase. The execution and maintenance of cell cycle arrest are essential aspects of G2/M checkpoint and have been studied in detail. Equally critical is cells’ ability to switch-off the checkpoint controls after a successful completion of corrective actions and to recommence cell cycle progression. Interestingly, when corrective measures fail, cells can mount an unusual cellular response, termed adaptation, where they escape checkpoint arrest and resume cell cycle progression with damaged chromosomes at the cost of genome instability or even death. Here, we discuss the DNA damage checkpoint, the mitotic networks it inhibits to prevent segregation of damaged chromosomes and the strategies cells employ to quench the checkpoint controls to override the G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Hwa Lim
- A*STAR Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uttam Surana
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Uttam Surana,
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Basu S, Patterson JO, Zeisner TU, Nurse P. A CDK activity buffer ensures mitotic completion. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275762. [PMID: 35726599 PMCID: PMC9270952 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle is driven by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activity rises over 50-fold during the cell cycle, from a low level in G1 to a high level in mitosis. However, it is not known whether the entire range of CDK activity is necessary for cell cycle progression, or whether cells can tolerate a reduction in CDK activity level. Here, in fission yeast, we show that sublethal CDK inhibition lengthens the time cells spend in mitosis but does not cause misordering of mitotic events. Maximum attainable CDK activity exceeds the amount necessary for mitosis, and thus forms a CDK activity buffer between sufficient and maximal possible CDK activities. This CDK activity buffer is needed for mitotic completion when CDK activity is compromised, and CDK inhibition only becomes lethal to cells when this buffer is exhausted. Finally, we explore what factors influence this CDK activity buffer, and find that it is influenced by CDK-counteracting phosphatases. Therefore, maximum attainable CDK activity is not necessary for mitosis but provides robustness to CDK activity reduction to ensure mitotic completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradeep Basu
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James O Patterson
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Theresa U Zeisner
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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7
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Ohba S, Tang Y, Johannessen TCA, Mukherjee J. PKM2 Interacts With the Cdk1-CyclinB Complex to Facilitate Cell Cycle Progression in Gliomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:844861. [PMID: 35392228 PMCID: PMC8981990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.844861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PKM2 is a phosphotyrosine-binding glycolytic enzyme upregulated in many cancers, including glioma, and contributes to tumor growth by regulating cell cycle progression. We noted, however, that in multiple glioma cell lines, PKM2 knock-down resulted in an accumulation of cells in G2-M phase. Moreover, PKM2 knock-down decreased Cdk1 activity while introducing a constitutively active Cdk1 reversed the effects of PKM2 knock-down on cell cycle progression. The means by which PKM2 increases Cdk1 activity have not been described. Transient interaction of T14/Y15-phosphorylated Cdk1 with cyclin B allows Cdk7-mediated pT161 Cdk1 phosphorylation followed by cdc25C-mediated removal of pT14/Y15 and activation of Cdk1 in cycling cells. In the present course of investigation, PKM2 modulation did not influence Cdk7 activity, but phosphotyrosine binding forms of PKM2 co-immunoprecipitated with pY15-containing Cdk1-cyclinB and enhanced formation of active pT161 Cdk1-cyclin B complexes. Moreover, exogenous expression of phosphotyrosine binding forms of PKM2 reversed the effects of PKM2 knock-down on G2-M arrest. We here show that PKM2 binds and stabilize otherwise transient pY15-containing Cdk1-cyclinB complexes that in turn facilitate Cdk1-cyclin B activation and entry of cells into mitosis. These results, therefore, establish metabolic enzyme PKM2 as a direct interactor and activator of Cdk1-cyclin B complex and thereby directly controls mitotic progression and the growth of brain tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ohba
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tor-Christian Aase Johannessen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- The Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joydeep Mukherjee,
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Cell cycle involvement in cancer therapy; WEE1 kinase, a potential target as therapeutic strategy. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111776. [PMID: 35247630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2022.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is the process of cell division and is regulated by checkpoints in the cell cycle. G1-S, S, and G2-M are the three main checkpoints that prevent initiation of the next phase of the cell cycle phase until previous phase has completed. DNA damage leads to activation of the G2-M checkpoint, which can trigger a downstream DNA damage response (DDR) pathway to induce cell cycle arrest while the damage is repaired. If the DNA damage cannot be repaired, the replication stress response (RSR) pathway finally leads to cell death by apoptosis, in this case called mitotic catastrophe. Many cancer treatments (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) cause DNA damages based on SSBs (single strand breaks) or DSBs (double strand breaks), which cause cell death through mitotic catastrophe. However, damaged cells can activate WEE1 kinase (as a part of the DDR and RSR pathways), which prevents apoptosis and cell death by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. Therefore, inhibition of WEE1 kinase could sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review focuses on the role of WEE1 kinase (as a biological macromolecule which has a molecular mass of 96 kDa) in the cell cycle, and its interactions with other regulatory pathways. In addition, we discuss the potential of WEE1 inhibition as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of various cancers, such as melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, etc.
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Ilyas S, Simanullang RH, Hutahaean S, Rosidah R, Situmorang PC. Correlation of Myc Expression with Wee1 Expression by Zanthoxylum acanthopodium in Cervical Carcinoma Histology. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:1014-1020. [PMID: 36591933 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.1014.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Natural herbs and molecular therapy can be used to treat cervical cancer. The Myc and Wee1 control tumour cell fate and microenvironmental changes like angiogenesis activation and host immune response suppression. The study aims to know about the correlation of Myc and Wee1 expressions as a molecular therapy given by <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> There are five rat groups: Group K<sup></sup> is the untreated group, Group K<sup>+</sup> is the rats injected with benzopyrene, Group P<sub>1</sub> is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 100 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt., Group P<sub>2</sub> is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 200 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. and Group P<sub>3</sub> is the administration of <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> 400 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. The rats are dissected 30 days after receiving <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i>. To stain the cervical tissues, immunohistochemistry is performed. <b>Results:</b> <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> administration caused epithelial thickening and decreased Myc expression in previously uncontrolled carcinomas from untreated malignancies, which now slowed and stopped growing into the normal epithelium. Wee1 expression revealed that this herb could repair tissue by drastically reducing Wee1 expression at a dose of 100-400 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt. Similarly, at the highest dose, cervical carcinoma stops growing and the nucleus begins to form normally (p<0.01). <b>Conclusion:</b> The higher Myc expression on andaliman administration in cervical carcinoma decreases Wee1 expression in cervical carcinoma so these two proteins have a strong and significant correlation. <i>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</i> can be administered at various dosages to lower the number of positive indexes of Myc and Wee1 expression in cervical carcinoma.
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10
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The CWI Pathway: A Versatile Toolbox to Arrest Cell-Cycle Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121041. [PMID: 34947023 PMCID: PMC8704918 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-signaling pathways are essential for cells to respond and adapt to changes in their environmental conditions. The cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by environmental stresses, compounds, and morphogenetic processes that compromise the cell wall, orchestrating the appropriate cellular response to cope with these adverse conditions. During cell-cycle progression, the CWI pathway is activated in periods of polarized growth, such as budding or cytokinesis, regulating cell-wall biosynthesis and the actin cytoskeleton. Importantly, accumulated evidence has indicated a reciprocal regulation of the cell-cycle regulatory system by the CWI pathway. In this paper, we describe how the CWI pathway regulates the main cell-cycle transitions in response to cell-surface perturbance to delay cell-cycle progression. In particular, it affects the Start transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S transition, and entry and progression through mitosis. We also describe the involvement of the CWI pathway in the response to genotoxic stress and its connection with the DNA integrity checkpoint, the mechanism that ensures the correct transmission of genetic material and cell survival. Thus, the CWI pathway emerges as a master brake that stops cell-cycle progression when cells are coping with distinct unfavorable conditions.
