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Feng W, Tie X, Duan X, Yan S, Fang S, Wang T, Sun P, Gan L. Polymer functionalization of biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst with acid-base bifunctional catalytic activity for conversion of the insect lipid into biodiesel. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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2
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Balboul BA, Abdelrahman A, Salem HM, Mohamed EA, Osman DI, Rabie AM. Enhanced production of liquid fuel via catalytic cracking of used sunflower oil catalyzed by Praseodymium supported alumina. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Comparative Catalytic Performance Study of 12-Tungstophosphoric Heteropoly Acid Supported on Mesoporous Supports for Biodiesel Production from Unrefined Green Seed Canola Oil. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, three solid acid catalysts, namely mesoporous aluminophosphate-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/MAP), mesoporous aluminosilicate-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/MAS), and gamma alumina-supported 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW/γ-Al2O3) were prepared and characterized. Mesoporous aluminophosphate (MAP) and mesoporous aluminosilicate (MAS) were synthesized via sol-gel and hydrothermal methods, respectively, and 25 wt.% of 12-tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid (HPW) was immobilized on the support materials using the wet impregnation method. The features of the fabricated catalysts were comprehensively investigated using various techniques such as BET, XRD, NH3-TPD, TGA, and TEM. The surface area of the supported catalysts decreased after HPW impregnation according to BET results, which indicates that HPW loaded on the supports and inside of their pores successfully. The density and strengths of the acid sites of the support materials and the catalysts before reaction and after regeneration were determined by the NH3-TPD technique. Accordingly, an increase in acidity was observed after HPW immobilization on all the support materials. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was studied through alcoholysis reaction using unrefined green seed canola oil as the feedstock. The maximum biodiesel yield of 82.3% was obtained using 3 wt.% of HPW/MAS, with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 20:1, at 200 °C and 4 MPa over 7 h. The reusability study of HPW/MAS showed that it can maintain 80% of its initial activity after five runs.
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Prospects of Catalysis for Process Sustainability of Eco-Green Biodiesel Synthesis via Transesterification: A State-Of-The-Art Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by conventional petro-diesel initiates at time of crude oil extraction and continues until its consumption. The resulting emission of poisonous gases during the combustion of petroleum-based fuel has worsened the greenhouse effect and global warming. Moreover, exhaustion of finite fossil fuels due to extensive exploitation has made the search for renewable resources indispensable. In light of this, biodiesel is a best possible substitute for the regular petro-diesel as it is eco-friendly, renewable, and economically viable. For effective biodiesel synthesis, the selection of potential feedstock and choice of efficient catalyst is the most important criteria. The main objective of this bibliographical review is to highlight vital role of different catalytic systems acting on variable feedstock and diverse methods for catalysis of biodiesel synthesis reactions. This paper further explores the effects of optimized reaction parameters, modification in chemical compositions, reaction operating parameters, mechanism and methodologies for catalysts preparation, stability enhancement, recovery, and reusability with the maximum optimum activity of catalysts. In future, the development of well-planned incentive structures is necessary for systematic progression of biodiesel process. Besides this, the selection of accessible and amended approaches for synthesis and utilization of specific potential catalysts will ensure the sustainability of eco-green biodiesel.
