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Ng HL, Taylor RL, Cheng J, Abraham LJ, Quail E, Cruickshank MN, Ulgiati D. Notch signaling induces a transcriptionally permissive state at the Complement C3d Receptor 2 (CR2) promoter in a pre-B cell model. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:150-164. [PMID: 33129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian lymphoid development, Notch signaling is necessary at multiple stages of T lymphopoiesis, including lineage commitment, and later stages of T cell effector differentiation. In contrast, outside of a defined role in the development of splenic marginal zone B cells, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether Notch signaling plays functional roles in other B cell sub-populations. Complement receptor 2 (CR2) modulates BCR-signaling and is tightly regulated throughout differentiation. During B lymphopoiesis, CR2 is detected on immature and mature B cells with high surface expression on marginal zone B cells. Here, we have explored the possibility that Notch regulates human CR2 transcriptional activity using in vitro models including a co-culture system, co-transfection gene reporters and chromatin accessibility assays. We provide evidence that Notch signaling regulates CR2 promoter activity in a mature B cell line, as well as the induction of endogenous CR2 mRNA in a non-expressing pre-B cell line. The dynamics of endogenous gene activation suggests additional unidentified factors are required to mediate surface CR2 expression on immature and mature B lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Leng Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhonda L Taylor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Abraham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Quail
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Taylor RL, Cruickshank MN, Karimi M, Ng HL, Quail E, Kaufman KM, Harley JB, Abraham LJ, Tsao BP, Boackle SA, Ulgiati D. Focused transcription from the human CR2/CD21 core promoter is regulated by synergistic activity of TATA and Initiator elements in mature B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:119-31. [PMID: 25640655 PMCID: PMC4711682 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) is predominantly expressed on the surface of mature B cells where it forms part of a coreceptor complex that functions, in part, to modulate B-cell receptor signal strength. CR2/CD21 expression is tightly regulated throughout B-cell development such that CR2/CD21 cannot be detected on pre-B or terminally differentiated plasma cells. CR2/CD21 expression is upregulated at B-cell maturation and can be induced by IL-4 and CD40 signaling pathways. We have previously characterized elements in the proximal promoter and first intron of CR2/CD21 that are involved in regulating basal and tissue-specific expression. We now extend these analyses to the CR2/CD21 core promoter. We show that in mature B cells, CR2/CD21 transcription proceeds from a focused TSS regulated by a non-consensus TATA box, an initiator element and a downstream promoter element. Furthermore, occupancy of the general transcriptional machinery in pre-B versus mature B-cell lines correlate with CR2/CD21 expression level and indicate that promoter accessibility must switch from inactive to active during the transitional B-cell window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark N Cruickshank
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mahdad Karimi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Han Leng Ng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Quail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lawrence J Abraham
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Zhao J, Giles BM, Taylor RL, Yette GA, Lough KM, Ng HL, Abraham LJ, Wu H, Kelly JA, Glenn SB, Adler AJ, Williams AH, Comeau ME, Ziegler JT, Marion M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Alarcón GS, Anaya JM, Bae SC, Kim D, Lee HS, Criswell LA, Freedman BI, Gilkeson GS, Guthridge JM, Jacob CO, James JA, Kamen DL, Merrill JT, Sivils KM, Niewold TB, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Vilá LM, Vyse TJ, Kaufman KM, Harley JB, Langefeld CD, Gaffney PM, Brown EE, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP, Ulgiati D, Tsao BP, Boackle SA. Preferential association of a functional variant in complement receptor 2 with antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 75:242-52. [PMID: 25180293 PMCID: PMC4717392 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; OMIM 152700) is characterised by the production of antibodies to nuclear antigens. We previously identified variants in complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) that were associated with decreased risk of SLE. This study aimed to identify the causal variant for this association. Methods Genotyped and imputed genetic variants spanning CR2 were assessed for association with SLE in 15 750 case-control subjects from four ancestral groups. Allele-specific functional effects of associated variants were determined using quantitative real-time PCR, quantitative flow cytometry, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR. Results The strongest association signal was detected at rs1876453 in intron 1 of CR2 (pmeta=4.2×10−4, OR 0.85), specifically when subjects were stratified based on the presence of dsDNA autoantibodies (case-control pmeta=7.6×10−7, OR 0.71; case-only pmeta=1.9×10−4, OR 0.75). Although allele-specific effects on B cell CR2 mRNA or protein levels were not identified, levels of complement receptor 1 (CR1/CD35) mRNA and protein were significantly higher on B cells of subjects harbouring the minor allele (p=0.0248 and p=0.0006, respectively). The minor allele altered the formation of several DNA protein complexes by EMSA, including one containing CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an effect that was confirmed by ChIP-PCR. Conclusions These data suggest that rs1876453 in CR2 has long-range effects on gene regulation that decrease susceptibility to lupus. Since the minor allele at rs1876453 is preferentially associated with reduced risk of the highly specific dsDNA autoantibodies that are present in preclinical, active and severe lupus, understanding its mechanisms will have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan M Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rhonda L Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Yette
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kara M Lough
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Han Leng Ng
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Abraham
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hui Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Stuart B Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adam J Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adrienne H Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie T Ziegler
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dam Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lindsey A Criswell
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kathy Moser Sivils
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle A Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John D Reveille
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anne M Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luis M Vilá
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth M Kaufman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick M Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert P Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Susan A Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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