1
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Duhen R, Beymer M, Jensen SM, Abbina S, Abraham S, Jain N, Thomas A, Geall AJ, Hu HM, Fox BA, Weinberg AD. OX40 agonist stimulation increases and sustains humoral and cell-mediated responses to SARS-CoV-2 protein and saRNA vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896310. [PMID: 36238275 PMCID: PMC9551348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and generate long-lasting immunity, vaccines need to generate strong viral-specific B and T cell responses. Previous results from our lab and others have shown that immunizations in the presence of an OX40 agonist antibody lead to higher antibody titers and increased numbers of long-lived antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Using a similar strategy, we explored the effect of OX40 co-stimulation in a prime and boost vaccination scheme using an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine in C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that OX40 engagement during vaccination significantly increases long-lived antibody responses to the spike protein. In addition, after immunization spike protein-specific proliferation was greatly increased for both CD4 and CD8 T cells, with enhanced, spike-specific secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2. Booster (3rd injection) immunizations combined with an OX40 agonist (7 months post-prime) further increased vaccine-specific antibody and T cell responses. Initial experiments assessing a self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccine encoding the spike protein antigen show a robust antigen-specific CD8 T cell response. The saRNA spike-specific CD8 T cells express high levels of GrzmB, IFN-γ and TNF-α which was not observed with protein immunization and this response was further increased by the OX40 agonist. Similar to protein immunizations the OX40 agonist also increased vaccine-specific CD4 T cell responses. In summary, this study compares and contrasts the effects and benefits of both protein and saRNA vaccination and the extent to which an OX40 agonist enhances and sustains the immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Duhen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebekka Duhen,
| | - Michael Beymer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Shawn M. Jensen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | | | - Nikita Jain
- Precision NanoSystems Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrew D. Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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2
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Ruiz D, Haynes C, Marable J, Pundkar C, Nance RL, Bedi D, Agarwal P, Suryawanshi AS, Mishra A, Smith BF, Sandey M. Development of OX40 agonists for canine cancer immunotherapy. iScience 2022; 25:105158. [PMID: 36217551 PMCID: PMC9547195 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have provided unprecedented clinical benefits to human cancer patients. Cancer is also one of the most common causes of death in pet dogs. Thus, canine-specific immune therapies targeting similar signaling pathways can provide better treatment options for canine cancer patients. Here, we describe the development and characterization of two canine-specific anti-OX40 agonists to activate OX40 signaling. We show that canine OX40, like human OX40, is not expressed on resting T cells, and its expression is markedly increased on canine CD4 T cells and Tregs after stimulation with concanavalin A (Con-A). cOX40 is also expressed on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in canine osteosarcoma patients. The canine-specific OX40 agonists strongly activates cPBMCs by increasing IFN-γ expression and do not require Fc receptor-mediated cross-linking for OX40 agonism. Together, these results suggest that cFcOX40L proteins are potent OX40 agonists and have the potential to enhance antitumor immunity in canine cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chloe Haynes
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan Marable
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chetan Pundkar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Nance
- Scott Ritchy Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Deepa Bedi
- Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
| | - Payal Agarwal
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Scott Ritchy Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Amol S. Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Amarjit Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bruce F. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Scott Ritchy Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Corresponding author
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3
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Lao J, Cao C, Niu X, Deng S, Ming S, Liang S, Shang Y, Yuan Y, Shi X, Liang Z, Wu M, Wu Y. OX40 enhances T cell immune response to PD-1 blockade therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Basavarajappa SC, Liu AR, Bruchez A, Li Z, Suzart VG, Liu Z, Chen Y, Xiao TS, Buck M, Ramakrishnan P. Trimeric Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Acts as a Potent Inhibitor of ACE2 Receptor-Mediated Viral Entry. iScience 2022; 25:104716. [PMID: 35813876 PMCID: PMC9251894 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over four million deaths and effective methods to control CoV-2 infection, in addition to vaccines, are needed. The CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 on human cells through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike protein. Our modeling studies show that a modified trimeric RBD (tRBD) can interact with three ACE2 receptors, unlike the native spike protein, which binds to only one ACE2. We found that tRBD binds to the ACE2 with 58-fold higher affinity than monomeric RBD (mRBD) and blocks spike-dependent pseudoviral infection over 4-fold more effectively compared to the mRBD. Although mRBD failed to block CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 infection, tRBD efficiently blocked the true virus infection in plaque assays. We show that tRBD is a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 through both competitive binding to the ACE2 and steric hindrance, and has the potential to emerge as a first-line therapeutic method to control COVID-19. tRBD binds multiple ACE2 receptors, while mRBD and spike bind one ACE2 receptor tRBD shows 4-fold higher inhibition of CoV-2 pseudovirus infection than mRBD tRBD, yet not mRBD, prevents CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 from infecting Vero cells Use of tRBD is a potential therapeutic method to block CoV-2 infection
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5
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Activation of OX40 and CD27 Costimulatory Signalling in Sheep through Recombinant Ovine Ligands. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020333. [PMID: 32580486 PMCID: PMC7350415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily OX40L and CD70 and their receptors are costimulating signalling axes critical for adequate T cell activation in humans and mice but characterisation of these molecules in other species including ruminants is lacking. Here we cloned and expressed the predicted ovine orthologues of the receptors OX40 and CD27, as well as soluble recombinant forms of their potential ovine ligands, OaOX40L and OaCD70. Using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses, we show that both signalling axes are functional in sheep. We show that oligomeric recombinant ligand constructs are able to induce signalling through their receptors on transfected cells. Recombinant defective human adenoviruses were constructed to express the soluble forms of OaOX40L and OaCD70. Both proteins were detected in the supernatant of adenovirus-infected cells and shown to activate NF-κB signalling pathway through their cognate receptor. These adenovirus-secreted OaOX40L and OaCD70 forms could also activate ovine T cell proliferation and enhance IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altogether, this study provides the first characterisation of the ovine costimulatory OX40L-OX40 and CD70-CD27 signalling axes, and indicates that their activation in vivo may be useful to enhance vaccination-induced immune responses in sheep and other ruminants.
