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Wang J, Amoah S, Stafford JL. A leukocyte immune-type receptor specific polyclonal antibody recognizes goldfish kidney leukocytes and activates the MAPK pathway in isolated goldfish kidney neutrophil-like cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105228. [PMID: 38997096 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) belong to a large family of teleost immunoregulatory receptors that share phylogenetic and syntenic relationships with mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRLs). Recently, several putative stimulatory Carassius auratus (Ca)-LITR transcripts, including CaLITR3, have been identified in goldfish. CaLITR3 has four extracellular immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domains, a transmembrane domain containing a positively charged histidine residue, and a short cytoplasmic tail region. Additionally, the calitr3 transcript is highly expressed by goldfish primary kidney neutrophils (PKNs) and macrophages (PKMs). To further investigate the immunoregulatory potential of CaLITR3 in goldfish myeloid cells, we developed and characterized a CaLITR3-epitope-specific polyclonal antibody (anti-CaL3.D1 pAb). We show that the anti-CaL3.D1 pAb stains various hematopoietic cell types within the goldfish kidney, as well as in PKNs and PKMs. Moreover, cross-linking of the anti-CaL3.D1-pAb on PKN membranes induces phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2, critical components of the MAPK pathway involved in controlling a wide variety of innate immune effector responses such as NETosis, respiratory burst, and cytokine release. These findings support the stimulatory potential of CaLITR3 proteins as activators of fish granulocytes and pave the way for a more in-depth examination of the immunoregulatory functions of CaLITRs in goldfish myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel Amoah
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang A, Yang S, Li H. Role of alternative splicing in fish immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109601. [PMID: 38701992 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing serves as a pivotal source of complexity in the transcriptome and proteome, selectively connecting various coding elements to generate a diverse array of mRNAs. This process encodes multiple proteins with either similar or distinct functions, contributing significantly to the intricacies of cellular processes. The role of alternative splicing in mammalian immunity has been well studied. Remarkably, the immune system of fish shares substantial similarities with that of humans, and alternative splicing also emerges as a key player in the immune processes of fish. In this review, we offer an overview of alternative splicing and its associated functions in the immune processes of fish, and summarize the research progress on alternative splicing in the fish immunity. Furthermore, we review the impact of alternative splicing on the fish immune system's response to external stimuli. Finally, we present our perspectives on future directions in this field. Our aim is to provide valuable insights for the future investigations into the role of alternative splicing in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha, 410153, China
| | - Ailong Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shuaiqi Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, and Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Wang J, Gurupalli HV, Stafford JL. Teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104768. [PMID: 37414235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a large family of teleost immunoregulatory receptor-types belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. These immune genes are phylogenetically and syntenically related to Fc receptor-like protein genes (fcrls) present in other vertebrates, including amphibians, birds, mice, and man. In vitro-based functional analyses of LITRs, using transfection approaches, have shown that LITRs have diverse immunoregulatory potentials including the activation and inhibition of several innate immune effector responses such as cell-mediated killing responses, degranulation, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis. The purpose of this mini review is to provide an overview of fish LITR-mediated immunoregulatory potentials obtained from various teleost model systems, including channel catfish, zebrafish, and goldfish. We will also describe preliminary characterization of a new goldish LITR-specific polyclonal antibody (pAb) and discuss the significance of this tool for further investigation of the functions of fish LITRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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Wang J, Soliman AM, Norlin J, Barreda DR, Stafford JL. Expression analysis of Carassius auratus-leukocyte-immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) during goldfish kidney macrophage development and in activated kidney leukocyte cultures. