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Fan L, Yang Y, Zhang F, Huang F. Clinical Efficacy of Immunoglobulin Combined with Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Oculomotor Myasthenia Gravis in Children and the Effect on Serum Immunity. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1772881. [PMID: 35844442 PMCID: PMC9286931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1772881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of treatment with immunoglobulin on clinical outcomes and immune function in children with oculomotor myasthenia gravis. The clinical data of 100 pediatric patients with oculomotor myasthenia gravis treated in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the subjects of this retrospective study and divided into a comparison group and a treatment group according to the different treatment methods. The comparison group was treated with glucocorticoids, and the treatment group was treated with immunoglobulin on the basis of the comparison group. The differences in the serum indexes, the effects of immune function, and the clinical efficacy of the two groups were observed and compared. It was found the comparison of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) after treatment was significantly different and lower in the treatment group than in the comparison group; the comparison of CD4+, CD3+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK cells after treatment was significantly different and higher in the treatment group than in the comparison group. The effective rate of 98.00% in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of 76.00% in the comparison group, and the difference was statistically significant. The clinical efficacy of the two groups showed that the fever, cough, sputum, myasthenia gravis crisis, and gastrointestinal reactions in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the comparison group. The study indicates that comparative study of children with oculomotor myasthenia gravis treated with immunoglobulin combined with glucocorticoids is more effective, effectively improving the immune level of patients and reducing adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Fan
- Pediatrics, Hubei Suizhou Central Hospital, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, China
| | - Yahui Yang
- Pediatrics, Wuhan Hankou Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Pediatrics, Hubei Suizhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Pediatrics, Hubei Suizhou Central Hospital, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, China
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Wan Z, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Immunoglobulin D and its encoding genes: An updated review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104198. [PMID: 34237381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of a functional Cδ gene in ostriches, immunoglobulin (Ig) D has been considered to be an extremely evolutionarily conserved Ig isotype besides the IgM found in all classes of jawed vertebrates. However, in contrast to IgM (which remains stable over evolutionary time), IgD shows considerable structural plasticity among vertebrate species and, moreover, its functions are far from elucidated even in humans and mice. Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of the IgD-B-cell receptor (IgD-BCR) may help physiologically autoreactive B cells survive in peripheral lymphoid tissues thanks to unresponsiveness to self-antigens and help their entry into germinal centers to "redeem" autoreactivity via somatic hypermutation. Other studies have demonstrated that secreted IgD may enhance mucosal homeostasis and immunity by linking B cells with basophils to optimize T-helper-2 cell-mediated responses and to constrain IgE-mediated basophil degranulation. Herein, we review the new discoveries on IgD-encoding genes in jawed vertebrates in the past decade. We also highlight advances in the functions of the IgD-BCR and secreted IgD in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Olivieri DN, Mirete-Bachiller S, Gambón-Deza F. Insights into the evolution of IG genes in Amphibians and reptiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103868. [PMID: 32949685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are essential proteins of the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Gene encoding B cell receptors and antibodies (Ig genes) first appeared with the emergence of early vertebrates having a jaw, and are now present in all extant jawed vertebrates, or Gnathostomata. The genes have undergone evolutionary changes. In particular, genomic structural changes corresponding to genes of the adaptive immune system were coincident or in parallel with the adaptation of vertebrates from the sea to land. In cartilaginous fish exist IgM, IgD/W, and IgNAR and in bony fish IgM, IgT, IgD. Amphibians and reptiles witnessed significant modifications both in the structure and orientation of IG genes. In particular, for these amphibians and Amniota that adapted to land, IgM and IgD genes were retained, but other isotypes arose, including genes for IgA(X)1, IgA(X)2, and IgY. Recent progress in high throughput genome sequencing is helping to uncover the IG gene structure of all jawed vertebrates. In this work, we review the work and present knowledge of immunoglobulin genes in genomes of amphibians and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESEI, Dept. Informatics, Universidade de Vigo. As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, Spain.
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Zimmerman LM. The reptilian perspective on vertebrate immunity: 10 years of progress. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/21/jeb214171. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ten years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of reptilian immunity. Here, I review recent discoveries associated with the recognition of pathogens, effector mechanisms and memory responses in reptiles. Moreover, I put forward key questions to drive the next 10 years of research, including how reptiles are able to balance robust innate mechanisms with avoiding self-damage, how B cells and antibodies are used in immune defense and whether innate mechanisms can display the hallmarks of memory. Finally, I briefly discuss the links between our mechanistic understanding of the reptilian immune system and the field of eco-immunology. Overall, the field of reptile immunology is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of vertebrate immunity in the next 10 years.