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6
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Recombinant Costimulatory Fusion Proteins as Functional Immunomodulators Enhance Antitumor Activity in Murine B16F10 Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020223. [PMID: 32423130 PMCID: PMC7349950 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking inhibitory signaling and engaging stimulatory signaling have emerged as important therapeutic modalities for cancer immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate immunomodulatory features of three recombinant costimulatory ligand proteins in a mouse model, which are extracellular domains of OX40-ligand (OX40L), 4-1BB-ligand (4-1BBL), or two domains in tandem, fused with the transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT), named DTT-COS1, DTT-COS2, and DTT-COS12, respectively. In vitro study showed that DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 had immunological activity increasing the ratio of CD8/CD4 T cells. Treatments with DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 dramatically generated immune protection against the B16F10 tumor challenge in both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, regarding tumor microenvironment (TME) immunomodulation, DTT-COS1 treatment increased the proportion of CD4+ effector T cells (Teff) and decreased the expression of a suppressive cytokine. Meanwhile, DTT-COS12 reduced regulatory T cells (Treg) and improved the level of stimulatory cytokines. In addition, endogenous antibodies against OX40L/4-1BBL were generated, which may help with antitumor responses. Unexpectedly, DTT-COS2 lacked antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, serum analysis of liver-function associated factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated that treatments were safe formulations in mice without signs of systemic toxicity. Remarkably, DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 are functional immunomodulators for mouse B16F10 melanoma, creating practical preclinical value in cancer immunotherapy.
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7
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Development and characterization of a novel anti-OX40 antibody for potent immune activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:939-950. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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9
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Fromm G, de Silva S, Johannes K, Patel A, Hornblower JC, Schreiber TH. Agonist redirected checkpoint, PD1-Fc-OX40L, for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:149. [PMID: 30563566 PMCID: PMC6299665 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous blockade of immune checkpoint molecules and co-stimulation of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) is predicted to improve overall survival in human cancer. TNFRSF co-stimulation depends upon coordinated antigen recognition through the T cell receptor followed by homotrimerization of the TNFRSF, and is most effective when these functions occur simultaneously. To address this mechanism, we developed a two-sided human fusion protein incorporating the extracellular domains (ECD) of PD-1 and OX40L, adjoined by a central Fc domain, termed PD1-Fc-OX40L. The PD-1 end of the fusion protein binds PD-L1 and PD-L2 with affinities of 2.08 and 1.76 nM, respectively, and the OX40L end binds OX40 with an affinity of 246 pM. High binding affinity on both sides of the construct translated to potent stimulation of OX40 signaling and PD1:PD-L1/L2 blockade, in multiple in vitro assays, including improved potency as compared to pembrolizumab, nivolumab, tavolixizumab and combinations of those antibodies. Furthermore, when activated human T cells were co-cultured with PD-L1 positive human tumor cells, PD1-Fc-OX40L was observed to concentrate to the immune synapse, which enhanced proliferation of T cells and production of IL-2, IFNγ and TNFα, and led to efficient killing of tumor cells. The therapeutic activity of PD1-Fc-OX40L in established murine tumors was significantly superior to either PD1 blocking, OX40 agonist, or combination antibody therapy; and required CD4+ T cells for maximum response. Importantly, all agonist functions of PD1-Fc-OX40L are independent of Fc receptor cross-linking. Collectively, these data demonstrate a highly potent fusion protein that is part of a platform, capable of providing checkpoint blockade and TNFRSF costimulation in a single molecule, which uniquely localizes TNFRSF costimulation to checkpoint ligand positive tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fromm
- Shattuck Labs, Inc, 21 Parmer Way, Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Suresh de Silva
- Shattuck Labs, Inc, 21 Parmer Way, Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Kellsey Johannes
- Shattuck Labs, Inc, 21 Parmer Way, Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Arpita Patel
- Shattuck Labs, Inc, 21 Parmer Way, Suite 200, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
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10
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The promise and challenges of immune agonist antibody development in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:509-527. [PMID: 29904196 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies that block negative immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA4). Looking ahead, there is substantial promise in targeting co-stimulatory receptors with agonist antibodies, and a growing number of these agents are making their way through various stages of development. This Review discusses the key considerations and potential pitfalls of immune agonist antibody design and development, their differentiating features from antagonist antibodies and the landscape of agonist antibodies in clinical development for cancer treatment.
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11
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Oberst MD, Augé C, Morris C, Kentner S, Mulgrew K, McGlinchey K, Hair J, Hanabuchi S, Du Q, Damschroder M, Feng H, Eck S, Buss N, de Haan L, Pierce AJ, Park H, Sylwester A, Axthelm MK, Picker L, Morris NP, Weinberg A, Hammond SA. Potent Immune Modulation by MEDI6383, an Engineered Human OX40 Ligand IgG4P Fc Fusion Protein. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1024-1038. [PMID: 29545330 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of OX40 (CD134, TNFRSF4) on activated T cells by its natural ligand (OX40L, CD252, TNFSF4) enhances cellular survival, proliferation, and effector functions such as cytokine release and cellular cytotoxicity. We engineered a recombinant human OX40L IgG4P Fc fusion protein termed MEDI6383 that assembles into a hexameric structure and exerts potent agonist activity following engagement of OX40. MEDI6383 displayed solution-phase agonist activity that was enhanced when the fusion protein was clustered by Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on the surface of adjacent cells. The resulting costimulation of OX40 on T cells induced NFκB promoter activity in OX40-expressing T cells and induced Th1-type cytokine production, proliferation, and resistance to regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression. MEDI6383 enhanced the cytolytic activity of tumor-reactive T cells and reduced tumor growth in the context of an alloreactive human T cell:tumor cell admix model in immunocompromised mice. Consistent with the role of OX40 costimulation in the expansion of memory T cells, MEDI6383 administered to healthy nonhuman primates elicited peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 central and effector memory T-cell proliferation as well as B-cell proliferation. Together, these results suggest that OX40 agonism has the potential to enhance antitumor immunity in human malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1024-38. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Oberst
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Catherine Augé
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Chad Morris
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Stacy Kentner
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kathy Mulgrew
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Kelly McGlinchey
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - James Hair
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Qun Du
- Department of Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Melissa Damschroder
- Department of Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Antibody Development and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Steven Eck
- Translational Science, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Buss
- Department of Toxicology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Lolke de Haan
- Department of Toxicology, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Andrew J Pierce
- Innovative Medicines, Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haesun Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Andrew Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Louis Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Pathology, and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Nicholas P Morris
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,AgonOx, Portland, Oregon
| | - Andrew Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,AgonOx, Portland, Oregon
| | - Scott A Hammond
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland.
