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Kawano M, Tashiro A, Imamura Y, Yamada M, Sadakane K, Iwase H, Matsugami M, Marekha BA, Idrissi A, Takamuku T. Effects of self-hydrogen bonding among formamide molecules on the UCST-type liquid-liquid phase separation of binary solutions with imidazolium-based ionic liquid, [C nmim][TFSI], studied by NMR, IR, MD simulations, and SANS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13698-13712. [PMID: 35612374 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01006b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type liquid-liquid phase separation of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Cnmim][TFSI], where n represents the alkyl chain length of the cation, n = 6, 8, 10, and 12) binary solutions with formamide (FA) was examined as a function of temperature and the FA mole fraction xFA. The two-phase region (immiscible region) of the solutions is much larger and expands more with the increase in n, in comparison with the previous [Cnmim][TFSI]-1,4-dioxane (1,4-DIO) systems. An array of spectroscopic techniques, including 1H and 13C NMR and IR combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, was conducted on the present binary systems to clarify the microscopic interactions that contribute to the phase-separation mechanism. The hydrogen-bonding interactions of the imidazolium ring H atoms are more favorable with the O atoms of the FA molecules than with 1,4-DIO molecules, whereas the latter interact more favorably with the alkyl chain of the cation. Upon lowering the temperature, the FA molecules gradually self-aggregate through self-hydrogen bonding to form FA clusters. Concomitantly, clusters of ILs are formed via the electrostatic interaction between the counter ions and the dispersion force among the IL alkyl chains. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on the [C6mim][TFSI]-FA-d2 and [C8mim][TFSI]-FA-d2 systems revealed, similarly to [Cnmim][TFSI]-1,4-DIO systems, the crossover of the mechanism from the 3D-Ising mechanism around the UCST xFA to the mean-field mechanism at both sides of the mole fraction. Interestingly, the xFA range of the 3D-Ising mechanism for the FA systems is wider compared with the range of the 1,4-DIO systems. In this way, the self-hydrogen bonding among FA molecules most significantly governs the phase equilibria of the [Cnmim][TFSI]-FA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuya Tashiro
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Imamura
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Moeno Yamada
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Sadakane
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Masaru Matsugami
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Kumamoto College, 2659-2 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1102, Japan
| | - Bogdan A Marekha
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 29 Jahnstr., 69230 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdenacer Idrissi
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRe - Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions la Réactivité et l'environnement, F-5900 Lille, France
| | - Toshiyuki Takamuku
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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Diekmann S, Dederer E, Charmeteau S, Wagenfeld S, Kiefer J, Schröer W, Rathke B. Revisiting the Liquid-Liquid Phase Behavior of n-Alkanes and Ethanol. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:156-172. [PMID: 31786910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mixtures of alkanes and ethanol are important in many areas, for example, as fuel blends. This paper describes new experimental data obtained for the liquid-liquid equilibrium phase behavior of normal alkanes (n-alkanes; CnH2n+2; 9 ≤ n ≤ 24) with ethanol. The results were obtained by applying the cloud point method in a temperature range of T = 230-423 K at ambient pressure. All systems are partially miscible with an upper critical solution point. The two phase regions of the phase diagrams show no indication of any obvious optical irregularities, like birefringence, coloring, formation of schlieren, or remarkable turbidity, except critical opalescence. With increasing length of the molecular chain of the n-alkanes, the (liquid-liquid) critical point is shifted to higher temperatures and higher ethanol content. The data are analyzed numerically implying Ising criticality. The nonsymmetric shape of the phase body is considered in different approaches for describing the diameter by presuming (a) the validity of the rectilinear diameter rule, (b) a nonlinear diameter predicted in the theory of complete scaling, and (c) combining both concepts. The numerical analysis yields the critical temperature, the critical composition, the width, and the diameter of the phase diagrams. The results are compared with literature data sets from similar mixtures; these data are also evaluated in terms of the models applied here. Phase diagrams of 13 different sets of mixtures are measured and analyzed to extract general aspects of the behavior of the normal alkane-ethanol mixtures. A simple Flory-Huggins-like approach allows a semiquantitative description of the experimental results of the critical temperatures. Therefore, it confirms the picture of molecular ordering within the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diekmann
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Esther Dederer
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Sven Charmeteau
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Sabine Wagenfeld
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Wolffram Schröer
- FB2, Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße NWII , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Bernd Rathke
- Technische Thermodynamik , Universität Bremen , Badgasteiner Straße 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
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Azov VA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Kashin AS, Ananikov VP. "Solvent-in-salt" systems for design of new materials in chemistry, biology and energy research. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1250-1284. [PMID: 29410995 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic "solvent-in-salt" (SIS) systems have been known for decades but have attracted significant attention only recently. Molten salt hydrates/solvates have been successfully employed as non-flammable, benign electrolytes in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries leading to a revolution in battery development and design. SIS with organic components (for example, ionic liquids containing small amounts of water) demonstrate remarkable thermal stability and tunability, and present a class of admittedly safer electrolytes, in comparison with traditional organic solvents. Water molecules tend to form nano- and microstructures (droplets and channel networks) in ionic media impacting their heterogeneity. Such microscale domains can be employed as microreactors for chemical and enzymatic synthesis. In this review, we address known SIS systems and discuss their composition, structure, properties and dynamics. Special attention is paid to the current and potential applications of inorganic and organic SIS systems in energy research, chemistry and biochemistry. A separate section of this review is dedicated to experimental methods of SIS investigation, which is crucial for the development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Azov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ksenia S Egorova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Marina M Seitkalieva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey S Kashin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Stary Petergof, 198504, Russia
