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Nectin Family Ligands Trigger Immune Effector Functions in Health and Autoimmunity. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030452. [PMID: 36979144 PMCID: PMC10045777 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The superfamily of immunoglobulin cell-adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) is a well-known family of cell-adhesion molecules used for immune-cell extravasation and cell–cell interaction. Amongst others, this family includes DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1/CD226), class-I-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM/CD355), T-cell-activated increased late expression (Tactile/CD96), T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), Nectins and Nectin-like molecules (Necls). Besides using these molecules to migrate towards inflammatory sites, their interactions within the immune system can support the immunological synapse with antigen-presenting cells or target cells for cytotoxicity, and trigger diverse effector functions. Although their role is generally described in oncoimmunity, this review emphasizes recent advances in the (dys)function of Nectin-family ligands in health, chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. In addition, this review provides a detailed overview on the expression pattern of Nectins and Necls and their ligands on different immune-cell types by focusing on human cell systems.
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Wagner KI, Mateyka LM, Jarosch S, Grass V, Weber S, Schober K, Hammel M, Burrell T, Kalali B, Poppert H, Beyer H, Schambeck S, Holdenrieder S, Strötges-Achatz A, Haselmann V, Neumaier M, Erber J, Priller A, Yazici S, Roggendorf H, Odendahl M, Tonn T, Dick A, Witter K, Mijočević H, Protzer U, Knolle PA, Pichlmair A, Crowell CS, Gerhard M, D'Ippolito E, Busch DH. Recruitment of highly cytotoxic CD8 + T cell receptors in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 38:110214. [PMID: 34968416 PMCID: PMC8677487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is crucial for control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and has been studied widely on a quantitative level. However, the quality of responses, in particular of CD8+ T cells, has only been investigated marginally so far. Here, we isolate T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires specific for immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes restricted to common human Leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules in convalescent individuals. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells are detected up to 12 months after infection. TCR repertoires are diverse, with heterogeneous functional avidity and cytotoxicity toward virus-infected cells, as demonstrated for TCR-engineered T cells. High TCR functionality correlates with gene signatures that, remarkably, could be retrieved for each epitope:HLA combination analyzed. Overall, our data demonstrate that polyclonal and highly functional CD8+ TCRs—classic features of protective immunity—are recruited upon mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing tools to assess the quality of and potentially restore functional CD8+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Mateyka
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Grass
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Weber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Burrell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Behnam Kalali
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Poppert
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany; Neurologische Klinik, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Henriette Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schambeck
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum München West, 81241 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Strötges-Achatz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Munich Biomarker Research Center, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Haselmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Priller
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Odendahl
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Dick
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S Crowell
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira D'Ippolito
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 81675 Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Liu X, Yue Z, Cao Y, Taylor L, Zhang Q, Choi SW, Hanash S, Ito S, Chen JY, Wu H, Paczesny S. Graft-Versus-Host Disease-Free Antitumoral Signature After Allogeneic Donor Lymphocyte Injection Identified by Proteomics and Systems Biology. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3. [PMID: 31406955 PMCID: PMC6690359 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As a tumor immunotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with subsequent donor lymphocyte injection (DLI) aims to induce the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect but often also leads to acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Plasma tests that can predict the likelihood of GVT without GVHD are still needed. PATIENTS AND METHODS We first used an intact-protein analysis system to profile the plasma proteome post-DLI of patients who experienced GVT and acute GVHD for comparison with the proteome of patients who experienced GVT without GVHD in a training set. Our novel six-step systems biology analysis involved removing common proteins and GVHD-specific proteins, creating a protein-protein interaction network, calculating relevance and penalty scores, and visualizing candidate biomarkers in gene networks. We then performed a second proteomics experiment in a validation set of patients who experienced GVT without acute GVHD after DLI for comparison with the proteome of patients before DLI. We next combined the two experiments to define a biologically relevant signature of GVT without GVHD. An independent experiment with single-cell profiling in tumor antigen–activated T cells from a patient with post–hematopoietic cell transplantation relapse was performed. RESULTS The approach provided a list of 46 proteins in the training set, and 30 proteins in the validation set were associated with GVT without GVHD. The combination of the two experiments defined a unique 61-protein signature of GVT without GVHD. Finally, the single-cell profiling in activated T cells found 43 of the 61 genes. Novel markers, such as RPL23, ILF2, CD58, and CRTAM, were identified and could be extended to other antitumoral responses. CONCLUSION Our multiomic analysis provides, to our knowledge, the first human plasma signature for GVT without GVHD. Risk stratification on the basis of this signature would allow for customized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liu
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Zongliang Yue
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yimou Cao
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lauren Taylor
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Qing Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Sawa Ito
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jake Y Chen
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Huanmei Wu
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, IN