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:171-189. [PMID: 36806761 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Carassius auratus leukocyte immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) were recently discovered immunoregulatory receptors in goldfish that have diverse immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) ectodomains and intracellular signaling motifs. Genomic analysis shows that CaLITR-types are also located as distinct gene clusters across multiple goldfish chromosomes. For example, CaLITR1 (unplaced) is a functionally ambiguous receptor having two Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain (TM), and a short cytoplasmic tail (CYT) devoid of any recognizable signaling motifs. CaLITR2 (Chr47) is a putative inhibitory receptor containing four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long CYT with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). A putative activating receptor-type, CaLITR3 (Chr3), has four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a short CYT containing a positively charged histidine residue and CaLITR4 (ChrLG28B) is a receptor with putative multifunctional signaling potential as well as five Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long tyrosine-motif containing CYT region. The variable genomic locations of the CaLITRs suggest that they are likely under the influence of different cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements. To better understand the transcriptional activities of select CaLITRs from variable genomic regions, we used an RT-qPCR-based approach to examine the expression of CaLITR1, CaLITR2, CaLITR3, and CaLITR4 during goldfish primary kidney macrophage (PKM) development and in mixed leukocyte reaction cultures (MLRs) of the goldfish. Our results showed that the select CaLITRs are differentially expressed during PKM development and in goldfish MLRs exposed to T-cell mitogens/immunosuppressive drugs, supporting that the transcription of these CaLITRs is likely regulated by distinct cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jeff Norlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Crider J, Wilson M, Felch KL, Dupre RA, Quiniou SMA, Bengtén E. A subset of leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) regulates phagocytosis in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes. Mol Immunol 2023; 154:33-44. [PMID: 36586386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) constitute a large family of paired, immunoregulatory receptors unique to teleosts. A role for LITRs in phagocytosis has been proposed based on studies in mammalian cell lines; however, LITR-mediated phagocytosis has not been examined in the catfish model. In this study, we use two anti-LITR monoclonal antibodies, CC41 and 125.2, to contrast the effects of crosslinking subsets of inhibitory and activating LITRs. Briefly, LITRs expressed by catfish γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and macrophage cell lines were crosslinked using mAb-conjugated fluorescent microbeads, and bead uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and confirmed by confocal microscopy. A clear difference in the uptake of 125.2- and CC41-conjugated beads was observed. Crosslinking LITRs with mAb 125.2 resulted in efficient bead internalization, while mAb CC41 crosslinking of inhibitory LITRs resulted predominantly in a capturing phenotype. Pretreating catfish macrophages with mAb CC41 resulted in a marked decrease in LITR-mediated phagocytosis of 125.2-conjugated beads. Overall, these findings provide insight into fish immunobiology and validate LITRs as regulators of phagocytosis in catfish macrophages and γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Crider
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Kristianna L Felch
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Dupre
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA; Food Processing and Sensory Quality Unit, USDA-ARS, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WARU, P.O. BOX 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Identification of distinct LRC- and Fc receptor complex-like chromosomal regions in fish supports that teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors are distant relatives of mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:93-109. [PMID: 33410929 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a large family of immunoregulatory receptor-types originally identified in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus (Ip)LITRs). Phylogenetic analyses of LITRs show that they share distant evolutionary relationships with important mammalian immunoregulatory receptors belonging to the Fc receptors family and the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC), but their syntenic relationships with these immunoglobulin superfamily members have not been investigated. To further examine the possible evolutionary connections between teleost LITRs and various mammalian immunoregulatory receptor-types, we surveyed the genomic databases of representative vertebrate taxa and our results show that teleost LITRs generally exist in large genomic clusters, which are linked to vangl2, arhgef11, and slam family genes, features that are also shared by amphibian and mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRLs). Moreover, detailed phylogenetic comparisons between the individual Ig-like domains of LITRs and mammalian FCRLs shows that these receptors share related Ig-like domains indicative of their common ancestry. However, contrary to our previous reports, no supportive evidence for phylogenetic relationships between the Ig-like domains of LITRs with the Ig-like domains of LRC-encoded mammalian immunoregulatory receptors was found. We also identified an LRC-like region in the zebrafish genome, but no expanded litr-related genes were located in this region. Similarly, no lilr-related genes were found in spotted gar, a representative basal ray-finned fish. Finally, two distantly related fcrls and an LRC-like gene were identified in the elephant shark genome, suggesting that the loss of an immunoregulatory receptor-containing LRC region may be unique to ray-finned fish.
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