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11
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Lockhead S, Moskaleva A, Kamenz J, Chen Y, Kang M, Reddy AR, Santos SDM, Ferrell JE. The Apparent Requirement for Protein Synthesis during G2 Phase Is due to Checkpoint Activation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107901. [PMID: 32668239 PMCID: PMC7802425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis inhibitors (e.g., cycloheximide) block mitotic entry, suggesting that cell cycle progression requires protein synthesis until right before mitosis. However, cycloheximide is also known to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which can delay mitotic entry through a G2/M checkpoint. Here, we ask whether checkpoint activation or a requirement for protein synthesis is responsible for the cycloheximide effect. We find that p38 inhibitors prevent cycloheximide-treated cells from arresting in G2 phase and that G2 duration is normal in approximately half of these cells. The Wee1 inhibitor MK-1775 and Wee1/Myt1 inhibitor PD0166285 also prevent cycloheximide from blocking mitotic entry, raising the possibility that Wee1 and/or Myt1 mediate the cycloheximide-induced G2 arrest. Thus, protein synthesis during G2 phase is not required for mitotic entry, at least when the p38 checkpoint pathway is abrogated. However, M phase progression is delayed in cycloheximide-plus-kinase-inhibitor-treated cells, emphasizing the different requirements of protein synthesis for timely entry and completion of mitosis. Protein synthesis inhibitors have long been known to prevent G2 phase cells from entering mitosis. Lockhead et al. demonstrate that this G2 arrest is due to the activation of p38 MAPK, not insufficient protein synthesis, arguing that protein synthesis in G2 phase is not absolutely required for mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lockhead
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Alisa Moskaleva
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Julia Kamenz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA.
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Minjung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
| | - Anay R Reddy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silvia D M Santos
- Quantitative Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James E Ferrell
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA.
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12
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Recasens A, Humphrey SJ, Ellis M, Hoque M, Abbassi RH, Chen B, Longworth M, Needham EJ, James DE, Johns TG, Day BW, Kassiou M, Yang P, Munoz L. Global phosphoproteomics reveals DYRK1A regulates CDK1 activity in glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:81. [PMID: 33863878 PMCID: PMC8052442 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both tumour suppressive and oncogenic functions have been reported for dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A). Herein, we performed a detailed investigation to delineate the role of DYRK1A in glioblastoma. Our phosphoproteomic and mechanistic studies show that DYRK1A induces degradation of cyclin B by phosphorylating CDC23, which is necessary for the function of the anaphase-promoting complex, a ubiquitin ligase that degrades mitotic proteins. DYRK1A inhibition leads to the accumulation of cyclin B and activation of CDK1. Importantly, we established that the phenotypic response of glioblastoma cells to DYRK1A inhibition depends on both retinoblastoma (RB) expression and the degree of residual DYRK1A activity. Moderate DYRK1A inhibition leads to moderate cyclin B accumulation, CDK1 activation and increased proliferation in RB-deficient cells. In RB-proficient cells, cyclin B/CDK1 activation in response to DYRK1A inhibition is neutralized by the RB pathway, resulting in an unchanged proliferation rate. In contrast, complete DYRK1A inhibition with high doses of inhibitors results in massive cyclin B accumulation, saturation of CDK1 activity and cell cycle arrest, regardless of RB status. These findings provide new insights into the complexity of context-dependent DYRK1A signalling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Recasens
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Ellis
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Monira Hoque
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ramzi H Abbassi
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Brianna Chen
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mitchell Longworth
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Elise J Needham
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Laboratory, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Computational Systems Biology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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13
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Sergeeva O, Zatsepin T. RNA Helicases as Shadow Modulators of Cell Cycle Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2984. [PMID: 33804185 PMCID: PMC8001981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress of the cell cycle is directly regulated by modulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. However, many proteins that control DNA replication, RNA transcription and the synthesis and degradation of proteins can manage the activity or levels of master cell cycle regulators. Among them, RNA helicases are key participants in RNA metabolism involved in the global or specific tuning of cell cycle regulators at the level of transcription and translation. Several RNA helicases have been recently evaluated as promising therapeutic targets, including eIF4A, DDX3 and DDX5. However, targeting RNA helicases can result in side effects due to the influence on the cell cycle. In this review, we discuss direct and indirect participation of RNA helicases in the regulation of the cell cycle in order to draw attention to downstream events that may occur after suppression or inhibition of RNA helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sergeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30b1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Timofei Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30b1, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Jiménez J, Queralt E, Posas F, de Nadal E. The regulation of Net1/Cdc14 by the Hog1 MAPK upon osmostress unravels a new mechanism regulating mitosis. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2105-2118. [PMID: 32794416 PMCID: PMC7513861 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1804222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, cells have developed a plethora of mechanisms to optimize survival in a changing and unpredictable environment. In this regard, they have evolved networks that include environmental sensors, signaling transduction molecules and response mechanisms. Hog1 (yeast) and p38 (mammals) stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) are activated upon stress and they drive a full collection of cell adaptive responses aimed to maximize survival. SAPKs are extensively used to learn about the mechanisms through which cells adapt to changing environments. In addition to regulating gene expression and metabolism, SAPKs control cell cycle progression. In this review, we will discuss the latest findings related to the SAPK-driven regulation of mitosis upon osmostress in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jiménez
- Departament De Ciències Experimentals I De La Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ciències Bàsiques, Facultat De Medicina I Ciències De La Salut, Universitat Internacional De Catalunya , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Queralt
- Cell Cycle Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica De Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet De Llobregat , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Posas
- Departament De Ciències Experimentals I De La Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eulàlia de Nadal
- Departament De Ciències Experimentals I De La Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Hégarat N, Crncec A, Suarez Peredo Rodriguez MF, Echegaray Iturra F, Gu Y, Busby O, Lang PF, Barr AR, Bakal C, Kanemaki MT, Lamond AI, Novak B, Ly T, Hochegger H. Cyclin A triggers Mitosis either via the Greatwall kinase pathway or Cyclin B. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104419. [PMID: 32350921 PMCID: PMC7265243 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two mitotic cyclin types, cyclin A and B, exist in higher eukaryotes, but their specialised functions in mitosis are incompletely understood. Using degron tags for rapid inducible protein removal, we analyse how acute depletion of these proteins affects mitosis. Loss of cyclin A in G2-phase prevents mitotic entry. Cells lacking cyclin B can enter mitosis and phosphorylate most mitotic proteins, because of parallel PP2A:B55 phosphatase inactivation by Greatwall kinase. The final barrier to mitotic establishment corresponds to nuclear envelope breakdown, which requires a decisive shift in the balance of cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1 and PP2A:B55 activity. Beyond this point, cyclin B/Cdk1 is essential for phosphorylation of a distinct subset of mitotic Cdk1 substrates that are essential to complete cell division. Our results identify how cyclin A, cyclin B and Greatwall kinase coordinate mitotic progression by increasing levels of Cdk1-dependent substrate phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hégarat
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Adrijana Crncec
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | - Yan Gu
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Oliver Busby
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Paul F Lang
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alexis R Barr
- MRC London Institute of Medical ScienceImperial CollegeLondonUK
- Institute of Clinical SciencesFaculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Institute for Cancer ResearchChester Beatty LaboratoriesLondonUK
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- National Institute of GeneticsResearch Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS)MishimaJapan
- Department of GeneticsSOKENDAI (The Graduate University of Advanced Studies)MishimaJapan
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Bela Novak
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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16
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Growth-Dependent Activation of Protein Kinases Suggests a Mechanism for Measuring Cell Growth. Genetics 2020; 215:729-746. [PMID: 32461268 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In all cells, progression through the cell cycle occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. Thus, cells must translate growth into a proportional signal that can be used to measure and transmit information about growth. Previous genetic studies in budding yeast suggested that related kinases called Gin4 and Hsl1 could function in mechanisms that measure bud growth; however, interpretation of the data was complicated by the use of gene deletions that cause complex terminal phenotypes. Here, we used the first conditional alleles of Gin4 and Hsl1 to more precisely define their functions. We show that excessive bud growth during a prolonged mitotic delay is an immediate consequence of inactivating Gin4 and Hsl1 Thus, acute loss of Gin4 and Hsl1 causes cells to behave as though they cannot detect that bud growth has occurred. We further show that Gin4 and Hsl1 undergo gradual hyperphosphorylation during bud growth that is dependent upon growth and correlated with the extent of growth. Moreover, gradual hyperphosphorylation of Gin4 during bud growth requires binding to anionic phospholipids that are delivered to the growing bud. While alternative models are possible, the data suggest that signaling lipids delivered to the growing bud generate a growth-dependent signal that could be used to measure bud growth.
