Synthesis, characterization, kinetics and modeling studies of new generation pollutant ketoprofen removal in water using copper nanoparticles

Metallic nanoparticles unveiled: Synthesis, characterization, and their environmental, medicinal, and agricultural applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted great interest among scientists and researchers for years due to their unique optical, physiochemical, biological, and magnetic properties. As a result, MNPs have been widely utilized across a variety of scientific fields, including biomedicine, agriculture, electronics, food, cosmetics, and the environment. In this regard, the current review article offers a comprehensive overview of recent studies on the synthesis of MNPs (metal and metal oxide nanoparticles), outlining the benefits and drawbacks of chemical, physical, and biological methods. However, the biological synthesis of MNPs is of great importance considering the biocompatibility and biological activity of certain MNPs. A variety of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and others, have been discussed in depth to gain deeper insights into the unique structural and spectroscopic properties of MNPs. Furthermore, their unique properties and applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and the environment are summarized and deeply discussed. Finally, the main challenges and limitations of MNPs synthesis and applications, as well as their future prospects have also been discussed.

A facile colorimetric sensor for ketoprofen detection in milk: Integrating molecularly imprinted polymers with Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanozymes

A facile and efficient detection method is required to address the potential health risks of ketoprofen (KP) in animal-derived foods. Herein, we integrated molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with Cu-doped Fe3O4 nanozymes (Fe3O4-Cu) to develop a selective colorimetric sensor for KP detection. Chitosan and glutaraldehyde were used as functional monomers and cross-linkers to fabricate proposed the MIPs@Fe3O4-Cu. On KP addition, it was specifically captured by the imprinted cavities, thereby blocking the channels between chromogenic substrates and Fe3O4-Cu. Based on this rationale, a selective colorimetric sensor utilizing MIPs@Fe3O4-Cu was established, exhibiting a linear range of 0.25-100 μM and a detection limit of 0.073 μM. The developed method was validated through its application in milk samples, yielding satisfactory recoveries with low relative standard deviations. This efficient and selective colorimetric sensor holds immense significance for KP detection in complex samples.

Removal of food dyes using biological materials via adsorption: A review

It is alarming that synthetic food dyes (FD) are widely used in various industries and that these facilities discharge their wastewater into the environment without treating it. FDs mixed into industrial wastewater pose a threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, removing FDs from wastewater is very important. This review explores the burgeoning field of FD removal from wastewater through adsorption using biological materials (BMs). By synthesizing a wealth of research findings, this comprehensive review elucidates the diverse array of BMs employed, ranging from algae and fungi to agricultural residues and microbial biomass. Furthermore, this review investigates challenges in practical applications, such as process optimization and scalability, offering insights into bridging the gap between laboratory successes and real-world implementations. Harnessing the remarkable adsorptive potential of BMs, this review presents a roadmap toward transformative solutions for FD removal, promising cleaner and safer production practices in the food and beverage industry.

The efficiency of Raphia hookeri adsorbent in indigo carmine dye removal: Economy depth via chemometrics

The remediation of dye pollutants remains a concern in contemporary water management practices. Hence, the need for efficient and cost-effective techniques for dye removal from wastewater. In this study, the epicarp of Raphia hookeri fruits was treated with orthophosphoric acid for enhanced porosity and efficiency in the uptake of Indigo carmine dye (ICD). Treated Raphia hookeri fruit waste (RHPW) presented morphologically distributed pores as well as high porosity with Branneur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 945.43 m2/g. RHPW displayed functional groups suitable for adsorption. The maximum ICD uptake was observed at pH 5 while the maximum uptake (qmax) was 20.41 mg/g in the concentration range of 2-10 mg/L. Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetics well-described equilibrium and kinetics data respectively. This indicated a multilayered adsorption. The Dubinin-Radushkecich model energy value was 40.82 kJ/mol, indicating chemical adsorption. The ridge regression, the Lasso and the Elastic net statistical models were used to establish a positive relationship between the various adsorption operational parameters studied. Lasso provided the best result based on the estimated mean squared error. The RHPW-ICD adsorption system was more favorable at room temperature, as the removal efficiency decreased with temperature rise. The findings established Raphia hookeri fruit epicarp as an economical and sustainable precursor for the preparation of potent adsorbent for Indigo carmine dye removal. This can find possible application in wastewater treatment.