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Ahmed H, Altalhi AA, Elbanna SA, El-Saied HA, Farag AA, Negm NA, Mohamed EA. Effect of Reaction Parameters on Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Cooking Oil for Production of Sustainable Biodiesel and Biojet by Functionalized Montmorillonite/Chitosan Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4585-4594. [PMID: 35155949 PMCID: PMC8829930 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of waste oils as pyrolysis feedstocks to manufacture high-grade biofuels has prompted researchers to focus on developing renewable energy to overcome the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and the global warming phenomena. Because of their high hydrogen and volatile matter concentration, waste oils are ideal raw materials for the production of biofuels. It is challenging to attain satisfactory results with conventional methods, such as transesterification, gasification, solvent extraction, and hydrotreating due to flaws such as high energy demand, long time, and high operating costs. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste edible oils was employed as a resource for the generation of biodiesel. The application of the catalytic cracking process has the potential to alleviate the existing situation. In this study of catalytic cracking conversion of waste cooking oil to produce different biofuels, grades were investigated using two heterogeneous catalysts. The catalysts were activated montmorillonite (PAMMT) clay and its modified form using a chitosan biopolymer (PAMMT-CH) nanocomposite. The catalysts were identified using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, transmittance electron microscopy images, surface area, and thermal stability. The catalysts were tested for their performances using different amounts (0.1-1% by weight) at a temperature assortment of 200-400 °C during a time range of 60-300 min. The experimental studies were carried out in a batch reactor. GC mass spectra were used to investigate the catalytic cracking products. Fractional distillation is used to separate the final products from various reaction conditions. The physicochemical properties of resulting biofuels were profiled by quantifying their densities, viscosities, specific gravities, pour points, flash and fire points, cetane numbers, carbon and ash residues, and sulfur contents. The optimum conditions of the yield product were 300 and 400 °C, catalyst weights of 0.7 and 0.8% w/v, and reaction times of 120 and 180 min concerning the (PAMMT) and (PAMMT-CH) nanocomposite, respectively. The determined properties were located within the limits of the specific standards of ASTM specifications. As a result, the PAMMT nanocomposite produced biofuel comparable to biodiesel according to ASTM specifications, while the PAMMT-CH nanocomposite produced biofuel comparable to biojet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan
A. Ahmed
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Amal A. Altalhi
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh A. Elbanna
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Hend A. El-Saied
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Farag
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Nabel A. Negm
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Eslam A. Mohamed
- Egyptian
Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
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6
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Nawaz S, Ahmad M, Asif S, Klemeš JJ, Mubashir M, Munir M, Zafar M, Bokhari A, Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Khoo KS, Show PL. Phyllosilicate derived catalysts for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic derived biomass to biodiesel: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126068. [PMID: 34626762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efforts have been made to review phyllosilicate derived (clay-based) heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production via lignocellulose derived feedstocks. These catalysts have many practical and potential applications in green catalysis. Phyllosilicate derived heterogeneous catalysts (modified via any of these approaches like acid activated clays, ion exchanged clays and layered double hydroxides) exhibits excellent catalytic activity for producing cost effective and high yield biodiesel. The combination of different protocols (intercalated catalysts, ion exchanged catalysts, acidic activated clay catalysts, clay-supported catalysts, composites and hybrids, pillared interlayer clay catalysts, and hierarchically structured catalysts) was implemented so as to achieve the synergetic effects (acidic-basic) in resultant material (catalyst) for efficient conversion of lignocellulose derived feedstock (non-edible oils) to biodiesel. Utilisation of these Phyllosilicate derived catalysts will pave path for future researchers to investigate the cost-effective, accessible and improved approaches in synthesising novel catalysts that could be used for converting lignocellulosic biomass to eco-friendly biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumra Nawaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Asif
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mamoona Munir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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7
