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Bello AM, Roshorm YM. Recent progress and advances towards developing enterovirus 71 vaccines for effective protection against human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Biologicals 2022; 79:1-9. [PMID: 36089444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogen causing severe and neurotrophic hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is enterovirus A71 (EV71). EV71 infection is among the major cause of serious public health burden and economic loss especially in the Asia-pacific region. Yet, no specific anti-viral treatment against this life-threatening infection is currently available. Thus, the best way to control EV71 infection is by vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Several strategies are being employed to develop vaccines against EV71. These include conventional and modern recombinant vaccine strategies. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated EV71 vaccines are the most studied and advanced vaccines against HFMD. Recombinant HFMD vaccines developed based on the recombinant DNA technology have been employed but are mostly at early or late preclinical development stage. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and advances in modern recombinant strategies of EV71 vaccine development including subunit, VLP, epitope-based, DNA, and vector-based vaccines, as well as conventional approaches, focusing on their various prospects, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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He C, Yang J, He X, Hong W, Lei H, Chen Z, Shen G, Yang L, Li J, Wang Z, Song X, Wang W, Lu G, Wei X. A bivalent recombinant vaccine targeting the S1 protein induces neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 variants and wild-type of the virus. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:430-441. [PMID: 34226895 PMCID: PMC8242662 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pandemic call for the urgent development of universal corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines which could be effective for both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and mutant strains. In the current study, we formulated protein subunit vaccines with AS03 adjuvant and recombinant proteins of S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 (S1-WT) and S1 variant (K417N, E484K, N501Y, and D614G) subunit (S1-Mut), and immunized transgenic mice that express human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). The S1 protein-specific antibody production and the neutralization capability for SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.351 variant were measured after immunization in mice. The results revealed that the S1-Mut antigens were more effective in inhibiting the receptor-binding domain and ACE2 binding in B.1.351 variant than in wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the development of a bivalent vaccine exhibited the ideal neutralization properties against wild-type and B.1.351 variant, as well as other variants. Our findings may provide a rationale for the development of a bivalent recombinant vaccine targeting the S1 protein that can induce the neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 variants and wild-type of the virus and may be of importance to explore the potential clinical use of bivalent recombinant vaccine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zimin Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guobo Shen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Jiong Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Zhenling Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiangrong Song
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Guangwen Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- WestVac Biopharma Co. Ltd.ChengduChina
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Lim HX, Poh CL. Insights into innate and adaptive immune responses in vaccine development against EV-A71. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2019; 7:2515135519888998. [PMID: 31799495 PMCID: PMC6873268 DOI: 10.1177/2515135519888998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the world, infecting mostly infants and young children (<5 years of age) in Asia. Approximately 2 million cases of HFMD were reported in China each year, of which approximately 45-50% were due to EV-A71. Most of the HFMD infections caused by EV-A71 usually result in mild symptoms with rashes and ulcers in the mouth. However, virulent strains of EV-A71 can infect the central nervous system and cause severe neurologic diseases, leading to reduced cognitive ability, acute flaccid paralysis and death. The lack of understanding of cellular immunity for long-term protection from the HFMD disease represents a major obstacle for vaccine development. In particular, the role of innate and T cell immunity during HFMD infection remains unclear and there is evidence suggesting the importance of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for protective immunity. Currently, no US FDA-approved vaccine is available for EV-A71. Although the inactivated vaccines produced in China are highly effective (vaccine efficacy >95%), they lack the cellular immunity required for long-term protection. In this review, we discuss the findings that support the protective roles of innate and T cell immunity against EV-A71 infection, which will provide the knowledge needed for the urgent development of efficacious vaccines that will confer long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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