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12
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Herzyk DJ, Haggerty HG. Cancer Immunotherapy: Factors Important for the Evaluation of Safety in Nonclinical Studies. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:28. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Co-stimulation Agonists via CD137, OX40, GITR, and CD27 for Immunotherapy of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Malamas AS, Hammond SA, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Combination therapy with an OX40L fusion protein and a vaccine targeting the transcription factor twist inhibits metastasis in a murine model of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90825-90841. [PMID: 29207606 PMCID: PMC5710887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OX40 is a costimulatory receptor that potentiates proliferation, survival, memory formation, and effector function of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, while overcoming the suppressive activity of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Here, we explored the combination of an OX40L fusion protein (OX40L-FP) with a poxvirus-based cancer vaccine (MVA-Twist-TRICOM) to inhibit tumor metastasis in the 4T1 murine breast cancer model. Contrary to the single agent treatments, the combination therapy significantly decreased the number of metastatic colonies per lung and prolonged survival. Depletion studies demonstrated that these effects were mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The combination therapy a) increased the total number of T-cells in the CD4+Foxp3- population and the CD4+ central and effector memory subsets within the lung, spleen, and draining lymph node, b) enhanced infiltration of CD4+ T-cells into metastatic areas of the lung, and (c) increased the number of functional CD8+ T-cells that produced IFNγ and TNFα. The combination therapy also promoted the development of KLRG1-CD127+ memory precursor CD8+ T-cells, while reducing those with a KLRG1+ terminally differentiated phenotype. Moreover, the combination of OX40L-FP and vaccine induced greater CD4+ and CD8+ Twist-specific responses. In addition, Tregs isolated from mice receiving the combination were also less immunosuppressive in ex-vivo proliferation assays than those from the OX40L-FP and MVA-Twist-TRICOM monotherapy groups. Such results provide the rationale to combine co-stimulatory agonists with cancer vaccines for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Malamas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Delivering safer immunotherapies for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:79-101. [PMID: 28545888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, modulation of the immune system can be a double-edged sword: Drugs that activate immune effectors are prone to serious non-specific systemic inflammation and autoimmune side effects. Drug delivery technologies have an important role to play in harnessing the power of immune therapeutics while avoiding on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Here we review mechanisms of toxicity for clinically-relevant immunotherapeutics, and discuss approaches based in drug delivery technology to enhance the safety and potency of these treatments. These include strategies to merge drug delivery with adoptive cellular therapies, targeting immunotherapies to tumors or select immune cells, and localizing therapeutics intratumorally. Rational design employing lessons learned from the drug delivery and nanomedicine fields has the potential to facilitate immunotherapy reaching its full potential.
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor receptor OX40 (CD134) is activated by its cognate ligand OX40L (CD134L, CD252) and functions as a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. OX40-OX40L interactions have been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmunity. OX40 is expressed on activated T cells, and in the mouse at rest on regulatory T cells (Treg). OX40L is found on antigen-presenting cells, activated T cells and others including lymphoid tissue inducer cells, some endothelia and mast cells. Expression of both molecules is increased after antigen presentation occurs and also in response to multiple other pro-inflammatory factors including CD28 ligation, CD40L ligation and interferon-gamma signaling. Their interactions promote T cell survival, promote an effector T cell phenotype, promote T cell memory, tend to reduce regulatory function, increase effector cytokine production and enhance cell mobility. In some circumstances, OX40 agonism may be associated with increased tolerance, although timing with respect to antigenic stimulus is important. Further, recent work has suggested that OX40L blockade may be more effective than OX40 blockade in reducing autoimmunity. This article reviews the expression of OX40 and OX40L in health, the effects of their interactions and insights from their under- or over-expression. We then review OX40 and OX40L expression in human autoimmune disease, identified associations of variations in their genes (TNFRSF4 and TNFSF4, respectively) with autoimmunity, and data from animal models of human diseases. A rationale for blocking OX40-OX40L interaction in human autoimmunity is then presented along with commentary on the one trial of OX40L blockade in human disease conducted to date. Finally, we discuss potential problems with clinical use of OX40-OX40L directed pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym J Webb
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J L Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Zhang D, Goldberg MV, Chiu ML. Fc Engineering Approaches to Enhance the Agonism and Effector Functions of an Anti-OX40 Antibody. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27134-27146. [PMID: 27856634 PMCID: PMC5207143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonistic antibodies directed against immunostimulatory receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are emerging as promising cancer immunotherapies. Several Fc engineering approaches discovered recently can augment the anti-tumor activities of TNFR antibodies by enhancing their agonistic activities and/or effector functions. In this study, we compared these approaches for their effects on an anti-OX40 antibody. Both S267E/L328F and V12 mutations facilitated enhanced binding to FcγRIIB and thus increased FcγRIIB cross-linking mediated agonist activity. However, both mutations abrogated the binding to FcγRIIIA and thereby decreasing the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities. In contrast, the E345R mutation, which can promote antibody multimerization upon receptor binding, facilitated anti-OX40 antibody to have increased agonism by promoting the clustering of OX40 receptors without the dependence on FcγRIIB cross-linking. Nonetheless, cross-linking to FcγRIIB can lead to a further boost of the agonism of the anti-OX40 antibody with IgG1 Fc but not with the silent IgG2σ Fc. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activities of the anti-OX40 antibody with the E345R mutation were affected by the choice of IgG subtypes. However, there was little change in the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis activity. In summary, different Fc engineering approaches can guide the design of engineered antibodies to OX40 and other TNFR with improved anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Monica V Goldberg
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark L Chiu
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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18
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Serebrovskaya EO, Yuzhakova DV, Ryumina AP, Druzhkova IN, Sharonov GV, Kotlobay AA, Zagaynova EV, Lukyanov SA, Shirmanova MV. Soluble OX40L favors tumor rejection in CT26 colon carcinoma model. Cytokine 2016; 84:10-6. [PMID: 27203665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Fromm G, de Silva S, Giffin L, Xu X, Rose J, Schreiber TH. Gp96-Ig/Costimulator (OX40L, ICOSL, or 4-1BBL) Combination Vaccine Improves T-cell Priming and Enhances Immunity, Memory, and Tumor Elimination. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:766-78. [PMID: 27364122 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell costimulation typically occurs in a defined microenvironment that is not recapitulated by agonistic antibody therapy. To deliver such stimulation under more favorable conditions, we investigated whether an allogeneic cell-based vaccine that secreted Fc-OX40L, Fc-ICOSL, or Fc-4-1BBL would activate and expand T cells comparably with systemically administered agonist antibodies. Among these costimulators, locally secreted Fc-OX40L provided superior priming of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, compared with combinations with OX40 antibodies or vaccine alone. Vaccine-expressed Fc-OX40L also stimulated IFNγ, TNFα, granzyme B, and IL2 by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells similarly to OX40 antibodies, without off-target consequences such as proinflammatory cytokine induction. Vaccine-secreted Fc-OX40L increased CD127(+)KLRG-1(-) memory precursor cells during the contraction phase, resulting in improved proliferation upon secondary antigen challenge, as compared with OX40 antibody. A cell-based vaccine cosecreting gp96-Ig and Fc-OX40L led to even more pronounced tumor control, complete tumor rejection, and increased tumor antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, including in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, as compared with combinations of gp96-Ig vaccine and OX40 antibodies, in mice with established melanoma or colorectal carcinoma. These data suggest that local modulation of the vaccine microenvironment has unexpected advantages over systemic costimulation with agonistic antibodies, which may simplify the clinical translation of such combination immunotherapies into humans. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(9); 766-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jason Rose
