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Adewunmi A, Hussain SMS, Patil S, Kamal MS. Influence of Varying Oil-Water Contents on the Formation of Crude Oil Emulsion and Its Demulsification by a Lab-Grown Nonionic Demulsifier. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19620-19626. [PMID: 38708275 PMCID: PMC11064053 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This study describes how varying oil/water contents affect emulsion formation and the impact they have on emulsion droplet size, viscosity, and interfacial behavior. Crude oil (continuous phase) volume fractions of 40, 50, 60, and 70 vol % were probed in the various W/O emulsions formed. Experimental results from optical morphology revealed the emulsion droplets kept reducing as the crude oil fraction kept increasing, while the droplets were nearly unnoticeable in the emulsions derived from 60 and 70% crude oil. The viscosity-shear rate of emulsions produced from 40, 50, and 60 vol % crude oil exhibited a non-Newtonian behavior owing to the substantial volume of water content in their emulsions, whereas the viscosity-shear rate of the emulsion with 70 vol % crude oil exhibited a Newtonian behavior similar to the pure crude oil, suggesting a thorough blending of oil-water at this crude oil fraction. Besides, the viscosity-temperature measurements revealed that the viscosity of these emulsions diminished as the temperature increased and the viscosity reduction became more noticeable in an emulsion comprising 70 vol % crude oil. In the interfacial assessment, the increased crude oil content in the produced emulsion led to a sharp reduction in the interfacial tension (IFT). The IFT values after 500 s contacts between the emulsion and water (surrounding phase) were 11.86, 10.02, 8.08, and 6.99 mN/m for 40, 50, 60, and 70 vol % crude oil, respectively. Demulsification experiments showed that water removal becomes more challenging with a large volume of crude oil and a small water content. Demulsification performances of the lab-grown nonionic demulsifier (NID) after 10 h of demulsification activity at room temperature (25 °C) were 98, 90, 17.5, and 10% for the emulsions formed from 40, 50, 60, and 70 vol % crude oil, respectively, indicating that the demulsification degree decreases with an increasing crude oil content. Viscosity-time determination was applied to affirm the activity of NID on the emulsion formulated with a 50% crude oil fraction. The injection of NID in this emulsion triggered a sharp viscosity reduction, indicating the adsorption of NID at the oil-water interface and disruption of emulsifiers, enabling emulsion stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad
A. Adewunmi
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering
and Geosciences, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Muhammad Shakil Hussain
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering
and Geosciences, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shirish Patil
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Kamal
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering
and Geosciences, King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Li Q, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3813-3931. [PMID: 38512224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso length-scales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macro-scale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods. Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially cross-linking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuli-responsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printing. The largest components of these applications are energy related and include developments for supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. We conclude with our vision of how PIL development will evolve over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, New York 14610-2246, United States
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
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Zhao Z, Li H, Gao X. Microwave Encounters Ionic Liquid: Synergistic Mechanism, Synthesis and Emerging Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2651-2698. [PMID: 38157216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Progress in microwave (MW) energy application technology has stimulated remarkable advances in manufacturing and high-quality applications of ionic liquids (ILs) that are generally used as novel media in chemical engineering. This Review focuses on an emerging technology via the combination of MW energy and the usage of ILs, termed microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MAIL) technology. In comparison to conventional routes that rely on heat transfer through media, the contactless and unique MW heating exploits the electromagnetic wave-ions interactions to deliver energy to IL molecules, accelerating the process of material synthesis, catalytic reactions, and so on. In addition to the inherent advantages of ILs, including outstanding solubility, and well-tuned thermophysical properties, MAIL technology has exhibited great potential in process intensification to meet the requirement of efficient, economic chemical production. Here we start with an introduction to principles of MW heating, highlighting fundamental mechanisms of MW induced process intensification based on ILs. Next, the synergies of MW energy and ILs employed in materials synthesis, as well as their merits, are documented. The emerging applications of MAIL technologies are summarized in the next sections, involving tumor therapy, organic catalysis, separations, and bioconversions. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities of this emerging technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Distillation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Qu Q, Li H, Li S, Hu Z, Zhu M, Chen J, Sun X, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Mi Y, Yu W. Synthesis and demulsification mechanism of an ionic liquid with four hydrophobic branches and four ionic centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139802. [PMID: 37598952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Stable emulsions can have numerous negative impacts on both the oil industry and the environment. This study focuses on the synthesis of two ionic liquids (via. PPBD and PPBH) with four hydrophobic branches and four ionic centers that can effectively treat oil-water emulsions at a low temperature of 40 °C. Their chemical structure was explored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectra (1H NMR). The effect of temperature, PPBD and PPBH concentration, oil-water ratio, salinity and pH value on the demulsification efficiency (DE) of W/O emulsion was studied detailly and several commercial demulsifiers were also used for comparison. Results revealed that by adding 250 mg/L of PPBH in an E30 emulsion and leaving it for 120 min at 40 °C, the DE could reach 96.34%. Meanwhile, in an E30 emulsion (oil-water mass ratio of 3:7) with 250 mg/L of PPBD, the DE of 95.23% could be obtained at 40 °C for 360 min. Especially, the DE of PPBH could reach 100% in an E70 emulsion (oil-water mass ratio of 7:3) at the same conditions. Additionally, the demulsifier (PPBH) exhibited excellent salt resistance and outperformed some commonly used commercial demulsifiers. Several methods were utilized to investigate the potential demulsification mechanism, including measuring interfacial tension (IFT), three-phase contact angle (CA), droplet contact time, zeta potential, and observing samples under optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Shuman Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Zhijie Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil & Gas Fields, Research Institute of Exploration and Development of PetroChina Changqing Oil Field Company, Xi'an, 710001, PR China
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Junhong Chen
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Xuebiao Sun
- The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Yan'an, 717500, PR China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China
| | - Yuanzhu Mi
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China.
| | - Weichu Yu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, PR China.