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17
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Lemonnier T, Dupré A, Jessus C. The G2-to-M transition from a phosphatase perspective: a new vision of the meiotic division. Cell Div 2020; 15:9. [PMID: 32508972 PMCID: PMC7249327 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division is orchestrated by the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of thousands of proteins. These post-translational modifications underlie the molecular cascades converging to the activation of the universal mitotic kinase, Cdk1, and entry into cell division. They also govern the structural events that sustain the mechanics of cell division. While the role of protein kinases in mitosis has been well documented by decades of investigations, little was known regarding the control of protein phosphatases until the recent years. However, the regulation of phosphatase activities is as essential as kinases in controlling the activation of Cdk1 to enter M-phase. The regulation and the function of phosphatases result from post-translational modifications but also from the combinatorial association between conserved catalytic subunits and regulatory subunits that drive their substrate specificity, their cellular localization and their activity. It now appears that sequential dephosphorylations orchestrated by a network of phosphatase activities trigger Cdk1 activation and then order the structural events necessary for the timely execution of cell division. This review discusses a series of recent works describing the important roles played by protein phosphatases for the proper regulation of meiotic division. Many breakthroughs in the field of cell cycle research came from studies on oocyte meiotic divisions. Indeed, the meiotic division shares most of the molecular regulators with mitosis. The natural arrests of oocytes in G2 and in M-phase, the giant size of these cells, the variety of model species allowing either biochemical or imaging as well as genetics approaches explain why the process of meiosis has served as an historical model to decipher signalling pathways involved in the G2-to-M transition. The review especially highlights how the phosphatase PP2A-B55δ critically orchestrates the timing of meiosis resumption in amphibian oocytes. By opposing the kinase PKA, PP2A-B55δ controls the release of the G2 arrest through the dephosphorylation of their substrate, Arpp19. Few hours later, the inhibition of PP2A-B55δ by Arpp19 releases its opposing kinase, Cdk1, and triggers M-phase. In coordination with a variety of phosphatases and kinases, the PP2A-B55δ/Arpp19 duo therefore emerges as the key effector of the G2-to-M transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Lemonnier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Dupré
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Jessus
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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18
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Watson NA, Cartwright TN, Lawless C, Cámara-Donoso M, Sen O, Sako K, Hirota T, Kimura H, Higgins JMG. Kinase inhibition profiles as a tool to identify kinases for specific phosphorylation sites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1684. [PMID: 32245944 PMCID: PMC7125195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are thousands of known cellular phosphorylation sites, but the paucity of ways to identify kinases for particular phosphorylation events remains a major roadblock for understanding kinase signaling. To address this, we here develop a generally applicable method that exploits the large number of kinase inhibitors that have been profiled on near-kinome-wide panels of protein kinases. The inhibition profile for each kinase provides a fingerprint that allows identification of unknown kinases acting on target phosphosites in cell extracts. We validate the method on diverse known kinase-phosphosite pairs, including histone kinases, EGFR autophosphorylation, and Integrin β1 phosphorylation by Src-family kinases. We also use our approach to identify the previously unknown kinases responsible for phosphorylation of INCENP at a site within a commonly phosphorylated motif in mitosis (a non-canonical target of Cyclin B-Cdk1), and of BCL9L at S915 (PKA). We show that the method has clear advantages over in silico and genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus A Watson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Tyrell N Cartwright
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Conor Lawless
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marcos Cámara-Donoso
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Onur Sen
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kosuke Sako
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jonathan M G Higgins
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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19
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Abstract
The goal of mitosis is to form two daughter cells each containing one copy of each mother cell chromosome, replicated in the previous S phase. To achieve this, sister chromatids held together back-to-back at their primary constriction, the centromere, have to interact with microtubules of the mitotic spindle so that each chromatid takes connections with microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles (we will refer to this condition as bipolar attachment). Only once all replicated chromosomes have reached bipolar attachments can sister chromatids lose cohesion with each other, at the onset of anaphase, and move toward opposite spindle poles, being segregated into what will soon become the daughter cell nucleus. Prevention of errors in chromosome segregation is granted by a safeguard mechanism called Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC). Until all chromosomes are bipolarly oriented at the equator of the mitotic spindle, the SAC prevents loss of sister chromatid cohesion, thus anaphase onset, and maintains the mitotic state by inhibiting inactivation of the major M phase promoting kinase, the cyclin B-cdk1 complex (Cdk1). Here, we review recent mechanistic insights about the circuitry that links Cdk1 to the SAC to ensure correct achievement of the goal of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Flavia Serpico
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, 80145, Italy.,DMMBM, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Domenico Grieco
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, 80145, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, 80131, Italy
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20
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Gao Y, Ma C, Feng X, Liu Y, Haimiti X. BF12, a Novel Benzofuran, Exhibits Antitumor Activity by Inhibiting Microtubules and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Cervical Cancer Cells. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900622. [PMID: 31951313 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BF12 [(2E)-3-[6-Methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-1-benzofuran-5-yl]prop-2-enoic acid], a novel derivative of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4), was previously found to inhibit tumor cell lines, with a particularly strong inhibitory effect on cervical cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the microtubule polymerization effects and apoptosis signaling mechanism of BF12. BF12 showed a potent efficiency against cervical cancer cells, SiHa and HeLa, with IC50 values of 1.10 and 1.06 μm, respectively. The cellular mechanism studies revealed that BF12 induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in SiHa and HeLa cells, which were associated with alterations in the expression of the cell G2/M cycle checkpoint-related proteins (cyclin B1 and cdc2) and alterations in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (P53, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax) of these cells, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that BF12 inhibited the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. BF12 was identified as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor, evidenced by the effective inhibition of tubulin polymerization and heavily disrupted microtubule networks in living SiHa and HeLa cells. By inhibiting the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells, BF12 shows promise for use as a microtubule inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Gao
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Beijing Road 393#, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Beijing Road 393#, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Feng
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Beijing Road 393#, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Beijing Road 393#, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohelaiti Haimiti
- Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Beijing Road 393#, Xinshi District, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
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21
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Zhang C, Chen Z, Yin Q, Fu X, Li Y, Stopka T, Skoultchi AI, Zhang Y. The chromatin remodeler Snf2h is essential for oocyte meiotic cell cycle progression. Genes Dev 2020; 34:166-178. [PMID: 31919188 PMCID: PMC7000916 DOI: 10.1101/gad.331157.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Zhang et al. set out to describe the molecular mechanisms underlying meiotic chromatin remodeling and meiotic resumption during oocyte development. Using a combination of in vivo and genomic approaches, the authors demonstrate that Snf2h, the catalytic subunit of ISWI family complexes, is critical in driving meiotic progression and acts by regulating the expression of genes important for maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activation. Oocytes are indispensable for mammalian life. Thus, it is important to understand how mature oocytes are generated. As a critical stage of oocytes development, meiosis has been extensively studied, yet how chromatin remodeling contributes to this process is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor Snf2h (also known as Smarca5) plays a critical role in regulating meiotic cell cycle progression. Females with oocyte-specific depletion of Snf2h are infertile and oocytes lacking Snf2h fail to undergo meiotic resumption. Mechanistically, depletion of Snf2h results in dysregulation of meiosis-related genes, which causes failure of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activation. ATAC-seq analysis in oocytes revealed that Snf2h regulates transcription of key meiotic genes, such as Prkar2b, by increasing its promoter chromatin accessibility. Thus, our studies not only demonstrate the importance of Snf2h in oocyte meiotic resumption, but also reveal the mechanism underlying how a chromatin remodeling factor can regulate oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qiangzong Yin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xudong Fu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yisi Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tomas Stopka
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Arthur I Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 induces CDK1 kinase-dependent origin firing in unperturbed G1- and S-phase cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23891-23893. [PMID: 31712441 PMCID: PMC6883772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WEE1 kinase is a key regulator of the G2/M transition. The WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 (WEE1i) induces origin firing in replicating cells. We show that WEE1i induces CDK1-dependent RIF1 phosphorylation and CDK2- and CDC7-dependent activation of the replicative helicase. WEE1 suppresses CDK1 and CDK2 kinase activities to regulate the G1/S transition after the origin licensing is complete. We identify a role for WEE1 in cell cycle regulation and important effects of AZD1775, which is in clinical trials.