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Wajant H. Principles of antibody-mediated TNF receptor activation. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1727-41. [PMID: 26292758 PMCID: PMC4648319 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of research on receptors of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), agonistic antibodies have been used to stimulate TNFRSF receptors in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, CD95, one of the first cloned TNFRSF receptors, was solely identified as the target of cell death-inducing antibodies. Early on, it became evident from in vitro studies that valency and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) binding of antibodies targeting TNFRSF receptors can be of crucial relevance for agonistic activity. TNFRSF receptor-specific antibodies of the IgM subclass and secondary cross-linked or aggregation prone dimeric antibodies typically display superior agonistic activity compared with dimeric antibodies. Likewise, anchoring of antibodies to cell surface-expressed FcγRs potentiate their ability to trigger TNFRSF receptor signaling. However, only recently has the relevance of oligomerization and FcγR binding for the in vivo activity of antibody-induced TNFRSF receptor activation been straightforwardly demonstrated in vivo. This review discusses the crucial role of oligomerization and/or FcγR binding for antibody-mediated TNFRSF receptor stimulation in light of current models of TNFRSF receptor activation and especially the overwhelming relevance of these issues for the rational development of therapeutic TNFRSF receptor-targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Sanmamed MF, Pastor F, Rodriguez A, Perez-Gracia JL, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Agonists of Co-stimulation in Cancer Immunotherapy Directed Against CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28, and ICOS. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:640-55. [PMID: 26320067 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are considered the main effector players in the immune response against tumors. Full activation of T and NK lymphocytes requires the coordinated participation of several surface receptors that meet their cognate ligands through structured transient cell-to-cell interactions known as immune synapses. In the case of T cells, the main route of stimulation is driven by antigens as recognized in the form of short polypeptides associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen-presenting molecules. However, the functional outcome of T-cell stimulation towards clonal expansion and effector function acquisition is contingent on the contact of additional surface receptor-ligand pairs and on the actions of cytokines in the milieu. While some of those interactions are inhibitory, others are activating and are collectively termed co-stimulatory receptors. The best studied belong to either the immunoglobulin superfamily or the tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNFR) family. Co-stimulatory receptors include surface moieties that are constitutively expressed on resting lymphocytes such as CD28 or CD27 and others whose expression is induced upon recent previous antigen priming, ie, CD137, GITR, OX40, and ICOS. Ligation of these glycoproteins with agonist antibodies actively conveys activating signals to the lymphocyte. Those signals, acting through a potentiation of the cellular immune response, give rise to anti-tumor effects in mouse models. Anti-CD137 antibodies are undergoing clinical trials with evidence of clinical activity and anti-OX40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induce interesting immunomodulation effects in humans. Antibodies anti-CD27 and GITR have recently entered clinical trials. The inherent dangers of these immunomodulation strategies are the precipitation of excessive systemic inflammation or/and invigorating silent autoimmunity. Agonist antibodies, recombinant forms of the natural ligands, and polynucleotide-based aptamers constitute the pharmacologic tools to manipulate such receptors. Preclinical data suggest that the greatest potential of these agents is achieved in combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Sanmamed
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodriguez
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Centro de investigación médica aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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22
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Sliepen K, van Montfort T, Melchers M, Isik G, Sanders RW. Immunosilencing a highly immunogenic protein trimerization domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7436-42. [PMID: 25635058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic proteins and protein subunit vaccines contain heterologous trimerization domains, such as the widely used GCN4-based isoleucine zipper (IZ) and the T4 bacteriophage fibritin foldon (Fd) trimerization domains. We found that these domains induced potent anti-IZ or anti-Fd antibody responses in animals when fused to an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogen. To dampen IZ-induced responses, we constructed an IZ domain containing four N-linked glycans (IZN4) to shield the underlying protein surface. When fused to two different vaccine antigens, HIV-1 Env and influenza hemagglutinin (HA), IZN4 strongly reduced the antibody responses against the IZ, but did not affect the antibody titers against Env or HA. Silencing of immunogenic multimerization domains with glycans might be relevant for therapeutic proteins and protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwinten Sliepen
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Thijs van Montfort
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Mark Melchers
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Gözde Isik
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
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23
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Stewart R, Hammond SA, Oberst M, Wilkinson RW. The role of Fc gamma receptors in the activity of immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40425-014-0029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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24
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Sundar R, Soong R, Cho BC, Brahmer JR, Soo RA. Immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 85:101-9. [PMID: 24880938 PMCID: PMC4332778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor immunosurveillance have resulted in the recognition that tumors can evade immune destruction via the dysregulation of co-inhibitory or checkpoint signals. This has led to the development of a generation immunotherapeutic agents targeting the immune checkpoint pathway. Recent early phase studies of immune checkpoint modulators, such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC have reported promising results with prolonged clinical responses and tolerable toxicity. This article provides an overview of co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules that regulate the immune response to tumors, recent therapies that have been developed to exploit these interactions and the role of predictive biomarkers in treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Sundar
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Richie Soong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Byoung-Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Julie R Brahmer
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ross A Soo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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25
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Schaer DA, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Wolchok JD. Targeting tumor-necrosis factor receptor pathways for tumor immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2:7. [PMID: 24855562 PMCID: PMC4030310 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the success of ipilimumab and promise of programmed death-1 pathway-targeted agents, the field of tumor immunotherapy is expanding rapidly. Newer targets for clinical development include select members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. Agonist antibodies to these co-stimulatory molecules target both T and B cells, modulating T-cell activation and enhancing immune responses. In vitro and in vivo preclinical data have provided the basis for continued development of 4-1BB, OX40, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene, herpes virus entry mediator, and CD27 as potential therapies for patients with cancer. In this review, we summarize the immune response to tumors, consider preclinical and early clinical data on select TNFR family members, discuss potential translational challenges and suggest possible combination therapies with the aim of inducing durable antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schaer