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Influence of synthesized catalyst on the pyrolytic conversion of waste oils into renewable biofuel: Synthesis and performance. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Hassan W, Ahmed EA, Moneim MA, Shaban MS, El-Sherbeeny AM, Siddiqui N, Shim JJ, Abukhadra MR. Sulfonation of Natural Carbonaceous Bentonite as a Low-Cost Acidic Catalyst for Effective Transesterification of Used Sunflower Oil into Diesel; Statistical Modeling and Kinetic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31260-31271. [PMID: 34841170 PMCID: PMC8613855 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bentonite sample enriched in organic matters (oil shale) was functionalized with -SO3H sulfonated carbonaceous bentonite (S-CB) by sulfonation process as a low-cost and effective acidic catalyst for the transesterification spent sunflower oil (SFO). The sulfonation effect was followed by several analytic techniques including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The catalytic performance of the sulfonated product was evaluated based on a statistical design which was built according to the response surface methodology and the central composite rotatable design. Using the S-CB acidic catalyst in the transesterification of spent SFO resulted in an actual biodiesel yield of 96% at studied conditions of 85 min at reaction interval, 50 °C as temperature,15:1 as methanol/oil ratio, and 3.5 wt % as S-CB loading. Moreover, the optimization function suggested enhancement to obtained yield up to 97.9% by selecting the values of temperature at 62 °C, the time at 98.5 min, the methanol/SFO ratio at 14.4:1, and S-CB loading at 3.4 wt %. The technical evaluation of the SFO biodiesel reflected the suitability of the product to be used as biofuels according to international standards. The kinetic behavior of the SFO transesterification reaction over S-CB is of pseudo-first order properties and of low activation energy. Finally, the synthetic S-CB as a solid acidic catalyst is of significant reusability and was reused five times with remarkable biodiesel yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa
A. Hassan
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ezzat A. Ahmed
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Moneim
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Shaban
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley
University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, India
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology Department,
Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
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9
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Amer A, Sayed GH, Ramadan RM, Rabie AM, Negm NA, Farag AA, Mohammed EA. Assessment of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole modified layered double hydroxide in effective remediation of heavy metal ions from aqueous environment. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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11
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Altalhi AA, Mohamed EA, Morsy SM, Abou Kana MT, Negm NA. Catalytic manufacture and characteristic valuation of biodiesel-biojet achieved from Jatropha curcas and waste cooking oils over chemically modified montmorillonite clay. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Experimental Study on Mechanics and Water Stability of High Liquid Limit Soil Stabilized by Compound Stabilizer: A Sustainable Construction Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable highway construction and operation are threatened by high-liquid-limit soil with low strength and poor water stability in Dongting Lake areas. In order to obtain a soil stabilizer that can effectively improve its strength and water stability, first the author selected inorganic materials (cement, quicklime and fly ash) and sulfonated oil (SO) as the main components of the composite soil stabilizer. Then, a series of single admixture tests were carried out to explore the strength and water stability mechanism of single admixture stabilized soil. Finally, a series of orthogonal experiments and cost analyses were carried out to obtain the formula of the composite stabilizer. According to the results of single doping, inorganic materials can significantly enhance the strength and stiffness of high-liquid-limit soil. The content of SO has a strong correlation with the water stability of high-liquid-limit soil. On a microscopic scale, X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy images explained this law. According to the orthogonal results, the formula of the composite soil stabilizer is: cement 4.5%, quicklime 1.5%, fly ash 2.5%, and SO 0.2%. This paper provides a method to improve high-liquid-limit soil, which is beneficial to sustainable construction and operation of the highway.
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13
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Bin Jumah MN, Ibrahim SM, AL-Huqail AA, Bin-Murdhi NS, Allam AA, Abu-Taweel GM, Altoom N, Al-Anazi KM, Abukhadra MR. Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of NiO during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using a Diatomite Carrier and an Integrated Ni 0 Metal: Response Surface Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12318-12330. [PMID: 34056384 PMCID: PMC8154151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two types of NiO-based composites (NiO@diatomite and Ni/NiO@diatomite) were synthesized as modified products of enhanced catalytic performances during the transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil. The influence of the diatomite substrate and the integration of metallic Ni0 in inducing the catalytic activity were evaluated in a series of transesterification reactions. The experimental conditions were adjusted according to the response surface methodology and the central composite statistical design. Experimentally, the diatomite substrate and the Ni0 metal induced the efficiency of the reaction to achieve a yield of 73.4% (NiO@diatomite) and 91% (Ni/NiO@diatomite), respectively, as compared to 66% for the pure phase (NiO). This was obtained under experimental conditions of 80 °C temperature, 100 min time, 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 3.75 wt % loading. The theoretical optimization functions of the designs suggested enhancement to the experimental conditions to achieve a yield of 76.3% by NiO@diatomite and 93.2% by Ni/NiO@diatomite. This reflected the role of the diatomite substrate in enhancing the surface area, the adsorption of fatty acids, and the exposure of the catalytic sites in addition to the effect of the Ni0 metal in enhancing the catalytic reactivity of the final product. Finally, the biodiesel produced over Ni/NiO@diatomite as the best product was of acceptable properties according to the international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- May N. Bin Jumah