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23
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Leitao RM, Jasani A, Talavara RA, Pham A, Okobi QJ, Kellogg DR. A Conserved PP2A Regulatory Subunit Enforces Proportional Relationships Between Cell Size and Growth Rate. Genetics 2019; 213:517-528. [PMID: 31488515 PMCID: PMC6781898 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size is proportional to growth rate. Thus, cells growing rapidly in rich nutrients can be nearly twice the size of cells growing slowly in poor nutrients. This proportional relationship appears to hold across all orders of life, yet the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In budding yeast, most growth occurs during mitosis, and the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate is therefore enforced primarily by modulating growth in mitosis. When growth is slow, the duration of mitosis is increased to allow more time for growth, yet the amount of growth required to complete mitosis is reduced, which leads to the birth of small daughter cells. Previous studies have found that Rts1, a member of the conserved B56 family of protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits, works in a TORC2 signaling network that influences cell size and growth rate. However, it was unclear whether Rts1 influences cell growth and size in mitosis. Here, we show that Rts1 is required for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate during mitosis. Moreover, nutrients and Rts1 influence the duration and extent of growth in mitosis via Wee1 and Pds1/securin, two conserved regulators of mitotic progression. Together, the data are consistent with a model in which global signals that set growth rate also set the critical amount of growth required for cell cycle progression, which would provide a simple mechanistic explanation for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Leitao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Akshi Jasani
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Rafael A Talavara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Annie Pham
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Quincy J Okobi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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Li Y, Guo L, Li H, Li J, Dong F, Yi Z, Ouyang Y, Hou Y, Wang Z, Sun Q, Lu S, Han Z. NEK5 regulates cell cycle progression during mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1189-1198. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Feng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Zi‐Yun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Ying‐Chun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Zhen‐Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Qing‐Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
| | - Sheng‐Sheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐Bioresources, Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning China
| | - Zhiming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing China
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Li W, Zhao X, Lv X, Han W, Wang H. Silibinin Retards Colitis-associated Carcinogenesis by Repression of Cdc25C in Mouse Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1187-1195. [PMID: 30753481 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Silibinin possesses the efficacy of anticancer and anti-inflammation. We aimed to test whether silibinin could prevent colitis-associated carcinogenesis in mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were used to induce colitis-associated tumorigenesis in C57BL mice. Six-to-eight-week-old male mice were gavaged with 350 or 750 mg/kg of silibinin for 10 weeks right after DSS administration. The mice were then sacrificed, and colon tissues were measured for tumor multiplicity and size. Molecular changes about proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation were tested. RESULTS Silibinin feeding showed a dose-dependent inhibition on the size of tumor induced by AOM/DSS in mice. In addition, silibinin inhibited cell proliferation evidenced by a decrease (P < 0.05) in Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). However, silibinin did not show any significant effect on inflammation, apoptosis, and the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The experiments in vitro showed that silibinin induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in CT-26 cells, a mouse colonic cancer cell line. Furthermore, silibinin reduced the expression of Cdc25C and blocked the dephosphorylation of CDK1 at multiple sites both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Silibinin targets Cdc25C/CDK1 pathway and mitigates colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Thus, our findings indicate the chemopreventive potential of silibinin for inflammation-associated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/ National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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26
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Bisht JS, Tomschik M, Gatlin JC. Induction of a Spindle-Assembly-Competent M Phase in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1273-1285.e5. [PMID: 30930041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal mitotic spindle assembly is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation and unperturbed cell-cycle progression. Precise functioning of the spindle machinery relies on conserved architectural features, such as focused poles, chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate, and proper spindle length. These morphological requirements can be achieved only within a compositionally distinct cytoplasm that results from cell-cycle-dependent regulation of specific protein levels and specific post-translational modifications. Here, we used cell-free extracts derived from Xenopus laevis eggs to recapitulate different phases of the cell cycle in vitro and to determine which components are required to render interphase cytoplasm spindle-assembly competent in the absence of protein translation. We found that addition of a nondegradable form of the master cell-cycle regulator cyclin B1 can indeed induce some biochemical and phenomenological characteristics of mitosis, but cyclin B1 alone is insufficient and actually deleterious at high levels for normal spindle assembly. In contrast, addition of a phosphomimetic form of the Greatwall-kinase effector Arpp19 with a specific concentration of nondegradable cyclin B1 rescued spindle bipolarity but resulted in larger-than-normal bipolar spindles with a misalignment of chromosomes. Both were corrected by the addition of exogenous Xkid (Xenopus homolog of human Kid/KIF22), indicating a role for this chromokinesin in regulating spindle length. These observations suggest that, of the many components degraded at mitotic exit and then replenished during the subsequent interphase, only a few are required to induce a cell-cycle transition that produces a spindle-assembly-competent cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender S Bisht
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Miroslav Tomschik
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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27
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Horiuchi M, Kuga T, Saito Y, Nagano M, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama Y. The tyrosine kinase v-Src causes mitotic slippage by phosphorylating an inhibitory tyrosine residue of Cdk1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:15524-15537. [PMID: 30135207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase v-Src is an oncogene first identified in Rous sarcoma virus. The oncogenic effects of v-Src have been intensively studied; however, its effects on chromosomal integrity are not fully understood. Here, using HeLa S3/v-Src cells having inducible v-Src expression, we found that v-Src causes mitotic slippage in addition to cytokinesis failure, even when the spindle assembly checkpoint is not satisfied because of the presence of microtubule-targeting agents. v-Src's effect on mitotic slippage was also observed in cells after a knockdown of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), a protein-tyrosine kinase that inhibits Src-family kinases and was partially inhibited by PP2, an Src-family kinase inhibitor. Proteomic analysis and in vitro kinase assay revealed that v-Src phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at Tyr-15. This phosphorylation attenuated Cdk1 kinase activity, resulting in a decrease in the phosphorylation of Cdk1 substrates. Furthermore, v-Src-induced mitotic slippage reduced the sensitivity of the cells to microtubule-targeting agents, and cells that survived the microtubule-targeting agents exhibited polyploidy. These results suggest that v-Src causes mitotic slippage by attenuating Cdk1 kinase activity via direct phosphorylation of Cdk1 at Tyr-15. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model for v-Src-induced oncogenesis, in which v-Src-promoted mitotic slippage due to Cdk1 phosphorylation generates genetic diversity via abnormal cell division of polyploid cells and also increases the tolerance of cancer cells to microtubule-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Horiuchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414
| | - Youhei Saito
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414
| | - Maiko Nagano
- the Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, and
| | - Jun Adachi
- the Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, and
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- the Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, and
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414,
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28
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Li P, Ding N, Zhang W, Chen L. COPS2 Antagonizes OCT4 to Accelerate the G2/M Transition of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:317-324. [PMID: 30033083 PMCID: PMC6092711 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of the cell cycle is essential to safeguard the genomic integrity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) while maintaining the fast proliferation rate. The pluripotency factor OCT4 has been shown to inhibit CDK1 activation, thus preventing mitotic entry and facilitating the maintenance of genomic integrity. Yet, how ESCs enter mitosis in the presence of OCT4 remains unclear. We previously reported that COPS2 promotes the progression through the G2/M phase of mouse ESCs. In this study, through co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analysis, we found that COPS2 interacts with OCT4 and CDK1. We further demonstrated that COPS2 stimulates the activity of CDK1/CYCLIN B only when OCT4 is present. Consistently, COPS2 promotes the G2/M transition only in the presence of OCT4 in HeLa cells. Mechanistically, COPS2 attenuates the interaction between OCT4 and CDK1 by sequestering OCT4 and forming a COPS2/CDK1 complex, thus blocking the inhibitory effect of OCT4 on CDK1 activation. COPS2 is required for the rapid G2/M transition in mouse embryonic stem cells COPS2 counteracts the inhibitory effect of OCT4 on CDK1 activation COPS2 accelerates the G2/M transition only in the presence of OCT4 COPS2 competes with OCT4 in binding to CDK1