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5
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Feng X, Liu H, Liu H, Jiang X, Shen L, Tang Y, Qu Q, Xiang D, Yan X, Mi Y. Synthesis of an ionic liquid demulsifier with double hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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6
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Demulsification of asphaltene stabilized crude oil emulsions by biodegradable ethylcellulose polymers with varying viscosities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1090. [PMID: 36658191 PMCID: PMC9852234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient demulsifiers for fast demulsification of asphaltene stabilized crude oil emulsions are currently in high demand. In this work, we evaluated the demulsification potential of ethyl cellulose (EC) demulsifiers with varying viscosities-4 cp, 22 cp, and 100 cp, designated as EC-4, EC-22, and EC-100. Demulsifcation efficiency (DE) of these demulsifiers to remove water from emulsions produced from distilled water, seawater, and different salts (NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) solution were assessed using the bottle test technique at ambient and elevated temperatures (25 °C and 90 °C). The bottle test outcomes showed that EC-4 and EC-22 had better performance at the ambient conditions to demulsify the emulsions formed from distilled water with %DE of 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively, while EC-100 achieved 3.9% water removal owing to its high viscosity which inhibited its adsorption at the oil-water interface. At demulsification temperature (90 °C) under the emulsions from distilled water, the %DE of EC-4, EC-22, and EC-100 was 99.23%, 58.57%, and 42.85%, respectively. Seawater hastened the demulsification activities of these demulsifiers. Also, these demulsifiers demonstrated excellent demulsification in emulsions from various salts. The demulsification performance of the EC-4 demulsifier in the presence of any of these salts was approximately 98% while MgCl2 and CaCl2 accelerated the water/oil separation performance of EC-22 and EC-100 by promoting their diffusion and adsorption at the interface. Viscosity and shear stress measurements corroborated the results obtained from the bottle tests. Injection of EC demulsifiers led to a reduction in the viscosity and shear stress of the formed emulsion. Reduction in the shear stress and viscosity were highest in EC-4 and lowest in EC-100. Optical microscopic images of emulsion injected with EC-4 demulsifier were analyzed at various periods during viscosity measurements. Based on the optical images obtained at different durations, a demulsification mechanism describing the activity of the EC demulsifier was proposed.
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Ye F, Shen L, Liu S, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Feng X, Tang Y, Xiang D, Mi Y, Yan X. Demulsification of amphiphilic gemini ionic liquids and its demulsification mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136650. [PMID: 36181854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to prepare two new amphiphilic and interfacial active gemini ionic liquids to treat crude oil and investigates its demulsification mechanism. Tetraethylene glycol was pretreated with thionyl chloride and used as a linker to connect succinimide or phthalimide, and then reacted with dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid to obtain the corresponding amphiphilic and interfacial active gemini ionic liquid STA or PTA, respectively. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the chemical structures. The demulsification tests showed the demulsification efficiency with 150 mg/L of STA or PTA at 60 °C for 30 min was 99.89% and 99.79%, respectively. Furthermore, the demulsification mechanism of STA and PTA were studied and the prominent demulsification ability of STA and PTA were attributed to the better interfacial activity and amphipathy which could destroy the asphaltenes interfacial film. These results showed that STA and PTA had excellent demulsification efficiency, which promised application in petroleum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Liwei Shen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Shi Liu
- Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co. Ltd., China National Petroleum Corporation, Chengdu, 610051, PR China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- The Shale Oil Development Department of Longdong Area, The 3rd Oil Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Qingyang, 750000, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Xuening Feng
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China
| | - Yuanzhu Mi
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China.
| | - Xuemin Yan
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 430023, China.
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Arif R, Nadeem M, Rizvi MMA, Shaheen A. Synthesis, Self‐Aggregation, Interfacial Behavior and Interaction Studies of Non‐ Cytotoxic Caffeinium‐Based Surface Active Ionic Liquids with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arif
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Masood Nadeem
- Department of Biosciences, Genome Biology Lab Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India
| | - M. Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Genome Biology Lab Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Arifa Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
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New Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids for the Demulsification of Water-in-Heavy Crude Oil Emulsion. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103238. [PMID: 35630715 PMCID: PMC9143342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to use abietic acid (AA), as a widely available natural product, as a precursor for the synthesis of two new amphiphilic ionic liquids (AILs) and apply them as effective demulsifiers for water-in-crude oil (W/O) emulsions. AA was esterified using tetraethylene glycol (TEG) in the presence of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst obtaining the corresponding ester (AATG). AATG was reacted with 1-vinylimidazole (VIM) throughout the Diels–Alder reaction, forming the corresponding adduct (ATI). Following this, ATI was quaternized using alkyl iodides, ethyl iodide (EI), and hexyl iodide (HI) to obtain the corresponding AILs, ATEI-IL, and ATHI-IL, respectively. The chemical structure, surface activity, thermal stability, and relative solubility number (RSN) were investigated using different techniques. The efficiency of ATEI-IL and ATHI-IL to demulsify W/O emulsions in different crude oil: brine volumetric ratios were evaluated. ATEI-IL and ATHI-IL achieved promising results as demulsifiers. Their demulsification efficiency increased as the brine ratios decreased where their efficiency reached 100% at the crude oil: brine ratio (90:10), even at low concentrations.
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Ma J, Yao M, Yang Y, Zhang X. Comprehensive review on stability and demulsification of unconventional heavy oil-water emulsions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Zhao Y, Zhen Y. Looking for life activity in ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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In-situ preparation and properties of copper nanoparticles/poly(ionic liquid) composites by click chemistry within surfactant-free ionic liquid microemulsions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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