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Rotrekl J, Storch J, Velíšek P, Schröer W, Jacquemin J, Wagner Z, Husson P, Bendová M. Liquid Phase Behavior in Systems of 1-Butyl-3-alkylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide Ionic Liquids with Water: Influence of the Structure of the C5 Alkyl Substituent. J SOLUTION CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-017-0659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Elshwishin A, Köser J, Schröer W, Qiao B. Liquid–liquid phase separation of ionic liquids in solutions: Ionic liquids with the triflat anion solved in aryl halides. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vale VR, Will S, Schröer W, Rathke B. The General Phase Behavior of Mixtures of 1-Alkyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide Ionic Liquids withn-Alkyl Alcohols. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1860-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Freyland W. Liquid Metals, Molten Salts, and Ionic Liquids: Some Basic Properties. SPRINGER SERIES IN SOLID-STATE SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17779-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Schröer W, Vale VR. Liquid-liquid phase separation in solutions of ionic liquids: phase diagrams, corresponding state analysis and comparison with simulations of the primitive model. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:424119. [PMID: 21715854 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/42/424119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phase diagrams of ionic solutions of the ionic liquid C(18)mim(+)NTF(2)(-) (1-n-octadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium bistrifluormethylsulfonylimide) in decalin, cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane are reported and compared with that of solutions of other imidazolium ionic liquids with the anions NTF(2)(-), Cl(-) and BF4(-) in arenes, CCl(4), alcohols and water. The phase diagrams are analysed presuming Ising criticality and taking into account the asymmetry of the phase diagrams. The resulting parameters are compared with simulation results for equal-sized charged hard spheres in a dielectric continuum, the restricted primitive model (RPM) and the primitive model (PM) that allows for ions of different size. In the RPM temperature scale the critical temperatures vary almost linearly with the dielectric permittivity of the solvent. The RPM critical temperatures of the solutions in non-polar solvents are very similar, somewhat below the RPM value. Correlations with the boiling temperatures of the solvents and a dependence on the length of the side chain of the imidazolium cations show that dispersion interactions modify the phase transition, which is mainly determined by Coulomb forces. Critical concentrations, widths of the phase diagrams and the slopes of the diameter are different for the solutions in protic and aprotic solvents. The phase diagrams of the solutions in alcohols and water get a lower critical solution point when represented in RPM variables.
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Saracsan D, Rybarsch C, Schröer W. Phase Separation in Solutions of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids in Hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2006.220.10.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) trihexyl-tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (P666 14Cl) and the bromide (P666 14Br) are soluble in hydrocarbons. The investigated solutions in heptane, octane, nonane and decane show liquid–liquid phase separation with an upper critical solution point at ambient temperatures at molar fractions near 0.03 of the salt. Phase diagrams are reported and analysed presuming Ising criticality. The critical temperatures and the critical densities increase with the chain length of the hydrocarbons, where the figures corresponding to the bromides are above that of the chlorides. Scaled by the critical data the phase diagrams show corresponding state behaviour. In accordance with the prediction of the restricted primitive model (RPM), which is a model fluid of equal sized, charged hard spheres in a dielectric continuum, the critical points are located at low temperature and low concentration, when the corresponding state variables of this model are used. However, the critical temperature T
c
* and the critical density ρc
* are well below the figures of the RPM prediction. Comparison is made with the phase diagrams of alcohol solutions of imidazolium ionic liquids and with simulation results of the RPM.
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Takamuku T, Kyoshoin Y, Shimomura T, Kittaka S, Yamaguchi T. Effect of Water on Structure of Hydrophilic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10817-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9042667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takamuku
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; and Advanced Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kyoshoin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; and Advanced Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimomura
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; and Advanced Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kittaka
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; and Advanced Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan; and Advanced Materials Institute and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Liquid–liquid phase transition in the ionic solutions of tetra-n-butylammonium chloride in o-xylene and ethylbenzene: Phase diagrams and corresponding state analysis. J Mol Liq 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Nockemann P, Binnemans K, Thijs B, Parac-Vogt TN, Merz K, Mudring AV, Menon PC, Rajesh RN, Cordoyiannis G, Thoen J, Leys J, Glorieux C. Temperature-Driven Mixing-Demixing Behavior of Binary Mixtures of the Ionic Liquid Choline Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and Water. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:1429-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jp808993t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nockemann
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Thijs
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatjana N. Parac-Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klaus Merz
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja-Verena Mudring
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Preethy Chirukandath Menon
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ravindran Nair Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - George Cordoyiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Thoen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Leys
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christ Glorieux
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Anorganische Chemie I - Festkörperchemie and Materialien, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Acoustics and Thermal Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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