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Foster CSP, Thompson MB, Van Dyke JU, Brandley MC, Whittington CM. Emergence of an evolutionary innovation: Gene expression differences associated with the transition between oviparity and viviparity. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1315-1327. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. P. Foster
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael B. Thompson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - James U. Van Dyke
- School of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University Wodonga VIC Australia
| | - Matthew C. Brandley
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Sun Y, Huang T, Hammarström L, Zhao Y. The Immunoglobulins: New Insights, Implications, and Applications. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:145-169. [PMID: 31846352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events stand out in the evolutionary history of Igs from cartilaginous fish to mammals: (a) the diversification of Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes, resulting in Ig isotypes or subclasses associated with novel functions, and (b) the diversification of genetic and structural strategies, leading to the creation of the antibody repertoire we know today. This review first gives an overview of the IgH isotypes identified in jawed vertebrates to date and then highlights the implications or applications of five new recent discoveries arising from comparative studies of Igs derived from different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tian Huang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Iterative Variable Gene Discovery from Whole Genome Sequencing with a Bootstrapped Multiresolution Algorithm. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3780245. [PMID: 30886642 PMCID: PMC6388353 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3780245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, variable (V) genes code for antigen-binding regions of B and T lymphocyte receptors, which generate a specific response to foreign pathogens. Obtaining the detailed repertoire of these genes across the jawed vertebrate kingdom would help to understand their evolution and function. However, annotations of V-genes are known for only a few model species since their extraction is not amenable to standard gene finding algorithms. Also, the more distant evolution of a taxon is from such model species, and there is less homology between their V-gene sequences. Here, we present an iterative supervised machine learning algorithm that begins by training a small set of known and verified V-gene sequences. The algorithm successively discovers homologous unaligned V-exons from a larger set of whole genome shotgun (WGS) datasets from many taxa. Upon each iteration, newly uncovered V-genes are added to the training set for the next predictions. This iterative learning/discovery process terminates when the number of new sequences discovered is negligible. This process is akin to “online” or reinforcement learning and is proven to be useful for discovering homologous V-genes from successively more distant taxa from the original set. Results are demonstrated for 14 primate WGS datasets and validated against Ensembl annotations. This algorithm is implemented in the Python programming language and is freely available at http://vgenerepertoire.org.
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Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes in Chinese crocodile lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guselnikov SV, Baranov KO, Najakshin AM, Mechetina LV, Chikaev NA, Makunin AI, Kulemzin SV, Andreyushkova DA, Stöck M, Wuertz S, Gessner J, Warren WC, Schartl M, Trifonov VA, Taranin AV. Diversity of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes in Non-Teleost Ray-Finned Fish Uncovers IgL Subdivision into Five Ancient Isotypes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1079. [PMID: 29892283 PMCID: PMC5985310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to fill important gaps in the evolutionary history of immunoglobulins by examining the structure and diversity of IgL genes in non-teleost ray-finned fish. First, based on the bioinformatic analysis of recent transcriptomic and genomic resources, we experimentally characterized the IgL genes in the chondrostean fish, Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet). We show that this species has three loci encoding IgL kappa-like chains with a translocon-type gene organization and a single VJC cluster, encoding homogeneous lambda-like light chain. In addition, sterlet possesses sigma-like VL and J-CL genes, which are transcribed separately and both encode protein products with cleavable leader peptides. The Acipenseriformes IgL dataset was extended by the sequences mined in the databases of species belonging to other non-teleost lineages of ray-finned fish: Holostei and Polypteriformes. Inclusion of these new data into phylogenetic analysis showed a clear subdivision of IgL chains into five groups. The isotype described previously as the teleostean IgL lambda turned out to be a kappa and lambda chain paralog that emerged before the radiation of ray-finned fish. We designate this isotype as lambda-2. The phylogeny also showed that sigma-2 IgL chains initially regarded as specific for cartilaginous fish are present in holosteans, polypterids, and even in turtles. We conclude that there were five ancient IgL isotypes, which evolved differentially in various lineages of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin O. Baranov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila V. Mechetina
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey I. Makunin
- Laboratory of Comparative Genomics, Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daria A. Andreyushkova
- Laboratory of Comparative Genomics, Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wuertz
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Gessner
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- School of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir A. Trifonov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Comparative Genomics, Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Han B, Li Y, Han H, Zhao Y, Pan Q, Ren L. Three IgH isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY are expressed in Gentoo penguin and zebra finch. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173334. [PMID: 28403146 PMCID: PMC5389807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on a limited number of birds suggested that the IgD-encoding gene was absent in birds. However, one of our recent studies showed that the gene was definitely expressed in the ostrich and emu. Interestingly, we also identified subclass diversification of IgM and IgY in these two birds. To better understand immunoglobulin genes in birds, in this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), belonging respectively to the order Passeriformes, the most successful bird order in terms of species diversity and numbers, and Sphenisciformes, a relatively primitive avian order. Similar to the results obtained in chickens and ducks, only three genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes, IgM, IgA and IgY, were identified in both species. Besides, we detected a transcript encoding a short membrane-bound IgA lacking the last two CH exons in the Gentoo penguin. We did not find any evidence supporting the presence of IgD gene or subclass diversification of IgM/IgY in penguin or zebra finch. The obtained data in our study provide more insights into the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in birds and may help to better understand the evolution of immunoglobulin genes in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyue Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingjie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LR); (QP)
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