The structure and diffusion behaviour of the 1:1 copper(II) complex of ethambutol in aqueous solution

Indigo Carmine Binding to Cu(II) in Aqueous Solution and Solid State: Full Structural Characterization Using NMR, FTIR and UV/Vis Spectroscopies and DFT Calculations

The food industry uses indigo carmine (IC) extensively as a blue colorant to make processed food for young children and the general population more attractive. Given that IC can act as a ligand, this raises concerns about its interactions with essential metal ions in the human body. In view of this interest, in the present investigation, the copper(II)/indigo carmine system was thoroughly investigated in aqueous solution and in the solid state, and the detailed structural characterization of the complexes formed between copper(II) and the ligand was performed using spectroscopic methods, complemented with DFT and TD-DFT calculations. NMR and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy studies of the ligand in the presence of copper(II) show changes that clearly reveal strong complexation. The results point to the formation of complexes of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 Cu(II)/IC stoichiometry in aqueous solution, favored in the pH range 6-10 and stable over time. DFT calculations indicate that the coordination of the ligand to the metal occurs through the adjacent carbonyl and amine groups and that the 1:1 and the 2:1 complexes have distorted tetrahedral metal centers, while the 1:2 structure is five-coordinate with a square pyramidal geometry. FTIR results, together with EDS data and DFT calculations, established that the complex obtained in the solid state likely consists of a polymeric arrangement involving repetition of the 1:2 complex unit. These results are relevant in the context of the study of the toxicity of IC and provide crucial data for future studies of its physiological effects. Although the general population does not normally exceed the maximum recommended daily intake, young children are highly exposed to products containing IC and can easily exceed the recommended dose. It is, therefore, extremely important to understand the interactions between the dye and the various metal ions present in the human body, copper(II) being one of the most relevant due to its essential nature and, as shown in this article, the high stability of the complexes it forms with IC at physiological pH.

Systematic discovery about NIR spectral assignment from chemical structural property to natural chemical compounds

Spectra-structure interrelationship is still the weakness of NIR spectral assignment. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation from chemical structural property to natural chemical compounds was carried out for NIR spectral assignment. Surprisingly, we discovered that NIR absorption frequency of the skeleton structure with sp² hybridization is higher than one with sp³ hybridization. Specifically, substituent was another vital factor to be explored, the first theory discovery demonstrated that the absorption intensity of methyl substituted benzene at 2330 nm has a linear relationship with the number of substituted methyl C-H. The greater the number of electrons given to the substituents, the larger the displacement distance of absorption bands is. In addition, the steric hindrance caused by the substituent could regularly reduce the intensity of NIR absorption bands. Furthermore, the characteristic bands and group attribution of 29 natural chemical compounds from 4 types have been systematic assigned. These meaningful discoveries provide guidance for NIR spectral assignment from chemical structural property to natural chemical compounds.