Ketoprofen and aspirin removal by laccase immobilized on date stones

In recent years, enzymatic remediation/biocatalysis has gained prominence for the bioremediation of recalcitrant chemicals. Laccase is one of the commonly investigated enzymes for bioremediation applications. There is a growing interest in immobilizing this enzyme onto adsorbents for achieving high pollutant removal through simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation. Due to the influence of the biomolecule-support interface on laccase activity and stability, it is crucial to functionalize the solid carrier prior to immobilization. Date stone (PDS), as an eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective natural adsorbent, was utilized as a carrier for laccase (fungus Trametes versicolor). After activating PDS through chemical treatments, the surface area increased by thirty-six-fold, and carbonyl groups became more prominent. Batch experiments were carried out for ketoprofen and aspirin biodegradation in aqueous solutions. After six cycles, the laccase maintained 54% of its original activity confirmed by oxidation tests of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). In addition, the storage, pH, and thermal stability of immobilized laccase on functionalized date stone (LFPDS) were found to be superior to that of free laccase, demonstrating its potential for ongoing applications. In the aqueous batch mode, this immobilized laccase system was used to degrade 25 mg L-1 of ketoprofen and aspirin, resulting in almost complete removal within 4 h of treatment. This study reveals that agricultural wastes such as date stone can successfully be valorized through simple activation techniques, and the final product can be used as an adsorbent and substrate for immobilization enzyme. The high efficiency of the LFPDS in removing ketoprofen and aspirin highlights the potential of this technology for removing pharmaceuticals and merits its continued development.

Effective removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug from wastewater by adsorption process using acid-treated Fagopyrum esculentum husk

In this work, buckwheat husks (Fagopyrum esculentum) were modified by acid treatment and posteriorly employed to remove the ketoprofen in batch adsorption. The characterization results indicated that a more irregular surface with new empty spaces was generated after acid treatment. The adsorptive process was favored at acidic pH = 3. The dosage of 0.85 g L^-1 was fixed for the kinetic and isothermal tests, obtaining good removal and capacity indications. The kinetic studies were better represented by pseudo-second-order, obtaining an experimental capacity of 74.3 mg g^-1 for 200 mg L^-1 of ketoprofen. An increase in temperature negatively affected the adsorption isotherm curves, resulting in a maximum capacity of 194.1 mg g^-1. Thermodynamic results confirmed the exothermic nature of the process with physical forces acting. The adsorbent presented high efficiency in treating a synthetic effluent containing different drugs and salts, 71.2%. Therefore, adsorbent development from buckwheat husks treated with a strong acid is an excellent alternative, given the good removal results and the low cost for its preparation.

Structural Adaptive, Self-Separating Material for Removing Ibuprofen from Waters and Sewage

β-Cyclodextrin nanosponge (β-CD-M) was used for the adsorption of ibuprofen (IBU) from water and sewage. The obtained material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), Harkins and Jura t-Plot, zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and elementary analysis (EA). Batch adsorption experiments were employed to investigate the effects of the adsorbent dose, initial IBU concentration, contact time, electrolyte ions and humic acids, and sewage over adsorption efficiency. The experimental isotherms were show off using Langmuir, Freundlich, Hill, Halsey and Sips isotherm models and thermodynamic analysis. The fits of the results were estimated according to the Sips isotherm, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 86.21 mg g-1. The experimental kinetics were studied by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, modified Freundlich, Weber Morris, Bangham's pore diffusion, and liquid film diffusion models. The performed experiments revealed that the adsorption process fits perfectly to the pseudo-second-order model. The Elovich and Freundlich models indicate chemisorption, and the kinetic adsorption model itself is complex. The data obtained throughout the study prove that this nanosponge (NS) is extremely stable, self-separating, and adjusting to the guest structure. It also represents a potential biodegradable adsorbent for the removal IBU from wastewaters.

Biosorption of ketoprofen and diclofenac by living cells of the green microalgae Chlorella sp

There is a growing interest for the removal of different pharmaceuticals from water owing to their toxicity to various organisms. The present study investigated the use of living cells of the green alga Chlorella sp. in the short-term adsorption of ketoprofen (KET) and diclofenac (DIF) from aqueous solutions. The bioremoval efficiency of both KET and DIF was highly dependent on various parameters such as time, pH, algal dosage, and drug concentration. The adsorption efficiencies of both KET and DIC were maximized at pH 6. The biosorption of KET was better described by pseudo-first-order kinetics, while DIC obeyed the pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacities of KET and DIF were attained as 0.328 and 0.429 mg g^-1, respectively. The equilibrium data of the investigated drugs showed a better fit to the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model. The Elovich and Temkin models indicated that the algal surface was heterogeneous with different binding energies, while the intraparticle diffusion model assumed a boundary layer effect. Additionally, the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm indicated that the adsorption process was predominantly physisorption. FT-IR analysis revealed that H-bonding and n-π interactions were prominent in the biosorption process of the investigated pharmaceuticals on the surface of microalgae. The results of the present study showed that microalgae living cells could be applied as an eco-friendly and cost-effective biosorbent for the removal of KET and DIF at low concentrations.