1
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Construction of fracturing fluid with excellent proppant transport capacity using low molecular weight hydrophobic association polymer and surfactant. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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2
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Li D, Wang X, Wang R, Han Z, Chen Y, Xie G. Investigation of Poly(MM-EM-BM) as Nanosealing Materials in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids: Synthesis and Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9291-9297. [PMID: 36936280 PMCID: PMC10018717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanosealing technology has become the key to overcoming the wellbore instability problem in deep and ultradeep shale formations. In this Article, the terpolymer poly(MM-EM-BM) was synthesized from methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate by a Michael addition reaction. The poly(MM-EM-BM) nanoparticles were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser scattering analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results imply that the particle size range of poly(MM-EM-BM) is between 33.90 and 135.62 nm and the average diameter is about 85.95 nm at room temperature, which can maintain excellent stability at 382.75 °C. The effects of poly(MM-EM-BM) on the properties of oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs) were ascertained through experiments on the rheological performance, electrical stability, and high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) filtration loss. The results suggested that when the amount of added poly(MM-EM-BM) increases, the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, dynamic shear force, and demulsification voltage of the drilling fluids will increase correspondingly; in contrast, the HTHP filtration loss gradually decreased. When poly(MM-EM-BM) is added at 0.75%, the kinetic-to-plastic ratio of the drilling fluids is 0.24 and the filtration loss is 0.6 mL, showing excellent overall performance. The drilling fluids have a good rock-carrying ability and water loss wall-building property. The sealing performance and mechanism of poly(MM-EM-BM) were researched by the method of a sealing performance test under high temperature. The results indicated that the more poly(MM-EM-BM) used, the higher the sealing efficiency of the mud cake and the core as the sealing medium. When poly(MM-EM-BM) was added at 0.75%, the sealing rates of the mud cake and the core as the sealing medium reached the maximum sealing rates of 40.30% and 91.48%, respectively. When poly(MM-EM-BM) enters the core nanopore joint for a certain distance under formation pressure, a tight sealing layer will be formed to effectively prevent the entry of filtrate. Poly(MM-EM-BM) as a potential oil-based nanosealing agent is expected to solve the problem caused by wellbore instability in shale horizontal wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xianguang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruolan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixuan Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
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3
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Xu T, Mao J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lin C, Zhang Q, Lu Q. Effect of the number of hydroxyl groups of CO2-triggered surfactants on capability and performance in CO2-stimulated response. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Gyani Devi Y, Koya Pulikkal A, Gurung J. Research Progress on the Synthesis of Different Types of Gemini Surfactants with a Functionalized Hydrophobic Moiety and Spacer. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumnam Gyani Devi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Chaltlang Aizawl 796012 India
| | - Ajmal Koya Pulikkal
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Chaltlang Aizawl 796012 India
| | - Jackson Gurung
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Chaltlang Aizawl 796012 India
- Department of Chemistry North Bengal St. Xavier's College, Rajganj 735134 West-Bengal India
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5
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Deng Y, Sun J, Wang R, Yang J, Qu Y, Wang J, Huang H, Cheng R, Gao S, Ren H. Preparation of a salt‐responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant for application to solids‐free drilling fluids. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Ren Wang
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanzhi Qu
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Gas Storage Company of Liaohe Oilfield Company Panjin Liaoning China
| | - Hongjun Huang
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Rongchao Cheng
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Shifeng Gao
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
| | - Han Ren
- Drilling Fluid Research Institute, CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited Beijing China
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6