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- Environment
and Biomaterial Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk M. Ibrahim
- Materials
Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
| | - Arwa A. AL-Huqail
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Saleh Bin-Murdhi
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Gasem M. Abu-Taweel
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Altoom
- Department
of Biology, King Khalid Military Academy, Riyadh 14625, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al-Anazi
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Materials
Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
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14
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Munir M, Ahmad M, Mubashir M, Asif S, Waseem A, Mukhtar A, Saqib S, Siti Halimatul Munawaroh H, Lam MK, Shiong Khoo K, Bokhari A, Loke Show P. A practical approach for synthesis of biodiesel via non-edible seeds oils using trimetallic based montmorillonite nano-catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 328:124859. [PMID: 33621759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential of new trimetallic (Ce, Cu, La) loaded montmorillonite clay catalyst for synthesizing biodiesel using novel non-edible Celastrus paniculatus Willd seed oil via two-step transesterification reaction has been reported along with catalyst characterization. Transesterification reaction was optimized and maximum biodiesel yield of 89.42% achieved under optimal operating reaction states like; 1:12 oil to methanol ratio, 3.5% of catalyst amount, 120 °C of reaction temperature for 3 h. The predicted and experimental biodiesel yields under these reaction conditions were 89.42 and 89.40%, which showing less than 0.05% variation. Additionally, optimum biodiesel yield can be predicted by drawing 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots using MINITAB 17 software. For the characterization of the obtained biodiesel, analysis including the GC/MS, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR were applied. The fuel properties of obtained biodiesel agrees well with the different European Union (EU-14214), China (GB/T 20828), and American (ASTM-951, 6751) standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Munir
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saira Asif
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Mukhtar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Saqib
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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15
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Mofijur M, Siddiki SYA, Shuvho MBA, Djavanroodi F, Fattah IMR, Ong HC, Chowdhury MA, Mahlia TMI. Effect of nanocatalysts on the transesterification reaction of first, second and third generation biodiesel sources- A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:128642. [PMID: 33127105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a fuel that has numerous benefits over traditional petrodiesel. The transesterification process is the most popular method for biodiesel production from various sources, categorized as first, second and third generation biodiesel depending on the source. The transesterification process is subject to a variety of factors that can be taken into account to improve biodiesel yield. One of the factors is catalyst type and concentration, which plays a significant role in the transesterification of biodiesel sources. At present, chemical and biological catalysts are being investigated and each catalyst has its advantages and disadvantages. Recently, nanocatalysts have drawn researchers' attention to the efficient production of biodiesel. This article discusses recent work on the role of several nanocatalysts in the transesterification reaction of various sources in the development of biodiesel. A large number of literature from highly rated journals in scientific indexes is reviewed, including the most recent publications. Most of the authors reported that nanocatalysts show an important influence regarding activity and selectivity. This study highlights that in contrast to conventional catalysts, the highly variable surface area of nanostructure materials favours interaction between catalysts and substrates that efficiently boost the performance of products. Finally, this analysis provides useful information to researchers in developing and processing cost-effective biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mofijur
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sk Yasir Arafat Siddiki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Md Bengir Ahmed Shuvho
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER), Savar, Dhaka, 1350, Bangladesh
| | - F Djavanroodi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - I M Rizwanul Fattah
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - M A Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, 1707, Bangladesh
| | - T M I Mahlia
- School of Information Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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16
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Abubshait HA, Farag AA, El-Raouf MA, Negm NA, Mohamed EA. Graphene oxide modified thiosemicarbazide nanocomposite as an effective eliminator for heavy metal ions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Cao M, Peng L, Xie Q, Xing K, Lu M, Ji J. Sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon as solid acid catalyst to produce biodiesel via esterification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 324:124614. [PMID: 33434876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A solid acid catalyst prepared by sulfonated Sargassum horneri carbon was utilized for the esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol. The formed amorphous carbon layers during carbonization and the access of sulfonic acid groups during sulfonation can catalyze the esterification reaction for biodiesel preparation efficiently. The catalyst was characterized by various methods to investigate its physical and chemical properties. With carbonization at 300 °C for 2 h followed by sulfonation at 90 °C for 5 h, the catalyst reached acid density of 1.40 mmol/g. The catalyst dosage, methanol/oleic acid (molar ratio), reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized to 10 wt%, 15:1, 70 °C, and 3 h, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the conversion of oleic acid reached 96.4%. Additionally, the catalyst was regenerated after four cycles, with the conversion of oleic acid still reaching 95.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Libo Peng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qinglong Xie
