1
|
Tolnay M. Lymphocytes sense antibodies through human FCRL proteins: Emerging roles in mucosal immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:477-487. [PMID: 33884658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0221-102rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Fc receptor-like (FCRL) family modulate B and T cell responses, yet their functional roles remain enigmatic. Nevertheless, FCRL3 promoter polymorphism that alters gene expression has been associated with autoimmune disease risk, indicating physiologic importance. Providing essential functional context, human FCRL3, FCRL4, and FCRL5 have recently been identified as secretory IgA (SIgA), dimeric IgA, and IgG receptors, respectively, revealing novel ways lymphocytes can interact with antibodies. FCRL3 and FCRL4 are able to distinguish the mucosal and systemic origin of IgA-containing immune complexes, respectively, with clear implications in guiding mucosal responses. SIgA can signal mucosal breach through FCRL3, driving the functional plasticity of regulatory T cells toward inflammatory to help control invading pathogens. Conversely, recognition of dimeric IgA by FCRL4 on memory B cells located in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues could promote tolerance to commensals. Memory B cells that accumulate under conditions of chronic antigen presence frequently express FCRL4 and FCRL5, and antibody ligands could provide functional feedback to the cells. FCRL5 apparently recognizes the age of the IgG molecule, using deamidation as a molecular clock, conceivably playing regulatory roles in chronic antibody responses. A framework of FCRL3, FCRL4, and FCRL5 operating as sensors of antibodies in immune complexes is proposed. Sensing the spatial origin and age of immune complexes can shape lymphocyte functional attributes and inform their participation in mucosal immune responses. The potential contributions of FCRL3 and SIgA to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma H, Ó'Fágáin C, O'Kennedy R. Antibody stability: A key to performance - Analysis, influences and improvement. Biochimie 2020; 177:213-225. [PMID: 32891698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An antibody's stability greatly influences its performance (i.e. its specificity and affinity). Thus, stability is a major issue for researchers and manufacturers, especially with the increasing use of antibodies in therapeutics, diagnostics and rapid analytical platforms. Here we review antibody stability under five headings: (i) measurement techniques; (ii) stability issues in expression and production (expression, proteolysis, aggregation); (iii) effects of antibody format and engineering on stability and (iv) formulation, drying and storage conditions. We consider more than 100 sources, including patents, and conclude with (v) recommendations to promote antibody stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland.
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V2O9, Ireland; Qatar Foundation, Research Complex, And Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agarwal S, Kraus Z, Dement-Brown J, Alabi O, Starost K, Tolnay M. Human Fc Receptor-like 3 Inhibits Regulatory T Cell Function and Binds Secretory IgA. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1292-1299.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
4
|
Franco A, Kraus Z, Li H, Seibert N, Dement-Brown J, Tolnay M. CD21 and FCRL5 form a receptor complex with robust B-cell activating capacity. Int Immunol 2019; 30:569-578. [PMID: 30107486 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell response to antigen is critically regulated by co-receptors. CD21 (complement receptor 2) amplifies the response to antigen linked to its ligands, specific C3 fragments. In contrast, human Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5), a novel IgG receptor, was reported to inhibit B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Here, we show that CD21 and FCRL5 physically associate, suggesting that immune complexes containing both C3 fragment and IgG could simultaneously engage the pre-assembled receptors. We found that activating signaling molecules such as CD19, active PLCγ2 and BTK were rapidly recruited to FCRL5 upon engagement, suggesting a novel activating function for FCRL5. We confirmed that FCRL5 through its ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) inhibited BCR signaling in the absence of CD21 stimulation. In contrast, triple engagement of FCRL5, CD21 and the BCR led to a superior calcium response compared to CD21 and BCR co-stimulation, in both cell lines and tonsil B cells. Furthermore, the novel activating function was independent of established FCRL5 signaling motifs. While human peripheral B cells express either FCRL5 or CD21, we identified a sizable subset of tonsil B cells which co-express the two receptors. We propose that FCRL5 has dual signaling capacity, while CD21 co-engagement serves as molecular switch, converting FCRL5 from a negative to a positive co-receptor. In tissues, B cells that co-express FCRL5 and CD21 could robustly respond to IgG immune complexes loaded with C3 fragments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Franco
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Kraus
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Jessica Dement-Brown
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Resemann A, Liu-Shin L, Tremintin G, Malhotra A, Fung A, Wang F, Ratnaswamy G, Suckau D. Rapid, automated characterization of disulfide bond scrambling and IgG2 isoform determination. MAbs 2018; 10:1200-1213. [PMID: 30277844 PMCID: PMC6284591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1512328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibodies of the IgG2 subclass exhibit complex inter-chain disulfide bonding patterns that result in three structures, namely A, A/B, and B. In therapeutic applications, the distribution of disulfide isoforms is a critical product quality attribute because each configuration affects higher order structure, stability, isoelectric point, and antigen binding. The current standard for quantification of IgG2 disulfide isoform distribution is based on chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques that require additional characterization using mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to confirm disulfide linkages. Detailed characterization of the IgG2 disulfide linkages often involve MS/MS approaches that include electrospray ionization or electron-transfer dissociation, and method optimization is often cumbersome due to the large size and heterogeneity of the disulfide-bonded peptides. As reported here, we developed a rapid LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF workflow that can both identify the IgG2 disulfide linkages and provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the distribution of the disulfide isoforms. We established signature disulfide-bonded IgG2 hinge peptides that correspond to the A, A/B, and B disulfide isoforms and can be applied to the fast classification of IgG2 isoforms in heterogeneous mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Resemann
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
| | - Lily Liu-Shin
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Arun Malhotra
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Fang Wang
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Detlev Suckau
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Glatt DM, Beckford Vera DR, Prabhu SS, Mumper RJ, Luft JC, Benhabbour SR, Parrott MC. Synthesis and Characterization of Cetuximab-Docetaxel and Panitumumab-Docetaxel Antibody-Drug Conjugates for EGFR-Overexpressing Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5089-5102. [PMID: 30226780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of anticancer antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) depend on the selection of tumor-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb), linker, and drug, as well as their specific chemical arrangement and linkage chemistry. In this study, we used a heterobifunctional cross-linker to conjugate docetaxel (DX) to cetuximab (CET) or panitumumab (PAN). The resulting ADCs were investigated for their in vitro EGFR-specific cytotoxicity and in vivo anticancer activity. Reaction conditions, such as reducing agent, time, temperature, and alkylation buffer, were optimized to yield potent and stable ADCs with consistent batch-to-batch drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs). ADCs were synthesized with DARs from 0.4 to 3.0, and all retained their EGFR affinity and specificity after modification. ADCs were sensitive to cell surface wildtype EGFR expression, demonstrating more cytotoxicity in EGFR-expressing A431 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines compared to U87MG cells. A431 tumor-bearing mice treated once weekly for four weeks with 100 mg/kg cetuximab-docetaxel ADC (C-SC-DX, DAR 2.5) showed durable anticancer responses and improved overall survival compared to the same treatment regimen with 1 mg/kg DX, 100 mg/kg CET, or a combination 1 mg/kg DX and 100 mg/kg CET. New treatment options are emerging for patients with both wild-type and mutated EGFR-overexpressing cancers, and these studies highlight the potential role of EGFR-targeted ADC therapies as a promising new treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Glatt
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Denis R Beckford Vera
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Shamit S Prabhu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Russell J Mumper
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - J Christopher Luft
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - S Rahima Benhabbour
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States.,UNC-NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Matthew C Parrott
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| |
Collapse
|