1
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Zhang H, Zhou M, Zhao Y, Yu T, Xv X. New Butterfly-Shaped Naphthalimide-Based AIE Gens: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03800-y. [PMID: 38884826 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Two novel naphthalimide derivatives PTZNI-Cz and PTZNI-TPA were successfully designed and synthesized, in which phenothiazine, triphenylamine and carbazole were used as electron donors and naphthalimide was used as the electron acceptor. Their photophysical, electrochemical, and thermal properties were investigated. These derivatives showed remarkable aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. Furthermore, the maximum emission peaks of PTZNI-Cz and PTZNI-TPA in the thin film state are at 610 nm and 623 nm respectively, which is typical of red fluorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Xvyan Xv
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 West Anning Road, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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2
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Yamamoto K, Tsutsui K, Tanuma M, Ito K, Wakamatsu K, Yamamoto K, Nakamura Y. Phenothiazine cyclic hexamers: synthesis, properties, and complexation behavior with C 60. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2220-2223. [PMID: 38314630 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazine cyclic hexamers linked at the 3,7-positions were synthesized. Effects of the cyclic structure as well as substituent effects of the nitrogen atom were disclosed. Furthermore, the cyclic hexamer encapsulated C60 inside the ring in a 1 : 1 ratio giving a Saturn-type complex in solution. The structure and interactions were discussed based on DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
| | - Kanta Tsutsui
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Miho Tanuma
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Kaname Ito
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan.
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3
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. Toward the Rational Design of Organic Catalysts for Organocatalysed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:323. [PMID: 38337212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thanks to their diversity, organic photocatalysts (PCs) have been widely used in manufacturing polymeric products with well-defined molecular weights, block sequences, and architectures. Still, however, more universal property-performance relationships are needed to enable the rational design of such PCs. That is, a set of unique descriptors ought to be identified to represent key properties of the PCs relevant for polymerisation. Previously, the redox potentials of excited PCs (PC*) were used as a good descriptor for characterising very structurally similar PCs. However, it fails to elucidate PCs with diverse chromophore cores and ligands, among which those used for polymerisation are a good representative. As showcased by model systems of organocatalysed atom transfer radical polymerisation (O-ATRP), new universal descriptors accounting for additional factors, such as the binding and density overlap between the PC* and initiator, are proposed and proved to be successful in elucidating the experimental performances of PCs in polymerisation. While O-ATRP is exemplified here, the approach adopted is general for studying other photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Wang
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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4
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Zhang CL, Liu C, Nie SR, Zhang Y, Guo JH, Li XL, Liu C. A Dual Functional Fluorescent Probe Based on Phenothiazine for Detecting Hg 2+ and ClO - and its Applications. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03534-3. [PMID: 38060150 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
For the efficient detection of Hg2+ and ClO-, a double-analyte-responsive fluorescent probe PTB was successfully synthesized by combining N-butyl-3-formyl phenothiazine with hydrazine benzothiazole, and designing a specific reaction site for recognizing two analytes (Hg2+ and ClO-) in a compound. It was shown that probe PTB successfully formed a stable complex with Hg2+ in the coordination ratio of 2:1 by using the strong sulfur affinity of Hg2+, which resulted in a remarkable "turn-off" effect, with a quenching efficiency of 92.5% and four reversible cycles of Hg2+ fluorescence detection. For the fluorescence detection of Hg2+, the response time is fast (≤ 2 min) and the detection limit is low (7.8 nM), showing extremely high sensitivity, and the performance is obviously better than that of the reported fluorescent probes for detecting Hg2+. In particular, probe PTB has low toxicity and good biocompatibility, and has been successfully used for imaging of Hg2+ in living cells. Moreover, probe PTB uses thioether bond and carbon-nitrogen double bond as reaction sites to detect ClO-, which has large Stokes Shift (149 nm), good selectivity, high quenching efficiency (96.5%) and fast time response (about 10 s), and successfully detects ClO- in actual water samples. The dual functional fluorescent probe PTB is sensitive for Hg2+ and ClO-. It has been successfully used for making pH fluorescent test paper and imaging detection of exogenous Hg2+ in VSMC cells with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Shi-Ru Nie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jing-Hao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China.