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biology Education and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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29
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Vigneron S, Sundermann L, Labbé JC, Pintard L, Radulescu O, Castro A, Lorca T. Cyclin A-cdk1-Dependent Phosphorylation of Bora Is the Triggering Factor Promoting Mitotic Entry. Dev Cell 2018; 45:637-650.e7. [PMID: 29870721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is induced by the activation of the cyclin B/cdk1 feedback loop that creates a bistable state. The triggering factor promoting active cyclin B/cdk1 switch has been assigned to cyclin B/cdk1 accumulation during G2. However, this complex is rapidly inactivated by Wee1/Myt1-dependent phosphorylation of cdk1 making unlikely a triggering role of this kinase in mitotic commitment. Here we show that cyclin A/cdk1 kinase is the factor triggering mitosis. Cyclin A/cdk1 phosphorylates Bora to promote Aurora A-dependent Plk1 phosphorylation and activation and mitotic entry. We demonstrate that Bora phosphorylation by cyclin A/cdk1 is both necessary and sufficient for mitotic commitment. Finally, we identify a site in Bora whose phosphorylation by cyclin A/cdk1 is required for mitotic entry. We constructed a mathematical model confirming the essential role of this kinase in mitotic commitment. Overall, our results uncover the molecular mechanism by which cyclin A/cdk1 triggers mitotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Vigneron
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lena Sundermann
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Claude Labbé
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lionel Pintard
- Equipe Labelisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ovidiu Radulescu
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques (DIMNP), CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, Place E Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Castro
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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30
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Ren J, Tang CZ, Li XD, Niu ZB, Zhang BY, Zhang T, Gao MJ, Ran XZ, Su YP, Wang FC. Identification of G2/M phase transition by sequential nuclear and cytoplasmic changes and molecular markers in mice intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:780-791. [PMID: 29338545 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1426416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the regulatory network of G2/M phase transition has been intensively studied in mammalian cell lines, the identification of morphological and molecular markers to identify G2/M phase transition in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we found no obvious morphological changes between the S phase and G2 phase in mice intestinal epithelial cells. The G2 phase could be identified by Brdu incorporation resistance, marginal and scattered foci of histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser10 (pHH3), and relatively intact Golgi ribbon. Prophase starts with nuclear transformation in situ, which was identified by a series of prophase markers including nuclear translocation of cyclinB1, fragmentation of the Golgi complex, and a significant increase in pHH3. The nucleus started to move upwards in the late prophase and finally rounded up at the apical surface. Then, metaphase was initiated as the level of pHH3 peaked. During anaphase and telophase, pHH3 sharply decreased, while Ki67 was obviously bound to chromosomes, and PCNA was distributed throughout the whole cell. Based on the aforementioned markers and Brdu pulse labeling, it was estimated to take about one hour for most crypt cells to go through the G2 phase and about two hours to go through the G2-M phase. It took much longer for crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells to undergo G2-prophase than rapid transit amplifying cells. In summary, a series of sequentially presenting markers could be used to indicate the progress of G2/M events in intestinal epithelial cells and other epithelial systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ren
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Cai-Zhi Tang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Zhi-Bin Niu
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Bo-Yang Zhang
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gao
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xin-Ze Ran
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Yong-Ping Su
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Feng-Chao Wang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
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31
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Shi Y, Guo S, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Q, Li T. Lamprey Prohibitin2 Arrest G2/M Phase Transition of HeLa Cells through Down-regulating Expression and Phosphorylation Level of Cell Cycle Proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3932. [PMID: 29500418 PMCID: PMC5834496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin 2(PHB2) is a member of the SFPH trans-membrane family proteins. It is a highly conserved and functionally diverse protein that plays an important role in preserving the structure and function of the mitochondria. In this study, the lamprey PHB2 gene was expressed in HeLa cells to investigate its effect on cell proliferation. The effect of Lm-PHB2 on the proliferation of HeLa cells was determined by treating the cells with pure Lm-PHB2 protein followed by MTT assay. Using the synchronization method with APC-BrdU and PI double staining revealed rLm-PHB2 treatment induced the decrease of both S phase and G0/G1 phase and then increase of G2/M phase. Similarly, cells transfected with pEGFP-N1-Lm-PHB2 also exhibited remarkable reduction in proliferation. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR) assays suggested that Lm-PHB2 caused cell cycle arrest in HeLa cells through inhibition of CDC25C and CCNB1 expression. According to our western blot analysis, Lm-PHB2 was also found to reduce the expression level of Wee1 and PLK1 and the phosphorylation level of CCNB1, CDC25C and CDK1 in HeLa cells. Lamprey prohibitin 2 could arrest G2/M phase transition of HeLa cells through down-regulating expression and phosphorylation level of cell cycle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Sicheng Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- 210th Hospital of PLA, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Tiesong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug discovery, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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Zhang Y, Fan J, Fan Y, Li L, He X, Xiang Q, Mu J, Zhou D, Sun X, Yang Y, Ren G, Tao Q, Xiang T. The new 6q27 tumor suppressor DACT2, frequently silenced by CpG methylation, sensitizes nasopharyngeal cancer cells to paclitaxel and 5-FU toxicity via β-catenin/Cdc25c signaling and G2/M arrest. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:26. [PMID: 30359298 PMCID: PMC6136178 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is prevalent in South China, including Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, constantly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Epigenetic etiology attributed to EBV plays a critical role in NPC pathogenesis. Through previous CpG methylome study, we identified Disheveled-associated binding antagonist of beta-catenin 2 (DACT2) as a methylated target in NPC. Although DACT2 was shown to regulate Wnt signaling in some carcinomas, its functions in NPC pathogenesis remain unclear. METHODS RT-PCR, qPCR, MSP, and BGS were applied to measure expression levels and promoter methylation of DACT2 in NPC. Transwell, flow cytometric analysis, colony formation, and BrdU-ELISA assay were used to assess different biological functions affected by DACT2. Immunofluorescence, Western blot, and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to explore the mechanisms of DACT2 functions. Chemosensitivity assay was used to measure the impact of DACT2 on chemotherapy drugs. RESULTS We found that DACT2 is readily expressed in multiple normal adult tissues including upper respiratory tissues. However, it is frequently downregulated in NPC and correlated with promoter methylation. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored its expression in NPC cells. DACT2 methylation was further detected in 29/32 (91%) NPC tumors but not in any (0/8) normal nasopharyngeal tissue samples. Ectopic expression of DACT2 in NPC cells suppressed their proliferation, migration, and invasion through downregulating matrix metalloproteinases. DACT2 expression also induced G2/M arrest in NPC cells through directly suppressing β-catenin/Cdc25c signaling, which sensitized NPC cells to paclitaxel and 5-FU, but not cisplatin. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that DACT2 is frequently inactivated epigenetically by CpG methylation in NPC, while it inhibits NPC cell proliferation and metastasis via suppressing β-catenin/Cdc25c signaling. Our study suggests that DACT2 promoter methylation is a potential epigenetic biomarker for the detection and chemotherapy guidance of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangxia Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yichao Fan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqian He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhao Mu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danfeng Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejuan Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Taming the Beast: Control of APC/C Cdc20-Dependent Destruction. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 82:111-121. [PMID: 29133301 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.033712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multisubunit ubiquitin ligase that triggers the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in the cell cycle by targeting the substrates cyclin B and securin for destruction. APC/C activity toward these two key substrates requires the coactivator Cdc20. To ensure that cells enter mitosis and partition their duplicated genome with high accuracy, APC/CCdc20 activity must be tightly controlled. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate APC/CCdc20 activity both before and during mitosis. We focus our discussion primarily on the chromosomal pathways that both accelerate and delay APC/C activation by targeting Cdc20 to opposing fates. The findings discussed provide an overview of how cells control the activation of this major cell cycle regulator to ensure both accurate and timely cell division.