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Li D, Wang X, Chen Y, Han Z, Xie G. Synthesis of the Oil-Based Nanoblocker Poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) and the Study of the Blocking Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40799-40806. [PMID: 36406505 PMCID: PMC9670718 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Well wall instability is one of the problems that seriously affect the efficiency of oil and gas drilling and extraction, and the economic losses caused by accidents due to well wall instability amount to billions of dollars every year. Aiming at the fact that well wall stabilization is the current technical difficulty of drilling shale gas horizontal wells with oil-based drilling fluids, the oil-based nanoplugging agent poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction with compounds such as styrene, methyl methacrylate, and butyl methacrylate as raw materials. The structure and characteristics of the oil-based nanoblocker poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and thermal weight loss analysis. The particle size distribution of poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) is 80.56-206.61 nm, with an average particle size of 137.10 nm, and it can resist the high temperature of 372 °C. The effects of poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) on the performance parameters of oil-based drilling fluids were investigated by rheological experiments, electrical stability tests, and HTHP filtration loss experiments. The results show that when poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) is added at 0.5 wt %, it has less influence on the rheological parameters of drilling fluids, the breaking emulsion pressure remains basically unchanged, the stability of the drilling fluid is better, the dynamic-plastic ratio of the drilling fluid is higher than 0.27, the filtration loss is the lowest, and it shows good rock-carrying properties. The results of mud cake experiments and artificial lithology experiments show that poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) has the best sealing effect, with a mud cake permeability of 1.12 × 10-4 mD and a sealing rate of 30.00% when added at 0.5 wt %; the artificial core permeability was 4.0 × 10-4 mD, and the sealing rate was 91.23%. Poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) showed good sealing performance. The oil-based nanoplugging agent poly(MMA-BMA-BA-St) has good dispersion in oil-based drilling fluids and can enter the nanopore joints to form a dense plugging layer under the action of formation pressure to prevent the intrusion of drilling fluids, thus reducing the impact of drilling fluids on the formation, maintaining the stability of the well wall and reducing downhole complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing102206, China
| | - Xianguang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing102206, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixuan Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective
Development, Sinopec Research Institute
of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing102206, China
| | - Gang Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, Sichuan, China
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7
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Liu F, Gao C, Zhang C, Gang H, Mu B, Yang S. A new zwitterionic surfactant with high interfacial activity and high salt tolerance derived from methyl oleate through an eco‐friendly aryl‐introducing method. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang‐Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Cheng‐Long Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Cui‐Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Ze Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, MOE East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Bo‐Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, MOE East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Shi‐Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Engineering Research Center of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, MOE East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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8
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Liu P, Dai C, Gao M, Wang X, Liu S, Jin X, Li T, Zhao M. Development of the Gemini Gel-Forming Surfactant with Ultra-High Temperature Resistance to 200 °C. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100600. [PMID: 36286101 PMCID: PMC9601397 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to broaden the application of clean fracturing fluid in ultra-high temperature reservoirs, a surfactant gel for high-temperature-resistant clean fracturing fluid was developed with a gemini cationic surfactant as the main agent in this work. As the fracturing fluid, the rheological property, temperature resistance, gel-breaking property, filtration property, shear recovery performance and core damage property of surfactant gel were systematically studied and evaluated. Results showed the viscosity of the system remained at 25.2 mPa·s for 60 min under a shear rate of 170 s−1 at 200 °C. The observed core permeability damage rate was only 6.23%, indicating low formation damage after fracturing. Due to micelle self-assembly properties in surfactant gel, the fluid has remarkable shear self-repairability. The filtration and core damage experimental results meet the national industry standard for fracturing fluids. The gel system had simple formulation and excellent properties, which was expected to enrich the application of clean fracturing fluid in ultra-high temperature reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Caili Dai
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (M.Z.)
| | - Mingwei Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shichun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Teng Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (M.Z.)