- Swim Across America Laboratory, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Current address: Department of Cancer Immunobiology, ImClone Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Hirschhorn-Cymerman
- Swim Across America Laboratory, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Swim Across America Laboratory, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Ludwig Collaborative Lab, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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26
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Caloric restriction maintains OX40 agonist-mediated tumor immunity and CD4 T cell priming during aging. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:615-26. [PMID: 24682539 PMCID: PMC4024137 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses wane during aging, posing challenges to the potential effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. We previously demonstrated that in the context of a promising immunotherapeutic, OX40 agonist (αOX40), older animals exhibited impaired anti-tumor immune responses and diminished CD4 T cell effector differentiation. In this study, we hypothesized that tumor immune responses could be maintained during aging through caloric restriction (CR) or dietary supplementation with resveratrol (RES), a CR mimetic. Mice were placed on either a calorically restricted diet or a RES-formulated diet starting between 4 and 6 months of age and continued until mice reached 12 months of age. Tumor immune responses were assessed after challenging with either sarcoma or breast tumor cells followed by αOX40 treatment. Our results show that CR, but not RES, maintained OX40-mediated anti-tumor immunity. In addition, CR fully sustained antigen-specific CD4 T cell priming in aged hosts (12 months old), whereas tumor-specific CD8 T cell priming was not fully maintained compared to young reference animals (2 months old). Thus, CR appears to maintain immunological fitness of the CD4 T cell priming environment during aging, which is critical for optimal OX40-mediated responses.
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27
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Curti BD, Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Morris N, Walker E, Chisholm L, Floyd K, Walker J, Gonzalez I, Meeuwsen T, Fox BA, Moudgil T, Miller W, Haley D, Coffey T, Fisher B, Delanty-Miller L, Rymarchyk N, Kelly T, Crocenzi T, Bernstein E, Sanborn R, Urba WJ, Weinberg AD. OX40 is a potent immune-stimulating target in late-stage cancer patients. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7189-7198. [PMID: 24177180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is a potent costimulatory receptor that can potentiate T-cell receptor signaling on the surface of T lymphocytes, leading to their activation by a specifically recognized antigen. In particular, OX40 engagement by ligands present on dendritic cells dramatically increases the proliferation, effector function, and survival of T cells. Preclinical studies have shown that OX40 agonists increase antitumor immunity and improve tumor-free survival. In this study, we performed a phase I clinical trial using a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) that agonizes human OX40 signaling in patients with advanced cancer. Patients treated with one course of the anti-OX40 mAb showed an acceptable toxicity profile and regression of at least one metastatic lesion in 12 of 30 patients. Mechanistically, this treatment increased T and B cell responses to reporter antigen immunizations, led to preferential upregulation of OX40 on CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and increased the antitumor reactivity of T and B cells in patients with melanoma. Our findings clinically validate OX40 as a potent immune-stimulating target for treatment in patients with cancer, providing a generalizable tool to favorably influence the antitumor properties of circulating T cells, B cells, and intratumoral regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Magdalena Kovacsovics-Bankowski
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Nicholas Morris
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Edwin Walker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Lana Chisholm
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Kevin Floyd
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Joshua Walker
- Oregon Health and Science University, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Iliana Gonzalez
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Tanisha Meeuwsen
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Tarsem Moudgil
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - William Miller
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Todd Coffey
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Brenda Fisher
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Laurie Delanty-Miller
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Nicole Rymarchyk
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Tracy Kelly
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Todd Crocenzi
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Eric Bernstein
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Rachel Sanborn
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Walter J Urba
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Portland, OR 97213
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28
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Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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29
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Jain A, Poonia B, So EC, Vyzasatya R, Burch EE, Olsen HS, Mérigeon EY, Block DS, Zhang X, Schulze DH, Hanna NN, Twadell WS, Yfantis HG, Chan SL, Cai L, Strome SE. Tumour antigen targeted monoclonal antibodies incorporating a novel multimerisation domain significantly enhance antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity against colon cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3344-52. [PMID: 23871153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumour antigen targeted antibodies (mAbs) can induce natural killer (NK) cells to kill tumours through antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) upon engagement of NK cell expressed FcγRIIIa. FcγRIIIa polymorphisms partially dictate the potency of the ADCC response. The high affinity FcγRIIIa-158-valine (V) polymorphism is associated with more potent ADCC response than the low affinity FcγRIIIa-158-phenylalanine (F) polymorphism. Because approximately 45% of patients are homozygous for the FcγRIIIa-158-F polymorphism (FF genotype), their ability to mount ADCC is impaired. We investigated whether a novel mAb capable of binding multiple antigen specific targets and engaging multiple low affinity FcγRIIIa receptors could further enhance ADCC against colon cancer in vitro. Specifically, we generated a novel anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody (termed a stradobody) consisting of an unmodified Fab sequence and two Immunoglobulin G, subclass 1 (IgG1) Fc domains separated by an isoleucine zipper domain and the 12 amino-acid IgG2 hinge. The stradobody framework induced multimerisation and was associated with increased binding to the EGFR and FcγRIIIa. From a functional perspective, when compared to an unmodified anti-EGFR mAb with a sequence identical to cetuximab (a commercially available anti-EGFR mAb), stradobodies significantly enhanced ADCC. These effects were observed using both KRAS wild type HT29 and KRAS mutant SW480 colon cancer cells as targets, and by NK cells obtained from healthy donors and a cohort of patients with colon cancer. These data suggest that high avidity cross-linking of multiple tumour surface antigens and multiple NK cell associated FcγRIIIa molecules can enhance ADCC and partially overcome impaired ADCC by FF genotype individuals in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Jain
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Section of Surgical Oncology, and Research and Development Service, 10 N. Greene Street, 5C Surgical Services Area, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Room S4B12, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 16 S. Eutaw Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Targeting of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily for cancer immunotherapy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:371854. [PMID: 23840967 PMCID: PMC3693168 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor superfamilies constitute an important regulatory axis that is pivotal for immune homeostasis and correct execution of immune responses. TNF ligands and receptors are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from the selective induction of cell death in potentially dangerous and superfluous cells to providing costimulatory signals that help mount an effective immune response. This diverse and important regulatory role in immunity has sparked great interest in the development of TNFL/TNFR-targeted cancer immunotherapeutics. In this review, I will discuss the biology of the most prominent proapoptotic and co-stimulatory TNF ligands and review their current status in cancer immunotherapy.