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Zhang Y, Gong FL, Lu ZN, Wang HY, Cheng YN, Liu ZP, Yu LG, Zhang HH, Guo XL. DHPAC, a novel synthetic microtubule destabilizing agent, possess high anti-tumor activity in vincristine-resistant oral epidermoid carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 93:1-11. [PMID: 29074436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of major obstacles to effective chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. This study showed that DHPAC, 2-(6-ethoxy-3-(3-ethoxyphenylamino) -1-methyl-1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-7-yloxy) acetamide, a novel compound that binds to the same site on microtubules as colchicine, has high anti-tumour activity in vincristine-resistant oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB/V) cells. It found that the presence of DHPAC strongly inhibited KB/V cell growth in vivo and in mice xenograft. The inhibitory effect of DHPAC is much stronger than that by colchicine in these KB/V cells (IC50: 64.4nM and 458.0nM respectively). Treatment of the cells with DHPAC induced cell apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and altered the expression of several apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-9, Cytochrome c and PARP. DHPAC treatment also caused cell rest in G2/M phase by regulating of the expression of a number of cell cycle-related proteins (e.g. Cyclin B1, Cdc2, Cdc25b, Cdc25c, RSK2). Furthermore, DHPAC presence inhibits PTEN phosphorylation and PTEN/Akt/NF-κB signalling. Thus, DHPAC has potent anti-cancer activity in MDR tumuors and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of vincristine-resistant human oral epidermoid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Fu-Lian Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ning Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Hong-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Yan-Na Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Lu-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Hui-Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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35
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de Gooijer MC, van den Top A, Bockaj I, Beijnen JH, Würdinger T, van Tellingen O. The G2 checkpoint-a node-based molecular switch. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:439-455. [PMID: 28396830 PMCID: PMC5377395 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle is paramount to ensure genomic integrity throughout life. Cell cycle checkpoints are present in each phase of the cell cycle and prevent cell cycle progression when genomic integrity is compromised. The G2 checkpoint is an intricate signaling network that regulates the progression of G2 to mitosis (M). We propose here a node-based model of G2 checkpoint regulation, in which the action of the central CDK1-cyclin B1 node is determined by the concerted but opposing activities of the Wee1 and cell division control protein 25C (CDC25C) nodes. Phosphorylation of both Wee1 and CDC25C at specific sites determines their subcellular localization, driving them either toward activity within the nucleus or to the cytoplasm and subsequent ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. In turn, this subcellular balance of the Wee1 and CDC25C nodes is directed by the action of the PLK1 and CHK1 nodes via what we have termed the 'nuclear and cytoplasmic decision states' of Wee1 and CDC25C. The proposed node-based model provides an intelligible structure of the complex interactions that govern the decision to delay or continue G2/M progression. The model may also aid in predicting the effects of agents that target these G2 checkpoint nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. de Gooijer
- Division of Pharmacology/Mouse Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arnout van den Top
- Division of Pharmacology/Mouse Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Irena Bockaj
- Division of Pharmacology/Mouse Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute/Slotervaart HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Division of Drug ToxicologyFaculty of PharmacyUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
- Division of Biomedical AnalysisFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas Würdinger
- Neuro‐oncology Research GroupDepartments of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Oncology/HematologyCancer Center AmsterdamVU University Medical CenterThe Netherlands
- Molecular Neurogenetics UnitDepartments of Neurology and RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Neuroscience ProgramHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Olaf van Tellingen
- Division of Pharmacology/Mouse Cancer ClinicThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Lucena R, Alcaide-Gavilán M, Anastasia SD, Kellogg DR. Wee1 and Cdc25 are controlled by conserved PP2A-dependent mechanisms in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:428-435. [PMID: 28103117 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1281476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved regulators of mitosis. Wee1 is a kinase that delays mitosis via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1, while Cdc25 is a phosphatase that promotes mitosis by removing the inhibitory phosphorylation. Although Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved proteins, it has remained unclear whether their functions and regulation are conserved across diverse species. Here, we analyzed regulation of Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast. Both proteins undergo dramatic cell cycle-dependent changes in phosphorylation that are dependent upon PP2A associated with the regulatory subunit Pab1. The mechanisms that control Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast appear to share similarities to those in budding yeast and vertebrates, which suggests that there may be common mechanisms that control mitotic entry in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Maria Alcaide-Gavilán
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Steph D Anastasia
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
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Chen J, Liu J. Erroneous Silencing of the Mitotic Checkpoint by Aberrant Spindle Pole-Kinetochore Coordination. Biophys J 2016; 109:2418-35. [PMID: 26636952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To segregate chromosomes during cell division, microtubules that form the bipolar spindle attach to and pull on paired chromosome kinetochores. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is activated at unattached and misattached kinetochores to prevent further mitotic progression. The SAC is silenced after all the kinetochores establish proper and stable attachment to the spindle. Robust timing of SAC silencing after the last kinetochore-spindle attachment herein dictates the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Chromosome missegregation is rare in typical somatic cell mitosis, but frequent in cancer cell mitosis and in meiosis I of mammalian oocytes. In the latter cases, SAC is normally activated in response to disruptions of kinetochore-spindle attachments, suggesting that frequent chromosome missegregation ensues from faulty SAC silencing. In-depth understanding of how SAC silencing malfunctions in these cases is yet missing, but is believed to hold promise for treatment of cancer and prevention of human miscarriage and birth defects. We previously established a spatiotemporal model that, to the best of our knowledge, explained the robustness of SAC silencing in normal mitosis for the first time. In this article, we take advantage of the whole-cell perspective of the spatiotemporal model to identify possible causes of chromosome missegregation out of the distinct features of spindle assembly exhibited by cancer cells and mammalian oocytes. The model results explain why multipolar spindle could inhibit SAC silencing and spindle pole clustering could promote it-albeit accompanied by more kinetochore attachment errors. The model also eliminates geometric factors as the cause for nonrobust SAC silencing in oocyte meiosis, and instead, suggests atypical kinetochore-spindle attachment in meiosis as a potential culprit. Overall, the model shows that abnormal spindle-pole formation and its aberrant coordination with atypical kinetochore-spindle attachments could compromise the robustness of SAC silencing. Our model highlights systems-level coupling between kinetochore-spindle attachment and spindle-pole formation in SAC silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jian Liu
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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38
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Kim HS, Fernandes G, Lee CW. Protein Phosphatases Involved in Regulating Mitosis: Facts and Hypotheses. Mol Cells 2016; 39:654-62. [PMID: 27669825 PMCID: PMC5050529 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all eukaryotic proteins are subject to post-translational modifications during mitosis and cell cycle, and in particular, reversible phosphorylation being a key event. The recent use of high-throughput experimental analyses has revealed that more than 70% of all eukaryotic proteins are regulated by phosphorylation; however, the mechanism of dephosphorylation, counteracting phosphorylation, is relatively unknown. Recent discoveries have shown that many of the protein phosphatases are involved in the temporal and spatial control of mitotic events, such as mitotic entry, mitotic spindle assembly, chromosome architecture changes and cohesion, and mitotic exit. This implies that certain phosphatases are tightly regulated for timely dephosphorylation of key mitotic phosphoproteins and are essential for control of various mitotic processes. This review describes the physiological and pathological roles of mitotic phosphatases, as well as the versatile role of various protein phosphatases in several mitotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Gary Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351,
Korea
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39