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5
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Weick F, Hagmeyer N, Giraud M, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Wagenknecht HA. Reductive Activation of Aryl Chlorides by Tuning the Radical Cation Properties of N-Phenylphenothiazines as Organophotoredox Catalysts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302347. [PMID: 37589486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl chlorides as substrates for arylations present a particular challenge for photoredox catalytic activation due to their strong C(sp2 )-Cl bond and their strong reduction potential. Electron-rich N-phenylphenothiazines, as organophotoredox catalysts, are capable of cleaving aryl chlorides simply by photoinduced electron transfer without the need for an additional electrochemical activation setup or any other advanced photocatalysis technique. Due to the extremely strong reduction potential in the excited state of the N-phenylphenothiazines the substrate scope is high and includes aryl chlorides both with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. We evidence this reactivity for photocatalytic borylations and phosphonylations. Advanced time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy in combination with electrochemistry was the key to elucidating and comparing the unusual photophysical properties not only of the N-phenylphenothiazines, but also of their cation radicals as the central intermediates in the photocatalytic cycle. The revealed photophysics allowed the excited-state and radical-cation properties to be fine-tuned by the molecular design of the N-phenylphenothiazines; this improved the photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weick
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nina Hagmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Madeleine Giraud
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Harrington K, Hogan DT, Sutherland TC, Stamplecoskie K. Photophysical investigation into room-temperature emission from xanthene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24829-24837. [PMID: 37671931 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02802j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical consequences of replacing the nitrogen heteroatom in phenothiazine with methylene are investigated for both solutions and crystalline solids. We analysed the excited state dynamics of four xanthene derivatives and observed an anomalous fluorescence from an energy level higher than the S1 state with lifetimes between 2.8 ns and 5.8 ns in solution and as solids. Additionally, the solid-state xanthene derivatives exhibited long-lived emission consistent with a triplet excited state, displaying millisecond lifetimes that ranged from 0.1 ms to 3.4 ms at ambient temperature in air. Our findings were supported by optical studies, crystallographic structural analyses, and DFT computations, which corroborated the photophysical measurements. It was concluded that the presence of the nitrogen atom in phenothiazine is crucial for achieving ultra-long emission lifetimes and that these results contribute to a deeper understanding of excited state dynamics which have potential implications for applications, such as display technologies, anticounterfeiting technologies, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David T Hogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Todd C Sutherland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T3G 1M1, Canada.
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7
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Vázquez-Villar V, Tolosa J, García-Martínez JC. AIE-dots of amphiphilic oligostyrylbenzenes: Encapsulation and release monitored via FRET. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Cunha C, Pinto A, Galvão A, Rodríguez L, Seixas de Melo JS. Aggregation-Induced Emission with Alkynylcoumarin Dinuclear Gold(I) Complexes: Photophysical, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6964-6976. [PMID: 35475605 PMCID: PMC9775461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has gained a remarkable amount of interest in the past 20 years, but the majority of the studies are based on organic structures. Herein, three dinuclear gold(I) complexes, with the general formula [PPh2XPPh2-Au2-Coum2], where the Au(I) atom is linked to three different diphosphanes [PPh2XPPh2; DPPM for X = CH2 (1.1), DPPP for X = (CH2)3 (1.2), and DPPA for X = C≡C (1.3)] and the propynyloxycoumarin precursor (1, 4-methyl-substituted coumarin), have been synthesized. The compounds present AIE characteristics, AIEgens, with high luminescence quantum yields in the solid state when they are compared to dilute solutions. Photophysical studies (steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence) were obtained, with AIE being observed with the three gold(I) complexes in acetonitrile/water mixtures. This was further corroborated with dynamic light scattering measurements. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) electronic calculations show that the compounds have different syn and anti conformations (relative to the coumarin core) with 1.1 syn and 1.2 and 1.3 both anti. From time-resolved fluorescence experiments, the augment in the contribution of the longer decay component is found to be associated with the emission of the aggregate (AIE effect) and its nature (involving a dimer) rationalized from TDDFT electronic calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cunha
- CQC-IMS,
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Inorgànica, Universitat
de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Adelino Galvão
- Centro
de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Universidade de
Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049 001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció
de Química Inorgànica, Universitat
de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1−11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain,Institut
de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain,
| | - J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- CQC-IMS,
Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal,
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9
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New fluorescent phenothiazine carboxylates for fluorescent nanomaterials. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Probing the solvent-tunable aggregation aptitude of neutral naphthyl bis-urea series and their interactions with nitro-aromatics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Rodrigues ACB, Seixas de Melo JS. Aggregation-Induced Emission: From Small Molecules to Polymers-Historical Background, Mechanisms and Photophysics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:15. [PMID: 33725207 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of photoluminescence through formation of molecular aggregates in organic oligomers and conjugated organic polymers is reviewed. A historical contextualization of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomena is presented. This includes the loose bolt or free rotor effect and J-aggregation phenomena, and discusses their characteristic features, including structures and mechanisms. The basis of both effects is examined in key molecules, with a particular emphasis on the AIE effect occurring in conjugated organic polymers with a polythiophene (PT) skeleton with triphenylethylene (TPE) units. Rigidification of the excited state structure is one of the defining conditions required to obtain AIE, and thus, by changing from a flexible ground state to rigid (quinoidal-like) structures, oligo and PTs are among the most promising emerging molecules alongside with the more extensively used TPE derivatives. Molecular structures moving away from the domination of aggregation-caused quenching to AIE are presented. Future perspectives for the rational design of AIEgen structures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Al-Busaidi IJ, Haque A, A. Al-Balushi R, Rather JA, Munam A, Ilmi R, Raithby PR, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Xie Z, Chen S, Islam SM, Wong WY, Skelton JM, Khan MS. Synthesis, characterization, and optoelectronic properties of phenothiazine-based organic co-poly-ynes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of seven new organic co-poly-ynes P1–P7 incorporating phenothiazine (PTZ) motif and evaluate their optoelectronic properties and performance in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) and polymer solar cells (PSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Juma Al-Busaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ashanul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 81451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayya A. Al-Balushi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Applied Sciences and Health Sciences, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jahangir Ahmad Rather
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdul Munam
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rashid Ilmi
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paul R. Raithby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Youming Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Shahidul M. Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan M. Skelton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 36, Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman
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