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31
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Zhang Z, Sferra TJ, Eroglu Y. T cell co-stimulatory molecules: a co-conspirator in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis? Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1497-506. [PMID: 23456499 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has become a common gastrointestinal disease. It is characterized by severe eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. EoE is strongly associated with food allergy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases. T lymphocytes, especially Th2 cells, play an instrumental role in the development of allergic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the ligation of co-stimulatory molecules contributes to the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of T cells. In this review, we will discuss the growing evidence of co-stimulatory molecules including OX40, Light, and HVEM in the pathogenesis of Th2-driven EoE. Our goal is to provide the rationale for the development of novel therapy therapies that target co-stimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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32
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Jain A, Olsen HS, Vyzasatya R, Burch E, Sakoda Y, Mérigeon EY, Cai L, Lu C, Tan M, Tamada K, Schulze D, Block DS, Strome SE. Fully recombinant IgG2a Fc multimers (stradomers) effectively treat collagen-induced arthritis and prevent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R192. [PMID: 22906120 PMCID: PMC3580588 DOI: 10.1186/ar4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soluble immune aggregates bearing intact Fc fragments are effective treatment for a variety of autoimmune disorders in mice. The better to understand the mechanisms by which Fc-bearing immune complexes suppress autoimmunity, and to develop a platform for clinical translation, we created a series of fully recombinant forms of polyvalent IgG2a Fc, termed stradomers, and tested their efficacy in a therapeutic model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and preventive models of both idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Methods Stradomers were created by engineering either the human IgG2 hinge sequence (IgG2H) or the isoleucine zipper (ILZ) onto either the carboxy or amino termini of murine IgG2a Fc. Multimerization and binding to the canonical Fc receptors and the C-type lectin SIGN-RI were evaluated by using sodium dodecylsulfate-polymerase chain reaction (SDS-PAGE) and Biacore/Octet assays. The efficacy of stradomers in alleviating CIA and preventing ITP and GVHD was compared with "gold standard" therapies, including prednisolone and intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). Results Stradomers exist as both homodimeric and highly ordered sequential multimers. Higher-order multimers demonstrate increasingly stable associations with the canonic Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), and SIGN-R1, and are more effective than Fc homodimers in treating CIA. Furthermore, stradomers confer partial protection against platelet loss in a murine model ITP, but do not prevent GVHD. Conclusion These data suggest that fully human stradomers might serve as valuable tools for the treatment of selected autoimmune disorders and as reagents to study the function of Fc:FcR interactions in vivo.
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33
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Weinberg AD, Morris NP, Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Urba WJ, Curti BD. Science gone translational: the OX40 agonist story. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:218-31. [PMID: 22017441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OX40 (CD134) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor expressed primarily on activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and transmits a potent costimulatory signal when engaged. OX40 is transiently expressed after T-cell receptor engagement and is upregulated on the most recently antigen-activated T cells within inflammatory lesions (e.g. sites of autoimmune destruction and on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes). Hence, it is an attractive target to modulate immune responses: OX40 blocking agents to inhibit undesirable inflammation or OX40 agonists to enhance immune responses. In regards to this review, OX40 agonists enhance anti-tumor immunity, which leads to therapeutic effects in mouse tumor models. A team of laboratory and clinical scientists at the Providence Cancer Center has collaborated to bring the preclinical observations in cancer models from the bench to the bedside. This review describes the journey from in vitro experiments through preclinical mouse models to the successful translation of the first OX40 agonist to the clinic for the treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Weinberg
- Providence Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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34
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Jensen SM, Maston LD, Gough MJ, Ruby CE, Redmond WL, Crittenden M, Li Y, Puri S, Poehlein CH, Morris N, Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Moudgil T, Twitty C, Walker EB, Hu HM, Urba WJ, Weinberg AD, Curti B, Fox BA. Signaling through OX40 enhances antitumor immunity. Semin Oncol 2010; 37:524-32. [PMID: 21074068 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The existence of tumor-specific T cells, as well as their ability to be primed in cancer patients, confirms that the immune response can be deployed to combat cancer. However, there are obstacles that must be overcome to convert the ineffective immune response commonly found in the tumor environment to one that leads to sustained destruction of tumor. Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily direct diverse immune functions. OX40 and its ligand, OX40L, are key TNF members that augment T-cell expansion, cytokine production, and survival. OX40 signaling also controls regulatory T-cell differentiation and suppressive function. Studies over the past decade have demonstrated that OX40 agonists enhance antitumor immunity in preclinical models using immunogenic tumors; however, treatment of poorly immunogenic tumors has been less successful. Combining strategies that prime tumor-specific T cells together with OX40 signaling could generate and maintain a therapeutic antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Jensen
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA.