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Navarro-Retamal C, Caballero J. Flavonoids as CDK1 Inhibitors: Insights in Their Binding Orientations and Structure-Activity Relationship. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161111. [PMID: 27517610 PMCID: PMC4982677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the interactions of flavonoids with protein kinases (PKs) have been described by using crystallographic experiments. Interestingly, different orientations have been found for one flavonoid inside different PKs and different chemical substitutions lead to different orientations of the flavonoid scaffold inside one PK. Accordingly, orientation predictions of novel analogues could help to the design of flavonoids with high PK inhibitory activities. With this in mind, we studied the binding modes of 37 flavonoids (flavones and chalcones) inside the cyclin-dependent PK CDK1 using docking experiments. We found that the compounds under study adopted two different orientations into the active site of CDK1 (orientations I and II in the manuscript). In addition, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models using CoMFA and CoMSIA methodologies were constructed to explain the trend of the CDK1 inhibitory activities for the studied flavonoids. Template-based and docking-based alignments were used. Models developed starting from docking-based alignment were applied for describing the whole dataset and compounds with orientation I. Adequate R2 and Q2 values were obtained by each method; interestingly, only hydrophobic and hydrogen bond donor fields describe the differential potency of the flavonoids as CDK1 inhibitors for both defined alignments and subsets. Our current application of docking and QSAR together reveals important elements to be drawn for the design of novel flavonoids with increased PK inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Navarro-Retamal
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile
- * E-mail:
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40
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14-3-3γ Prevents Centrosome Amplification and Neoplastic Progression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26580. [PMID: 27253419 PMCID: PMC4890593 DOI: 10.1038/srep26580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of malignant tumors show centrosome amplification and clustering. Centrosome amplification results from aberrations in the centrosome duplication cycle, which is strictly coordinated with DNA-replication-cycle. However, the relationship between cell-cycle regulators and centrosome duplicating factors is not well understood. This report demonstrates that 14-3-3γ localizes to the centrosome and 14-3-3γ loss leads to centrosome amplification. Loss of 14-3-3γ results in the phosphorylation of NPM1 at Thr-199, causing early centriole disjunction and centrosome hyper-duplication. The centrosome amplification led to aneuploidy and increased tumor formation in mice. Importantly, an increase in passage of the 14-3-3γ-knockdown cells led to an increase in the number of cells containing clustered centrosomes leading to the generation of pseudo-bipolar spindles. The increase in pseudo-bipolar spindles was reversed and an increase in the number of multi-polar spindles was observed upon expression of a constitutively active 14-3-3-binding-defective-mutant of cdc25C (S216A) in the 14-3-3γ knockdown cells. The increase in multi-polar spindle formation was associated with decreased cell viability and a decrease in tumor growth. Our findings uncover the molecular basis of regulation of centrosome duplication by 14-3-3γ and inhibition of tumor growth by premature activation of the mitotic program and the disruption of centrosome clustering.
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41
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Phosphatases and kinases regulating CDC25 activity in the cell cycle: clinical implications of CDC25 overexpression and potential treatment strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 416:33-46. [PMID: 27038604 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the cell-cycle regulatory genes result in uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to several disease conditions. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and their regulatory subunit, cyclins, are essential proteins in cell-cycle progression. The activity of CDK is regulated by a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at different amino acid residues. Cell Division Cycle-25 (CDC25) plays an important role in transitions between cell-cycle phases by dephosphorylating and activating CDKs. CDC25B and CDC25C play a major role in G2/M progression, whereas CDC25A assists in G1/S transition. Different isomers of CDC25 expressions are upregulated in various clinicopathological situations. Overexpression of CDC25A deregulates G1/S and G2/M events, including the G2 checkpoint. CDC25B has oncogenic properties. Binding to the 14-3-3 proteins regulates the activity and localization of CDC25B. CDC25C is predominantly a nuclear protein in mammalian cells. At the G2/M transition, mitotic activation of CDC25C protein occurs by its dissociation from 14-3-3 proteins along with its phosphorylation at multiple sites within its N-terminal domain. In this article, we critically reviewed the biology of the activation/deactivation of CDC25 by kinases/phosphatases to maintain the level of CDK-cyclin activities and thus the genomic stability, clinical implications due to dysregulation of CDC25, and potential role of CDC25 inhibitors in diseases.
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42
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Redundant Regulation of Cdk1 Tyrosine Dephosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2015; 202:903-10. [PMID: 26715668 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 activity drives both mitotic entry and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in all eukaryotes. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25 regulate the mitotic activity of Cdk1 by the reversible phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue. Mutation of cdc25 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe blocks Cdk1 dephosphorylation and causes cell cycle arrest. In contrast, deletion of MIH1, the cdc25 homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is viable. Although Cdk1-Y19 phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis in mih1∆ cells, Cdk1 is dephosphorylated as cells progress into G1, suggesting that additional phosphatases regulate Cdk1 dephosphorylation. Here we show that the phosphatase Ptp1 also regulates Cdk1 dephosphorylation in vivo and can directly dephosphorylate Cdk1 in vitro. Using a novel in vivo phosphatase assay, we also show that PP2A bound to Rts1, the budding yeast B56-regulatory subunit, regulates dephosphorylation of Cdk1 independently of a function regulating Swe1, Mih1, or Ptp1, suggesting that PP2A(Rts1) either directly dephosphorylates Cdk1-Y19 or regulates an unidentified phosphatase.
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43
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Lin Z, Tan C, Qiu Q, Kong S, Yang H, Zhao F, Liu Z, Li J, Kong Q, Gao B, Barrett T, Yang GY, Zhang J, Fang D. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 is a deubiquitinase of CCNB1. Cell Discov 2015; 1. [PMID: 27030811 PMCID: PMC4809424 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated level of CCNB1 indicates more aggressive cancer and poor prognosis. However, the factors that cause CCNB1 upregulation remain enigmatic. Herein, we identify USP22 as a CCNB1 interactor and discover that both USP22 and CCNB1 are dramatically elevated with a strong positive correlation in colon cancer tissues. USP22 stabilizes CCNB1 by antagonizing proteasome-mediated degradation in a cell cycle-specific manner. Phosphorylation of USP22 by CDK1 enhances its activity in deubiquitinating CCNB1. The ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) targets USP22 for degradation by using the substrate adapter CDC20 during cell exit from M phase, presumably allowing CCNB1 degradation. Finally, we discover that USP22 knockdown leads to slower cell growth and reduced tumor size. Our study demonstrates that USP22 is a CCNB1 deubiquitinase, suggesting that targeting USP22 might be an effective approach to treat cancers with elevated CCNB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Can Tan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sinyi Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heeyoung Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beixue Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Terry Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
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44
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Baffet AD, Hu DJ, Vallee RB. Cdk1 Activates Pre-mitotic Nuclear Envelope Dynein Recruitment and Apical Nuclear Migration in Neural Stem Cells. Dev Cell 2015; 33:703-16. [PMID: 26051540 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dynein recruitment to the nuclear envelope is required for pre-mitotic nucleus-centrosome interactions in nonneuronal cells and for apical nuclear migration in neural stem cells. In each case, dynein is recruited to the nuclear envelope (NE) specifically during G2 via two nuclear pore-mediated mechanisms involving RanBP2-BicD2 and Nup133-CENP-F. The mechanisms responsible for cell-cycle control of this behavior are unknown. We now find that Cdk1 serves as a direct master controller for NE dynein recruitment in neural stem cells and HeLa cells. Cdk1 phosphorylates conserved sites within RanBP2 and activates BicD2 binding and early dynein recruitment. Late recruitment is triggered by a Cdk1-induced export of CENP-F from the nucleus. Forced NE targeting of BicD2 overrides Cdk1 inhibition, fully rescuing dynein recruitment and nuclear migration in neural stem cells. These results reveal how NE dynein recruitment is cell-cycle regulated and identify the trigger mechanism for apical nuclear migration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre D Baffet
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Daniel J Hu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard B Vallee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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45
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CDK1 structures reveal conserved and unique features of the essential cell cycle CDK. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6769. [PMID: 25864384 PMCID: PMC4413027 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK1 is the only essential cell cycle CDK in human cells and is required for successful completion of M-phase. It is the founding member of the CDK family and is conserved across all eukaryotes. Here we report the crystal structures of complexes of CDK1–Cks1 and CDK1–cyclin B–Cks2. These structures confirm the conserved nature of the inactive monomeric CDK fold and its ability to be remodelled by cyclin binding. Relative to CDK2–cyclin A, CDK1–cyclin B is less thermally stable, has a smaller interfacial surface, is more susceptible to activation segment dephosphorylation and shows differences in the substrate sequence features that determine activity. Both CDK1 and CDK2 are potential cancer targets for which selective compounds are required. We also describe the first structure of CDK1 bound to a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor and identify aspects of CDK1 structure and plasticity that might be exploited to develop CDK1-selective inhibitors. Cyclin-dependent kinases are the principal drivers of cell cycle progression. Here the authors present several crystal structures of Cdk1 in complex with cyclin B and/or the assembly factors Cks1/2 and a small molecule inhibitor to reveal key features of this essential mitotic kinase.
