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Veeramanoharan A, Kim SC. A comprehensive review on sustainable surfactants from CNSL: chemistry, key applications and research perspectives. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25429-25471. [PMID: 39139242 PMCID: PMC11320967 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04684f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactants, a group of amphiphilic molecules (i.e. with hydrophobic(water insoluble) as well as hydrophilic(water soluble) properties) can modulate interfacial tension. Currently, the majority of surfactants depend on petrochemical feedstocks (such as oil and gas). However, deployment of these petrochemical surfactants produces high toxicity and also has poor biodegradability which can cause more environmental issues. To address these concerns, the current research is moving toward natural resources to produce sustainable surfactants. Among the available natural resources, Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is the preferred choice for industrial scenarios to meet their goals of sustainability. CNSL is an oil extracted from non-edible cashew nut shells, which doesn't affect the food supply chain. The unique structural properties and diverse range of use cases of CNSL are key to developing eco-friendly surfactants that replace petro-based surfactants. Against this backdrop, this article discusses various state-of-the-art developments in key cardanol-based surfactants such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, and zwitterionic. In addition to this, the efficiency and characteristics of these surfactants are also analyzed and compared with those of the synthetic surfactants (petro-based). Furthermore, the present paper also focuses on various market aspects and different applications in various industries. Finally, this article describes various future research perspectives including Artificial Intelligence technology which, of late, is having a huge impact on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Veeramanoharan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University 77 Jeongneung-ro, Sungbuk-Gu Seoul 02707 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University 77 Jeongneung-ro, Sungbuk-Gu Seoul 02707 Republic of Korea
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2
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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J. Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4649. [PMID: 38731869 PMCID: PMC11083083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and synthesis of biologically active quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The covered scope extends beyond commonly reviewed antimicrobial derivatives to include synthetic agents with antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Additionally, this review highlights examples of quaternary ammonium compounds exhibiting activity against protozoa and herbicidal effects, as well as analgesic and anesthetic derivatives. The article also embraces the quaternary-ammonium-containing cholinesterase inhibitors and muscle relaxants. QACs, marked by their inherent permanent charge, also find widespread usage across diverse domains such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, detergents, and disinfectants. The effectiveness of QACs hinges greatly on finding the right equilibrium between hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The ideal length of the alkyl chain varies according to the unique structure of each QAC and its biological settings. It is expected that this review will provide comprehensive data for medicinal and industrial chemists to design and develop novel QAC-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
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3
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Synthesis and structure-activity-toxicity relationships of DABCO-containing ammonium amphiphiles based on natural isatin scaffold. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Preparation and chromatographic performance of cardanol-bonded silica stationary phase. Se Pu 2022; 40:547-555. [PMID: 35616200 PMCID: PMC9404126 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Chanawanno K, Thuptimdang P, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK. New tunable pyridinium benzenesulfonate amphiphiles as anti-MRSA quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Roy A, Fajardie P, Lepoittevin B, Baudoux J, Lapinte V, Caillol S, Briou B. CNSL, a Promising Building Blocks for Sustainable Molecular Design of Surfactants: A Critical Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041443. [PMID: 35209231 PMCID: PMC8876098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants are crystallizing a certain focus for consumer interest, and their market is still expected to grow by 4 to 5% each year. Most of the time these surfactants are of petroleum origin and are not often biodegradable. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a promising non-edible renewable resource, directly extracted from the shell of the cashew nut. The interesting structure of CNSL and its components (cardanol, anacardic acid and cardol) lead to the synthesis of biobased surfactants. Indeed, non-ionic, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants based on CNSL have been reported in the literature. Even now, CNSL is absent or barely mentioned in specialized review or chapters talking about synthetic biobased surfactants. Thus, this review focuses on CNSL as a building block for the synthesis of surfactants. In the first part, it describes and criticizes the synthesis of molecules and in the second part, it compares the efficiency and the properties (CMC, surface tension, kraft temperature, biodegradability) of the obtained products with each other and with commercial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roy
- Orpia Innovation, CNRS, Bâtiment Chimie Balard, 1919 Route de Mendes, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Pauline Fajardie
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (P.F.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Bénédicte Lepoittevin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-Organique (LCMT), Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6507, 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France; (B.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Jérôme Baudoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thio-Organique (LCMT), Normandie Université, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, UMR CNRS 6507, 6 Boulevard Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France; (B.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Vincent Lapinte
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (P.F.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (P.F.); (V.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Benoit Briou
- Orpia Innovation, CNRS, Bâtiment Chimie Balard, 1919 Route de Mendes, 34000 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-6-32-83-21-76
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7
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Morandini A, Leonetti B, Riello P, Sole R, Gatto V, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Beghetto V. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Bis-morpholine Triazine Quaternary Ammonium Salts. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3172-3176. [PMID: 34288499 PMCID: PMC8596621 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Efficient, environmentally and economically sustainable, and nontoxic antibacterial products are of global relevance in the fight against microorganism contamination. In this work, an easy and straightforward method for the synthesis of bis-morpholino triazine quaternary ammonium salts (bis-mTQAS) is reported, starting from 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine or 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine and various N-alkylmorpholines. Bis-mTQAS were tested as antimicrobials against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The best-performing bis-mTQAS were found to achieve total disinfection against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 at 50 and 400 μg/mL, respectively. Distinctively, bis-mTQAS with the highest antimicrobial efficiency had lowest cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