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Ramírez-Ramírez D, Padilla-Castañeda S, Galán-Enríquez CS, Vadillo E, Prieto-Chávez JL, Jiménez-Hernández E, Vilchis-Ordóñez A, Sandoval A, Balandrán JC, Pérez-Tapia SM, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Pelayo R. CRTAM + NK cells endowed with suppressor properties arise in leukemic bone marrow. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:999-1013. [PMID: 30791148 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0618-231r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their increasing rates of morbidity and mortality, childhood malignancies are considered a global health priority, with acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) showing the highest incidence worldwide. Control of malignant clone emergence and the subsequent normal-leukemic hematopoietic cell out-competition require antitumor monitoring mechanisms. Investigation of cancer surveillance innate cells may be critical to understand the mechanisms contributing in either disease progression or relapse, and to promote displacement of leukemic hematopoiesis by the normal counterpart. We report here that NK cell production is less and low hematopoietic progenitor numbers contribute to this defect. By investigating the expression of the activation molecule class I restricted T-cell associated molecule (CRTAM) along the hematopoietic lineage differentiation pathway, we have identified lymphoid precursor populations coexpressing CD34, CD56/CD3/CD19, and CRTAM as the earliest developmental stage where activation may take place in specialized niches that display the ligand nectin-like-2. Of note, bone marrow (BM) from patients with ALL revealed high contents of preactivated CD56high NK cells expressing CRTAM and endowed with an exhaustion-like phenotype and the functional capability of producing IL-10 and TGF-β in vitro. Our findings suggest, for the first time, that the tumor microenvironment in ALL directly contribute to exhaustion of NK cell functions by the CRTAM/Necl-2 interaction, and that the potential regulatory role of exhausted-like NK cells may favor malignant progression at the expense of anti-tumor responses. Phenotypic and functional identity of this unique suppressor-like NK cell population within the leukemic BM would be of special interest for the pathobiology of ALL and development of targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ramírez-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital Oncología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Delegación Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico.,National School of Biological Sciences ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Padilla-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital Oncología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Delegación Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico.,Departament of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, IPN. Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Samuel Galán-Enríquez
- Departament of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, IPN. Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vadillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital Oncología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departament of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, IPN. Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Lakshmi Prieto-Chávez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elva Jiménez-Hernández
- Hospital Pediátrico Moctezuma, Secretaria de Salud, Calle Oriente 158-189, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Antonio Sandoval
- Hospital para el Niño, Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de México, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Balandrán
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital Oncología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Delegación Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- National School of Biological Sciences ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI) and Unidad de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Médica y Biotecnológica (UDIMEB), National School of Biological Sciences (ENCB), National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departament of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, IPN. Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, UMAE Hospital Oncología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Delegación Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
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Takeuchi A, Saito T. CD4 CTL, a Cytotoxic Subset of CD4 + T Cells, Their Differentiation and Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:194. [PMID: 28280496 PMCID: PMC5321676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic activity (CD4 CTL) have been observed in various immune responses. These cells are characterized by their ability to secrete granzyme B and perforin and to kill the target cells in an MHC class II-restricted fashion. Although CD4 CTLs were once thought to be an in vitro artifact associated with long-term culturing, they have since been identified in vivo and shown to play important roles in antiviral and antitumor immunity, as well as in inflammation. Functional characterization of CD4 CTL suggests their potential significance for therapeutic purposes. However, in order to develop effective CD4 CTL therapy it is necessary to understand the differentiation and generation of these cells. Although the mechanisms regulating development of various CD4+ Th subsets have been clarified in terms of the cytokine and transcription factor requirement, the CD4 CTL differentiation mechanism remains elusive. These cells are thought to be most closely related to Th1 cells secreting IFNγ and regulated by eomesodermin and/or T-bet transcription factors for their differentiation. However, our studies and those of others have identified CD4 CTLs within other CD4+ T cell subsets, including naïve T cells. We have identified class I-restricted T cell-associated molecule as a marker of CD4 CTL and, by using this marker, we detected a subset of naïve T cells that have the potential to differentiate into CD4 CTL. CD4 CTL develops at sites of infections as well as inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the generation of CD4 CTL and propose a model with several differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Takeuchi
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, Department of Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Mishra A, La Perle K, Kwiatkowski S, Sullivan LA, Sams GH, Johns J, Curphey DP, Wen J, McConnell K, Qi J, Wong H, Russo G, Zhang J, Marcucci G, Bradner JE, Porcu P, Caligiuri MA. Mechanism, Consequences, and Therapeutic Targeting of Abnormal IL15 Signaling in Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:986-1005. [PMID: 27422033 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the most common type of primary cutaneous lymphoma. Here, we report that patients with CTCL show increased IL15 in a clinical stage-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we show that ZEB1 is a transcriptional repressor of IL15 in T cells and that hypermethylation of the ZEB1 binding region within the IL15 promoter, as seen in patients with CTCL, prevents ZEB1 binding and causes increased transcription of IL15 Using a transgenic mouse model of IL15, we provide evidence that overexpression of IL15 induces a spontaneous CTCL that mimics the human neoplasm. Excessive autocrine production of IL15 in T cells inhibits an HDAC1-mediated negative autoregulatory loop, resulting in the upregulation of HDAC1 and HDAC6 and transcriptional induction of the onco-miR-21. Interruption of IL15 downstream signaling with isotype-specific HDAC inhibitors halts (HDAC1) or significantly delays (HDAC6) the progression of CTCL in vivo and provides preclinical evidence supporting a hierarchical model of oncogenic signaling in CTCL. SIGNIFICANCE To date, CTCL pathogenesis remains unknown, and there are no curative therapies. Our findings not only demonstrate a critical role for IL15-mediated inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphomagenesis, but also uncover a new oncogenic regulatory loop in CTCL involving IL15, HDAC1, HDAC6, and miR-21 that shows differential sensitivity to isotype-specific HDAC inhibitors. Cancer Discov; 6(9); 986-1005. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Mishra
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Krista La Perle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sonya Kwiatkowski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura A Sullivan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory H Sams
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica Johns
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas P Curphey
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jing Wen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathleen McConnell
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry Wong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Giandomenico Russo
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Centers for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, Beckman Research Institute, Norbert Gehr and Family Leukemia Center, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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