Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of chondroitin-4-sulfate polysaccharide as a sulfated polysaccharide by hexacyanoferrate(III) in alkaline solutions with synthesis of novel coordination biopolymer chelating agent

Insights on preparation, structure and activities of Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide

Gracilaria lemaneiformis is a kind of edible economic red algae, which is rich in polysaccharide, phycobiliprotein, pigments, minerals and other nutrients and functional components. Polysaccharide is one of the main active components of Gracilaria lemaneiformis, which has been reported to present various physiological bioactivities, including regulation of glycolipid metabolism, immune, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities. This paper aims to provide a brief summary of extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and physiological activities of Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide (GLP). This article is able to provide theoretical basis for the future research and exploitation of GLP, and improve its potential development to promote the healthy and sustainable processing and high value utilization industry of Gracilaria lemaneiformis.

Chondroitin: a natural biomarker with immense biomedical applications

Naturally extracted glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulphate is the reactive product of N-acetylgalactosamine and d-glucuronic acid. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) extracted from Scophthalmus maximus, H. scabra, E. fraudatrix, M. magnum, and H. mexicana has shown remarkable anticoagulant, articular cartilage repair, corneal lesion healing, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative effects. Also, platinum and strontium nanoparticles of chondroitin sulfate are effective in osteoarthritis and exert anti-HSV2 and anti-angiogenic properties. A combination of chondroitin sulfate and RNA lipolexes demonstrates gene silencing effects in liver fibrosis. Chondroitin sulfate has also been used as a carrier for loxoprofen hydrogel preparation. Oligosaccharides of chondroitin sulfate showed effective inhibition of bovine testicular hyaluronidase enzyme as an antibacterial agent during pregnancy. Monoclonal antibody-recognized chondroitin sulfate A was effectively used to treat ameloblastoma. Selenium-chondroitin sulfate nanoparticles demonstrated positive effects in therapy of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and osteoarthritis.

Oxidation of Some Sustainable Sulfated Natural Polymers: Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Water-Soluble Chondroitin-4-Sulfate Polysaccharide by Hexachloroiridate(IV) in Aqueous Solutions

The kinetics and mechanism of hexachloroiridate(IV) oxidation of chondroitin-4-sulfate as a sustainable coordination biopolymer macromolecule (CS) in aqueous acidic solutions at a constant ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm^-3 has been investigated spectrophotometrically. Pseudo first-order plots gave sigmoidal curves of S-shape nature, indicating that the kinetics is complex. Two distinct stages have been observed. The first stage was relatively fast corresponding to the autoacceleration period, followed by a slow stage which became linear at a longer time period called the induction period. First-order dependence with respect to the [OX] and fractional first order in [CS] was observed for both stages. Kinetic evidence for formation of the 1:1 intermediate complex within the two stages has been revealed. The influence of [H⁺] on the rate constants indicated that the oxidation was of acid inhibition nature. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated, and a suitable reaction mechanism is suggested and discussed in terms of the nature of the electron-transfer process.