| | - Benedetta Leonetti
- Brenta S.r.l. – Nine trees groupViale Milano 2636075Montecchio MaggioreVicenzaItaly
| | - Pietro Riello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT) Ca' BottacinDorsoduro 391130123VeniceItaly
| | - Roberto Sole
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
- CIRCCVia C. Ulpiani 2770126BariItaly
| | - Vanessa Gatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
- Crossing S.r.l.Viale della Repubblica 193/b31100TrevisoItaly
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology UnitCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSVia F. Gallini 233081AvianoItaly
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
- Pathology UnitCentro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) IRCCSVia F. Gallini 233081AvianoItaly
| | - Valentina Beghetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e NanosistemiUniversità Ca' Foscari di VeneziaVia Torino 15530172Venezia MestreItaly
- Crossing S.r.l.Viale della Repubblica 193/b31100TrevisoItaly
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8
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Morandini A, Spadati E, Leonetti B, Sole R, Gatto V, Rizzolio F, Beghetto V. Sustainable triazine-derived quaternary ammonium salts as antimicrobial agents. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28092-28096. [PMID: 35480717 PMCID: PMC9038131 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03455c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first examples of highly efficient antimicrobial triazine-derived bis imidazolium quaternary ammonium salts (TQAS) are reported. TQAS have been prepared with an easy, atom efficient, economically sustainable strategy and tested as antimicrobial agents, reaching MIC values below 10 mg L-1. Distinctively, TQAS have low MIC and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morandini
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Via Torino 155 Venezia Mestre 30172 Italy
| | - Emanuele Spadati
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Via Torino 155 Venezia Mestre 30172 Italy
| | - Benedetta Leonetti
- Brenta S.r.l. - Nine Trees Group. Viale Milano, 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore Vicenza Italy
| | - Roberto Sole
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Via Torino 155 Venezia Mestre 30172 Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e Catalisi (CIRCC) Via C. Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Vanessa Gatto
- Crossing S.r.l. Viale della Repubblica 193/b Treviso 31100 Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Via Torino 155 Venezia Mestre 30172 Italy
| | - Valentina Beghetto
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia Via Torino 155 Venezia Mestre 30172 Italy
- Crossing S.r.l. Viale della Repubblica 193/b Treviso 31100 Italy
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9
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Vereshchagin AN, Frolov NA, Egorova KS, Seitkalieva MM, Ananikov VP. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) and Ionic Liquids (ILs) as Biocides: From Simple Antiseptics to Tunable Antimicrobials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6793. [PMID: 34202677 PMCID: PMC8268321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) belong to a well-known class of cationic biocides with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are used as essential components in surfactants, personal hygiene products, cosmetics, softeners, dyes, biological dyes, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Simple but varied in their structure, QACs are divided into several subclasses: Mono-, bis-, multi-, and poly-derivatives. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a significant amount of work has been dedicated to the advancement of this class of biocides. Thus, more than 700 articles on QACs were published only in 2020, according to the modern literature. The structural variability and diverse biological activity of ionic liquids (ILs) make them highly prospective for developing new types of biocides. QACs and ILs bear a common key element in the molecular structure-quaternary positively charged nitrogen atoms within a cyclic or acyclic structural framework. The state-of-the-art research level and paramount demand in modern society recall the rapid development of a new generation of tunable antimicrobials. This review focuses on the main QACs exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, commercial products based on QACs, and the latest discoveries in QACs and ILs connected with biocide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly N. Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.F.); (K.S.E.); (M.M.S.)
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10
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Gregorchuk BSJ, Reimer SL, Beniac DR, Hiebert SL, Booth TF, Wuzinski M, Funk BE, Milner KA, Cartwright NH, Doucet AN, Mulvey MR, Khajehpour M, Zhanel GG, Bay DC. Antiseptic quaternary ammonium compound tolerance by gram-negative bacteria can be rapidly detected using an impermeant fluorescent dye-based assay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20543. [PMID: 33239659 PMCID: PMC7689532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are potentially important contributors towards bacterial antimicrobial resistance development, however, their contributions are unclear due to a lack of internationally recognized biocide testing standards. Methods to detect QAC tolerance are limited to laborious traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods. Here, we developed a rapid fluorescent dye-based membrane impermeant assay (RFDMIA) to discriminate QAC susceptibility among Gram-negative Enterobacterales and Pseudomonadales species. RFDMIA uses a membrane impermeant fluorescent dye, propidium iodide, in a 30-min 96-well fluorescent microplate-based assay where cell suspensions are exposed to increasing QAC concentrations. Our results demonstrate that RFDMIA can discriminate between QAC-susceptible and QAC-adapted Escherichia coli tolerant phenotypes and predict benzalkonium and cetrimide tolerance in all species tested except for intrinsically fluorescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RFDMIA identified a close association to minimum inhibitory concentration values determined by broth microdilution AST and increasing fluorescent dye emission values. RFDMIA emission values and scanning electron microscopy results also suggest that CET-adapted E. coli isolates have a CET dependence, where cells require sub-inhibitory CET concentrations to maintain bacilliform cell integrity. Overall, this study generates a new, rapid, sensitive fluorescent assay capable of detecting QAC-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria phenotypes and cell membrane perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S J Gregorchuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shelby L Reimer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Daniel R Beniac
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shannon L Hiebert
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Timothy F Booth
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Wuzinski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Brielle E Funk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kieran A Milner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nicola H Cartwright
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ali N Doucet
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Denice C Bay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Rm 514C Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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11
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Cationic gemini surfactants containing both amide and ester groups: Synthesis, surface properties and antibacterial activity. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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