Deep eutectic solvent (DES) as dual solvent/catalyst for synthesis of α-diazocarbonyl compounds using aldol-type coupling

Natural deep eutectic solvent (fructose-glycine) functionalized-celite/ polyethylene glycol hydrogel nanocomposite for phosphate adsorption: Statistical analysis

The increasing usage of phosphate fertilizers for agricultural purposes has led to an augmented level of phosphorus in watercourses negatively impacting the ecosystems and water quality warranting its amputation from polluted water. This article describes the preparation of a novel natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) functionalized-celite/polyethylene glycol hydrogel nanocomposite (NADES-Cel/PEG HNC) for adsorptive phosphate removal from water. The XRD, FTIR, SEM coupled with EDX spectroscopy, TEM, BET analysis, and pH_pzc measurement were used to characterise the prepared material. Central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design to analyse the individual and combined impact of five operational parameters on equilibrium adsorption capacity (Q_e), and evaluate the optimal operating conditions by numerical optimization, which were obtained as: contact time (60 min), adsorbent dosage (1.0 g/L), initial [PO₄^3-] (80 mg/L), initial solution pH (3.5), and temperature (304 K). The adsorption process was best explicated via Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a noteworthy saturation capacity, Q_m of 111.80 mg PO₄^3-/g at 298 K, and was favourable (S* = 0.99), feasible (ΔG° = -7.02 kJ/mol), exothermic (ΔH° = -8.39 kJ/mol) and physical in nature. The uptake mechanism largely involved H-bonding, electrostatic interaction, n-π interaction and pore-filling. Uptake kinetics of PO₄^3- was best explicated by pseudo-second order model, and the rate-determining step involved both intraparticle and liquid film diffusion mechanisms. The admirable performance of NADES-Cel/PEG HNC was signified by its competent adsorption efficacy and effectual reusability. The pertinence of the hydrogel nanocomposite for treatment of real wastewater was tested. Hence, NADES-Cel/PEG HNC might prove to be a pragmatic adsorbent for decontamination of PO₄^3- from an aqueous environment.

Optimization of a polyvinyl butyral synthesis process based on response surface methodology and artificial neural network

High quality polyvinyl butyral (PVB) can be used as the intermediate film of automobile and building glass and the packaging film of photovoltaic cells. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize its synthesis process to obtain suitable products with a high acetalization degree (AD) and small particle size (d _p). In this work, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was selected as the catalyst, and response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were utilized to optimize the synthesis process of PVB. The concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (A), the dosage of DES (B) and n-butanal (C), and the aging temperature (D) were selected as process variables, and the comprehensive score (AD, d _p and material and energy consumption) was introduced as the response. The results showed that single-factors B, C, D, and the interactions AB, BC and CD had significant effects on the comprehensive score, and the qualified PVB products (AD > 81%, d _p = 3-3.5 μm) were obtained under the optimal conditions obtained by RSM and ANN models. ANN is a better and more precise optimization tool than RSM. Also, DES played a dual role in catalysis and dispersion in the synthesis of PVB and showed good reusability, so it has great application potential in PVB industrial production.

Selective Oxidation of Alcohols through Fe3 O4 @SiO2 /K2 CO3 -Glycerin Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Heterogeneous Catalytic System

K2 CO3 /Glycerin as a deep eutectic solvent (DES) was anchored covalently onto functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and showed a significant activity towards the oxidation of various alcohols under mild conditions with a short reaction time and good to high yield. A combination of the magnetic nanoparticles and deep eutectic solvent offers a novel, green, reusable catalyst with easy separation. Also, the catalyst structure was well characterized using techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, VSM, TEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Novel N,Cl-doped deep eutectic solvents-based carbon dots as a selective fluorescent probe for determination of morphine in food

In the present study, new N,Cl co-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) based on deep eutectic solvent (DES) were fabricated by a facile hydrothermal process. This fluorescent probe exhibited a good quantum yield of 14% and was applied for the sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods. In addition, the influence of solution pH, interaction time, system temperature, interfering substances and analogues on the determination was also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the luminescence intensity of carbon dots increased linearly with the addition of morphine in the concentration range of (0.15–280.25) μg mL⁻¹ (R² > 0.9969) and the limit of detection (LOD) of 46.5 ng mL⁻¹. Based on these results, it is suggested that N,Cl-CDs is a promising fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective quantification of morphine in foods.

A schematic illustrating the synthesis and morphine detection of N,Cl-CDs.