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46
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Abstract
Rapid progression through the cell cycle and a very short G1 phase are defining characteristics of embryonic stem cells. This distinct cell cycle is driven by a positive feedback loop involving Rb inactivation and reduced oscillations of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity. In this setting, we inquired how ES cells avoid the potentially deleterious consequences of premature mitotic entry. We found that the pluripotency transcription factor Oct4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4) plays an unappreciated role in the ES cell cycle by forming a complex with cyclin-Cdk1 and inhibiting Cdk1 activation. Ectopic expression of Oct4 or a mutant lacking transcriptional activity recapitulated delayed mitotic entry in HeLa cells. Reduction of Oct4 levels in ES cells accelerated G2 progression, which led to increased chromosomal missegregation and apoptosis. Our data demonstrate an unexpected nontranscriptional function of Oct4 in the regulation of mitotic entry.
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47
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Xu H, Zhou Y, Coughlan KA, Ding Y, Wang S, Wu Y, Song P, Zou MH. AMPKα1 deficiency promotes cellular proliferation and DNA damage via p21 reduction in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:65-73. [PMID: 25307521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy gauge and redox sensor, controls the cell cycle and protects against DNA damage. However, the molecular mechanisms by which AMPKα isoform regulates DNA damage remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if AMPKα deletion contributes to cellular hyperproliferation by reducing p21(WAF1/Cip1) (p21) expression thereby leading to accumulated DNA damage. The markers for DNA damage, cell cycle proteins, and apoptosis were monitored in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from wild type (WT, C57BL/6J), AMPKα1, or AMPKα2 homozygous deficient (AMPKα1(-/-), AMPKα2(-/-)) mice by Western blot, flow cytometry, and cellular immunofluorescence staining. Deletion of AMPKα1, the predominant AMPKα isoform, but not AMPKα2 in immortalized MEFs led to spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) which corresponded to repair protein p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci formation and subsequent apoptosis. Furthermore, AMPKα1 localizes to chromatin and AMPKα1 deletion down-regulates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, an important protein that plays a role in decreasing the incidence of spontaneous DSB via inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, AMPKα1 null cells exhibited enhanced cell proliferation. Finally, p21 overexpression partially blocked the cellular hyperproliferation of AMPKα1-deleted MEFs via the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Taken together, our results suggest that AMPKα1 plays a fundamental role in controlling the cell cycle thereby affecting DNA damage and cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Xu
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Key Laboratory of Hubei Province on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Kathleen A Coughlan
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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48
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Nuclear pores protect genome integrity by assembling a premitotic and Mad1-dependent anaphase inhibitor. Cell 2014; 156:1017-31. [PMID: 24581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) delays anaphase until all chromosomes are bioriented on the mitotic spindle. Under current models, unattached kinetochores transduce the SAC by catalyzing the intramitotic production of a diffusible inhibitor of APC/C(Cdc20) (the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its coactivator Cdc20, a large ubiquitin ligase). Here we show that nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in interphase cells also function as scaffolds for anaphase-inhibitory signaling. This role is mediated by Mad1-Mad2 complexes tethered to the nuclear basket, which activate soluble Mad2 as a binding partner and inhibitor of Cdc20 in the cytoplasm. Displacing Mad1-Mad2 from nuclear pores accelerated anaphase onset, prevented effective correction of merotelic errors, and increased the threshold of kinetochore-dependent signaling needed to halt mitosis in response to spindle poisons. A heterologous Mad1-NPC tether restored Cdc20 inhibitor production and normal M phase control. We conclude that nuclear pores and kinetochores both emit "wait anaphase" signals that preserve genome integrity.
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49
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Huang Y, Sramkoski RM, Jacobberger JW. The kinetics of G2 and M transitions regulated by B cyclins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80861. [PMID: 24324638 PMCID: PMC3851588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cyclins regulate G2-M transition. Because human somatic cells continue to cycle after reduction of cyclin B1 (cycB1) or cyclin B2 (cycB2) by RNA interference (RNAi), and because cycB2 knockout mice are viable, the existence of two genes should be an optimization. To explore this idea, we generated HeLa BD™ Tet-Off cell lines with inducible cyclin B1- or B2-EGFP that were RNAi resistant. Cultures were treated with RNAi and/or doxycycline (Dox) and bromodeoxyuridine. We measured G2 and M transit times and 4C cell accumulation. In the absence of ectopic B cyclin expression, knockdown (kd) of either cyclin increased G2 transit. M transit was increased by cycB1 kd but decreased by cycB2 depletion. This novel difference was further supported by time-lapse microscopy. This suggests that cycB2 tunes mitotic timing, and we speculate that this is through regulation of a Golgi checkpoint. In the presence of endogenous cyclins, expression of active B cyclin-EGFPs did not affect G2 or M phase times. As previously shown, B cyclin co-depletion induced G2 arrest. Expression of either B cyclin-EGFP completely rescued knockdown of the respective endogenous cyclin in single kd experiments, and either cyclin-EGFP completely rescued endogenous cyclin co-depletion. Most of the rescue occurred at relatively low levels of exogenous cyclin expression. Therefore, cycB1 and cycB2 are interchangeable for ability to promote G2 and M transition in this experimental setting. Cyclin B1 is thought to be required for the mammalian somatic cell cycle, while cyclin B2 is thought to be dispensable. However, residual levels of cyclin B1 or cyclin B2 in double knockdown experiments are not sufficient to promote successful mitosis, yet residual levels are sufficient to promote mitosis in the presence of the dispensible cyclin B2. We discuss a simple model that would explain most data if cyclin B1 is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - R. Michael Sramkoski
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James W. Jacobberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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50
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Kõivomägi M, Örd M, Iofik A, Valk E, Venta R, Faustova I, Kivi R, Balog ERM, Rubin SM, Loog M. Multisite phosphorylation networks as signal processors for Cdk1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:1415-24. [PMID: 24186061 PMCID: PMC3855452 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The order and timing of cell-cycle events is controlled by changing substrate specificity and different activity thresholds of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). However, it is not understood how a single protein kinase can trigger hundreds of switches in a sufficiently time-resolved fashion. We show that cyclin-Cdk1-Cks1-dependent phosphorylation of multisite targets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by key substrate parameters including distances between phosphorylation sites, distribution of serines and threonines as phosphoacceptors and positioning of cyclin-docking motifs. The component mediating the key interactions in this process is Cks1, the phosphoadaptor subunit of the cyclin-Cdk1-Cks1 complex. We propose that variation of these parameters within networks of phosphorylation sites in different targets provides a wide range of possibilities for differential amplification of Cdk1 signals, thus providing a mechanism to generate a wide range of thresholds in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna Iofik
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rainis Venta
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Rait Kivi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Rose M. Balog
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Seth M. Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
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