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Kainan Xing
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Meizhen Lu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jianbing Ji
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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18
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Khan TMY. Direct Transesterification for Biodiesel Production and Testing the Engine for Performance and Emissions Run on Biodiesel-Diesel-Nano Blends. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020417. [PMID: 33562116 PMCID: PMC7915336 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current research, the biodiesel was prepared from feedstocks of Neem oil and Karanja oil employing a single step direct transesterification method using acid-base catalysts simultaneously. The fuel properties of both Neem and Karanja biodiesel along with different biodiesel-diesel blends were studied and compared. Biodiesel produced from Neem oil was found better in terms of kinematic viscosity, calorific value and cloud point for all its blends with diesel compared to Karanja biodiesel-diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of addition of graphene nano particles on fuel properties of biodiesel-diesel blends. The B20 biodiesel-diesel blend was selected, which was blended with graphene nano particles in different proportions (35, 70, 105 ppm) to get different stable and symmetric B20-nano blends. The fuel properties except kinematic viscosity were further improved with higher dosages of nano particles with the biodiesel-diesel blend. The performance and emissions tests were conducted on 4-stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Higher concentrated B20-nano blends of Neem (NOME20GO105) and Karanja (KOME20GO105) resulted in 31 and 30.9% of brake thermal efficiency, respectively, compared with diesel of 32.5%. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 10 and 11% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively, compared to their respective B20 blends. Similarly, carbon monoxide (CO) was reduced significantly by 27 and 29% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Asir, Saudi Arabia
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Abukhadra MR, Basyouny MG, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Luqman M. Insights into the green doping of clinoptilolite with Na + ions (Na +/Clino) as a nanocatalyst in the conversion of palm oil into biodiesel; optimization and mechanism. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:155702. [PMID: 33511967 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd7b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The critical demand for eco-friendly, renewable, and safe energy resources is an essential issue encountered in the contemporary world. The catalytic transesterification of plant oils into biodiesel was assessed as promising a technique for providing new forms of clean and safe fuel. Natural clinoptilolite was doped with Na+ ions by green chemical reactions between sodium nitrite and green tea extract, producing a novel modified structure (Na+/Clino). The Na+/Clino product had an enhanced total basicity (6.41 mmol OH/g), ion exchange capacity (387 meq/100 g), and surface area (312.7 m2 g-1), which qualified it to be used as a potential basic catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil. Transesterification tests were statistically assessed using a response surface methodology and a central composite design. Considering the effect of how the significant factors interact with each other, the synthetic Na+/Clino achieved a 96.4% experimental biodiesel yield after 70 min at 100 °C in the presence of 2.75 wt% catalyst loading and a 12.5:1 methanol-to-palm-oil ratio. Based on the optimization function of the statistical model, the performance of Na+/Clino can theoretically be enhanced to increase the yield to 98.2% by expanding the test time to 85 min and the loading value to 3 wt%. The product yielded by the Na+/ClinO process is of adequate technical properties, considering the international levels for standard biodiesel (EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751). Finally, the prepared green Na+ doped clinoptilolite had excellent recyclability as a heterogeneous basic catalyst and displayed higher efficiency than several species of previously studied heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa R Abukhadra
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt. Materials Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
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20