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35
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Pardee AD, Wesa AK, Storkus WJ. Integrating costimulatory agonists to optimize immune-based cancer therapies. Immunotherapy 2010; 1:249-64. [PMID: 20046961 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapy for cancer has become increasingly popular, clinical benefits for such approaches remain limited. This is likely due to tumor-associated immune suppression, particularly in the advanced-disease setting. Thus, a major goal of novel immunotherapeutic design has become the coordinate reversal of existing immune dysfunction and promotion of specific tumoricidal T-cell function. Costimulatory members of the TNF-receptor family are important regulators of T-cell-mediated immunity. Notably, agonist ligation of these receptors restores potent antitumor immunity in the tumor-bearing host. Current Phase I/II evaluation of TNF-receptor agonists as single-modality therapies will illuminate their safety, mechanism(s) of action, and best use in prospective combinational immunotherapy approaches capable of yielding superior benefits to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Pardee
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, Pittsburgh, USA
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36
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Abstract
TNFR/TNF superfamily members can control diverse aspects of immune function. Research over the past 10 years has shown that one of the most important and prominent interactions in this family is that between OX40 (CD134) and its partner OX40L (CD252). These molecules strongly regulate conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, and more recent data are highlighting their ability to modulate NKT cell and NK cell function as well as to mediate cross-talk with professional antigen-presenting cells and diverse cell types such as mast cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Additionally, OX40-OX40L interactions alter the differentiation and activity of regulatory T cells. Blocking OX40L has produced strong therapeutic effects in multiple animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disease, and, in line with a prospective clinical future, reagents that stimulate OX40 signaling are showing promise as adjuvants for vaccination as well as for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
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37
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Abstract
TNFR/TNF superfamily members can control diverse aspects of immune function. Research over the past 10 years has shown that one of the most important and prominent interactions in this family is that between OX40 (CD134) and its partner OX40L (CD252). These molecules strongly regulate conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, and more recent data are highlighting their ability to modulate NKT cell and NK cell function as well as to mediate cross-talk with professional antigen-presenting cells and diverse cell types such as mast cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Additionally, OX40-OX40L interactions alter the differentiation and activity of regulatory T cells. Blocking OX40L has produced strong therapeutic effects in multiple animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disease, and, in line with a prospective clinical future, reagents that stimulate OX40 signaling are showing promise as adjuvants for vaccination as well as for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
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38
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Lee SH, Park DW, Sung ES, Park HR, Kim JK, Kim YS. Humanization of an agonistic anti-death receptor 4 single chain variable fragment antibody and avidity-mediated enhancement of its cell death-inducing activity. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:816-24. [PMID: 19864027 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the pro-apoptotic molecule death receptor 4 (DR4) [or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 1] is an attractive anti-cancer strategy because of their potential for inducing tumor-specific cell death. In this study, we humanized an agonistic anti-DR4 AY4 scFv raised in mice (mAY4) by grafting the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) onto a fixed human framework, while preserving the so-called Vernier zone residues, a group of framework (FR) residues directly underneath the CDRs, with the murine residues in the humanized antibody, hAY4. The humanized hAY4 scFv maintained the antigen binding affinity and epitope specificity of mAY4. To investigate how the valence of hAY4 scFv affects DR4-mediated cell death, bivalent and trivalent forms of hAY4 scFv were generated by linking a hinge region to the coiled-coil domain of a dimerizing leucine zipper and trimerizing isoleucine zipper, respectively. Compared to the monovalent and bivalent forms, the trivalent hAY4 scFv induced more potent caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death as evidenced by increased activation of caspase-8 and downstream pro-apoptotic molecules. Our results suggest that like other TNF family receptors, avidity-mediated oligomerization of DR4 augments the receptor-mediated apoptotic cell death by promoting intracellular cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Lee
- Dept. of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Wu X, Li P, Qian C, Li O, Zhou Y. Trimeric coiled-coil domain of human pulmonary surfactant protein D enhances zinc-binding ability and biologic activity of soluble TRAIL. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2381-8. [PMID: 19481806 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other TNF ligand family members, the homotrimeric tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) contains a buried zinc atom coordinated by three Cys230 residues from each subunit. The bound zinc ion is essential for maintaining the structure stability and bioactivity of TRAIL. To improve characteristics of TRAIL by modification to enhance its zinc-binding ability, we constructed a new variant of TRAIL in which the extracellular region of the ligand was N-terminally fused with a trimeric coiled-coil domain derived from human pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D (ST), and compared its characteristics with that of native TRAIL. Circular dichroism (CD) studies and metal assays showed that two versions of TRAIL folded as predicted into secondary and tertiary structures, and contained stoichiometric Zn(2+) through optimizing bacterial expression and purification. The addition of the human trimeric coiled-coil domain, however, significantly increased the antitumor activity of soluble TRAIL in vitro and in vivo. The accelerated thermal stability studies demonstrated that human serum album (HSA) promoted the aggregation and degradation of native TRAIL, but not ST, and the addition of ZnSO(4) to the solution of native TRAIL with HSA partially inhibited its aggregation, suggesting ST is more difficult to lose its bound zinc ion than native TRAIL. The issue was further confirmed by dialysis assess. This is the first example of modified TRAIL with enhanced zinc-binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechang Wu
- Institution of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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40
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Abstract
SUMMARY Despite the expression of antigens by tumor cells, spontaneous immune-mediated rejection of cancer seems to be a rare event. T-cell receptor engagement by peptide/major histocompatibility complexes constitutes the main signal for the activation of naive T cells but is not sufficient to initiate a productive generation and maintenance of effector cells. Full activation of T cells requires additional signals driven by costimulatory molecules present on activated antigen-presenting cells but rarely on tumors. Following the discovery of B7-1 (CD80), several other costimulatory molecules have been shown to contribute to T-cell activation and have relevance for improving anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, increasing the understanding of coinhibitory receptors has highlighted key additional pathways that can dominantly inhibit anti-tumor T-cell function. Improving positive costimulation, and interfering with negative regulation, continues to represent an attractive immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses upon those pathways with the highest potential for clinical application in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin Kline