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9
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Tan X, Chen J, Fang B, Liu B, Gao H, Li K, Yu L, Xu K, Lu Y, Qiu X. Rheology on high temperature resistant novel trimeric cationic viscoelastic surfactant with KCl. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2065296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Lab of Chemical Engineering Rheology, Research Center of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Fracturing and Acidizing Technology Centre, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development - Langfang Branch, Langfang, China
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10
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Shibaev AV, Osiptsov AA, Philippova OE. Novel Trends in the Development of Surfactant-Based Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids: A Review. Gels 2021; 7:258. [PMID: 34940318 PMCID: PMC8701209 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic surfactants (VES) are amphiphilic molecules which self-assemble into long polymer-like aggregates-wormlike micelles. Such micellar chains form an entangled network, imparting high viscosity and viscoelasticity to aqueous solutions. VES are currently attracting great attention as the main components of clean hydraulic fracturing fluids used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Fracturing fluids consist of proppant particles suspended in a viscoelastic medium. They are pumped into a wellbore under high pressure to create fractures, through which the oil can flow into the well. Polymer gels have been used most often for fracturing operations; however, VES solutions are advantageous as they usually require no breakers other than reservoir hydrocarbons to be cleaned from the well. Many attempts have recently been made to improve the viscoelastic properties, temperature, and salt resistance of VES fluids to make them a cost-effective alternative to polymer gels. This review aims at describing the novel concepts and advancements in the fundamental science of VES-based fracturing fluids reported in the last few years, which have not yet been widely industrially implemented, but are significant for prospective future applications. Recent achievements, reviewed in this paper, include the use of oligomeric surfactants, surfactant mixtures, hybrid nanoparticle/VES, or polymer/VES fluids. The advantages and limitations of the different VES fluids are discussed. The fundamental reasons for the different ways of improvement of VES performance for fracturing are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrei A. Osiptsov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), 121205 Moscow, Russia;
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Zhang Y, Mao J, Zhao J, Liao Z, Xu T, Mao J, Sun H, Zheng L, Ni Y. Synergy between different sulfobetaine-type zwitterionic Gemini surfactants: Surface tension and rheological properties. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Huang F, Pu C, Lu L, Pei Z, Gu X, Lin S, Wu F, Liu J. Gemini Surfactant with Unsaturated Long Tails for Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fracturing Fluid Used in Tight Reservoirs. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1593-1602. [PMID: 33490819 PMCID: PMC7818589 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high dosage of surfactant terribly restrains the extensive application of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid. In this study, a novel gemini surfactant (GLO) with long hydrophobic tails and double bonds was prepared and a VES fracturing fluid with a low concentration of GLO was developed. Because of the long tails bending near the double bonds, there is a significant improvement of the surfactant aggregate architecture, which realized the favorable viscosity of the VES fluid at a more economical concentration than the conventional VES fracturing fluids. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (1H NMR, 13C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were employed to study the formation of the product and the structure of GLO. The designed GLO was produced according to the results of the structure characterizations. The formula of the VES fracturing fluid was optimized to be 2.0 wt % GLO + 0.4 wt % sodium salicylate (NaSal) + 1.0 wt % KCl based on the measurements of the viscosity. The viscosity of the VES fluid decreased from 405.5 to 98.7 mPa·s as the temperature increased from 18 to 80 °C and reached equilibrium at about 70.2 mPa·s. The VES fluid showed a typical elastic pseudoplastic fluid with a yield stress of 0.5 Pa in the rheological tests. It realized a proppant setting velocity as low as 0.08 g/min in the dynamic proppant transport test carried by GLO-based VES fracturing fluid. Compared to the formation water, the filtrate of the VES fracturing fluid decreased the water contact angle (CA) from 56.2 to 45.4° and decreased the water/oil interfacial tension (IFT) from 19.5 to 1.6 mN/m. Finally, the VES fracturing fluid induced a low permeability loss rate of 10.4% and a low conductivity loss rate of 5.4% for the oil phase in the experiments of formation damage evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Chunsheng Pu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Leichao Lu
- PetroChina
Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China
| | - Ze Pei
- PetroChina
Changqing Oilfield ChangBei Operating Company, Yulin, Shaanxi 710016, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou
University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Shujun Lin
- Drilling
and Production Equipment Research Institute, Lanzhou LS Petroleum Equipment Engineering Co., Ltd., Lanzhou, Gansu 730300, China
| | - Feipeng Wu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University
of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266555, China
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