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Abukhadra MR, Basyouny MG, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Luqman M. Sonocogreen Decoration of Clinoptilolite by CaO Nanorods as Ecofriendly Catalysts in the Transesterification of Castor Oil into Biodiesel; Response Surface Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1556-1567. [PMID: 33490815 PMCID: PMC7818616 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A CaO/clinoptilolite green nanocomposite (CaO/Clino) was synthesized by a green modification technique using calcium nitrate and green tea extract. The CaO/Clino nanocomposite promises a total basicity of 4.82 mmol OH/g, surface area of 252.4 m2/g, and ion exchange capacity of 134.3 mequiv/100 g, which qualifies the product as an effective catalyst in the transesterification of castor oil. The transesterification performance of the CaO/Clino catalyst was addressed statistically based on the response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design, considering the essential experimental parameters. Based on the interaction effect between the studied variables, the CaO/Clino catalyst can achieve an experimental biodiesel yield of 93.8% after 2.5 h at 120 °C with 3.5 wt % catalyst loading and 15:1 ethanol/castor oil molar ratio. The optimization function of the design suggested enhancement in the performance of the CaO/Clino catalyst to achieve a yield of 95.4% if the test time interval increased to 2.65 h and the ethanol content increased to 16:1 as a molar ratio to castor oil. The produced biodiesel over CaO/ClinO has acceptable technical qualifications according to the international requirements (EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751). The synthetic green CaO/Clino nanocomposite has better recyclability as a heterogeneous catalyst and higher activity than some investigated catalysts in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Geology
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gameel Basyouny
- Materials
Technologies and Their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
- Physics
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Monis Luqman
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Basyouny MG, Abukhadra MR, Alkhaledi K, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Soliman ATA, Luqman M. Insight into the catalytic transformation of the waste products of some edible oils (corn oil and palm oil) into biodiesel using MgO/clinoptilolite green nanocomposite. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Peel Waste as a Novel Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Moringa Oil Methyl Esters Synthesis: Process Optimization and Kinetic Study. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated pawpaw (Carica papaya) peel ash as a green solid base catalyst for Moringa oleifera oil methyl esters (MOOME) production. Taguchi orthogonal array approach was used to examine the impact of vital process input variables (calcined pawpaw peel (CPP) loading, reaction temperature, methanol-to-M. oleifera oil (MeOH:MOO) molar ratio and reaction time) on the MOOME yield. Catalytic potency potential of the CPP was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The results obtained indicate that the CPP consists of nanoparticles and alkaline elements K (23.89 wt.%), Ca (2.86 wt.%) and Mg (1.00 wt.%). The high values of coefficient of determination, R2 (0.9992) and adjusted R2 (0.9968) as well as the low value of the coefficient of variation (0.31%) for the model developed indicate it can be used to sufficiently describe the transesterification process. MOOME yield of 96.43 ± 0.10 wt.% was achieved at the optimum values of 3.5 wt.% CPP loading, 9:1 MeOH:MOO molar ratio, 35 °C reaction temperature and 40 min reaction time. The kinetic modeling of the transesterification process determined the reaction rate constant and overall reaction order as 0.20465 L·mol−1·s−1 and 2, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate both CPP and MOO are feasible renewable resources for MOOME production. The kinetic data generated may be useful in reactor design for the transesterification process.
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AbuKhadra MR, Basyouny MG, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Abd Elgawad AEE. Transesterification of commercial waste cooking oil into biodiesel over innovative alkali trapped zeolite nanocomposite as green and environmental catalysts. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 2020; 17:100289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2020.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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24
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Abukhadra MR, Mohamed AS, El-Sherbeeny AM, Soliman ATA, Abd Elgawad AEE. Sonication induced transesterification of castor oil into biodiesel in the presence of MgO/CaO nanorods as a novel basic catalyst: Characterization and optimization. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND PROCESSING - PROCESS INTENSIFICATION 2020; 154:108024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2020.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Parangi
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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26
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Sadeek SA, Mohammed EA, Shaban M, Abou Kana MT, Negm NA. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performances of activated carbon-doped transition metals during biofuel production from waste cooking oils. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Li-Zhulanov N, Mäki-Arvela P, Laluc M, Peixoto AF, Kholkina E, Sandberg T, Aho A, Volcho K, Salakhutdinov N, Freire C, Sidorenko AY, Murzin DY. Prins cyclization of (-)-isopulegol with benzaldehyde for production of chromenols over organosulfonic clays. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Diatomite supported by CaO/MgO nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.
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30
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Navas MB, Lick ID, Bolla PA, Casella ML, Ruggera JF. Transesterification of soybean and castor oil with methanol and butanol using heterogeneous basic catalysts to obtain biodiesel. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Negm NA, Zahran MK, Abd Elshafy MR, Aiad IA. Transformation of Jatropha oil to biofuel using transition metal salts as heterogeneous catalysts. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Rabie AM, Mohammed EA, Negm NA. Feasibility of modified bentonite as acidic heterogeneous catalyst in low temperature catalytic cracking process of biofuel production from nonedible vegetable oils. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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