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas F. Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Interactions that occur between several tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptors that are expressed by T cells and various other immune and non-immune cell types are central to T-cell function. In this Review, I discuss the biology of four different ligand-receptor interactions - OX40 ligand and OX40, 4-1BB ligand and 4-1BB, CD70 and CD27, and TL1A and death receptor 3 - and their potential to be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Manipulating these interactions can be effective for treating diseases in which T cells have an important role, including inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity and cancer. Here, I explore how blocking or inducing the signalling pathways that are triggered by these different interactions can be an effective way to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Willett BJ, McMonagle EL, Logan N, Schneider P, Hosie MJ. Enforced covalent trimerisation of soluble feline CD134 (OX40)-ligand generates a functional antagonist of feline immunodeficiency virus. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1020-30. [PMID: 19181384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.08.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) targets activated CD4-positive helper T cells preferentially, inducing an AIDS-like immunodeficiency in its natural host species, the domestic cat. The primary receptor for FIV is CD134, a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and all primary viral strains tested to date use CD134 for infection. To investigate the effect of the natural ligand for CD134 on FIV infection, feline CD134L was cloned and expressed in soluble forms. However, in contrast to murine or human CD134L, soluble feline CD134L (sCD134L) did not bind to CD134. Receptor-binding activity was restored by enforced covalent trimerisation following the introduction of a synthetic trimerisation domain from tenascin (TNC). Feline and human TNC-CD134Ls retained the species-specificity of the membrane-bound forms of the ligand while murine TNC-CD134L displayed promiscuous binding to feline, human or murine CD134. Feline and murine TNC-CD134Ls were antagonists of FIV infection; however, potency was both strain-specific and substrate-dependent, indicating that the modulatory effects of endogenous sCD134L, or exogenous CD134Lbased therapeutics, may vary depending on the viral strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willett
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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Assembling OX40 aptamers on a molecular scaffold to create a receptor-activating aptamer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:675-82. [PMID: 18635004 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that a molecular scaffold can be utilized to convert a receptor binding aptamer into a receptor agonist. Many receptors (including tumor necrosis receptor family members) are activated when they are multimerized on the cell surface. Molecular scaffolds have been utilized to assemble multiple receptor binding peptide ligands to generate activators of such receptors. We demonstrate that an RNA aptamer that recognizes OX40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, can be converted into a receptor-activating aptamer by assembling two copies on an olignucleotide-based scaffold. The OX40 receptor-activating aptamer is able to induce nuclear localization of nuclear factor-kappaB, cytokine production, and cell proliferation, as well as enhance the potency of dendritic cell-based tumor vaccines when systemically delivered to mice.
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Targeting the CD134-CD134L interaction using anti-CD134 and/or rhCD134 fusion protein as a possible strategy to prevent lupus nephritis. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:417-25. [PMID: 18802705 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is characterized by an increased upregulation of Th1. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of CD134 in cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects with LN. Percentages of IFN-gamma- (Th1), IL-4-, and IL-10- (Th2) producing cells within the PBMC CD4+ T cell population of LN subjects were found to be higher than those of healthy subjects. Stimulation of PBMC from LN subjects with anti-CD3 epsilon mAb/rIL-2 resulted in further increases in cytokine production. Stimulation in the presence of anti-CD134 mAb resulted in reduced IL-4 and IL-10 production; however, it also resulted in increased IFN-gamma production. Stimulation in the presence of the fusion protein rhCD134:Fc resulted in decreased production of all three cytokines. The possibilities that anti-CD134 therapy may control the extent of IL-4- and IL-10-mediated damage in active LN and that rhCD134:Fc therapy may prevent occurrence of LN are discussed.
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Fc-mOX40L fusion protein produces complete remission and enhanced survival in 2 murine tumor models. J Immunother 2008; 31:235-45. [PMID: 18317364 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31816a88e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OX40L is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that provides a costimulatory signal to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells while inhibiting the effects of suppressive CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Because of this dual activity, OX40L may provide significant antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. To study its clinical potential, a fusion protein consisting of mOX40L linked to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin was genetically engineered. After demonstrating its potency in vitro, several assays were performed to evaluate its antitumor effect in comparison to the OX40 agonist antibody OX86. Dosing studies in Colon 26-bearing and renal cell carcinoma (RENCA)-bearing mice showed that although OX86 produced modest tumor regression, Fc-mOX40L produced complete remission in both tumor models. Survival studies confirmed these results and showed that Fc-mOX40L treatment produced lasting responses throughout the 5-month observation period. Flow cytometric analysis of treated and untreated tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes identified a qualitative difference in the activity of Fc-mOX40L compared with OX86 treatment as evidenced by differences in lymphoid and macrophage populations. These studies reflect the profound therapeutic potential of Fc-mOX40L, which substantially exceeds the agonist antibody OX86 in ability to produce complete tumor remissions and promote long-term survival in solid tumor models.
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Kondo K, Okuma K, Tanaka R, Matsuzaki G, Ansari AA, Tanaka Y. Rapid induction of OX40 ligand on primary T cells activated under DNA-damaging conditions. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:533-42. [PMID: 18718855 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that normal human T cells either long-term repeatedly stimulated or freshly activated in vitro in the presence of TGF-beta express the cell surface T-cell costimulating molecule OX40 ligand (OX40L). To further elucidate the kinetics of OX40L expression by human T cells, we have examined whether cell proliferation was required for the expression of OX40L. Thus, normal fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of the DNA synthesis-blocking agents such as mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, or X-ray irradiation. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that a significant frequency of these DNA-damaged activated primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells became OX40L+ as early as 1 hour after treatment. The OX40L induction on the DNA-damaged activated T cells was inhibited by treatment with either RNA or protein synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide, respectively. Induced OX40L on T cells was functional because it bound recombinant OX40. These data indicate that human primary T cells are programmed to rapidly express functional OX40L molecules after stimulation under DNA-damaging conditions, demonstrating that the induction of OX40L by T cells is independent of cell proliferation. The clinical implications of these new findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Kondo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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47
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Müller N, Wyzgol A, Münkel S, Pfizenmaier K, Wajant H. Activity of soluble OX40 ligand is enhanced by oligomerization and cell surface immobilization. FEBS J 2008; 275:2296-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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