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Roman R, Pintilie L, Căproiu MT, Dumitrașcu F, Nuță DC, Zarafu I, Ioniță P, Chifiriuc MC, Chiriță C, Moroșan A, Popa M, Bleotu C, Limban C. New N-acyl Thiourea Derivatives: Synthesis, Standardized Quantification Method and In Vitro Evaluation of Potential Biological Activities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050807. [PMID: 37237710 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
New N-acyl thiourea derivatives with heterocyclic rings have been synthesized by first obtaining isothiocyanate, which further reacted with a heterocyclic amine, characterized by (FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy and FT-ICR) and tested for their in vitro antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities to obtain a drug candidate in a lead-optimization process. From the tested compounds, those bearing benzothiazole (1b) and 6-methylpyridine (1d) moieties revealed anti-biofilm activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 at MBIC values of 625 µg/mL. Compound 1d exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity (~43%) in the in vitro assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Considering the in vitro results, the highest anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities were obtained for compound 1d. Therefore, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been optimized and validated for the quantitative determination of compound 1d. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.0174 μg/mL and 0.0521 μg/mL, respectively. The R2 correlation coefficient of the LOQ and linearity curves were greater than 0.99, over the concentration range of 0.05 μg/mL-40 μg/mL. The precision and accuracy of the analytical method were within 98-102%, confirming that the method is suitable for the quantitative determination of compound 1d in routine quality control analyses. Evaluating the results, the promising potential of the new N-acyl thiourea derivatives bearing 6-methylpyridine moiety will be further investigated for developing agents with anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 112 Vitan Av., 031299 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miron Teodor Căproiu
- "C. D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, 202B Splaiul Independenței, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florea Dumitrașcu
- "C. D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, 202B Splaiul Independenței, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Camelia Nuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Zarafu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petre Ioniță
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology & Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornel Chiriță
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Moroșan
- Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenitescu", Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marcela Popa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology & Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology & Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Celular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave., 030304 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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Arshad N, Parveen U, Channar PA, Saeed A, Saeed WS, Perveen F, Javed A, Ismail H, Mir MI, Ahmed A, Azad B, Khan I. Investigation of Newly Synthesized Bis-Acyl-Thiourea Derivatives of 4-Nitrobenzene-1,2-Diamine for Their DNA Binding, Urease Inhibition, and Anti-Brain-Tumor Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062707. [PMID: 36985680 PMCID: PMC10051851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bis-acyl-thiourea derivatives, namely N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanediyl)) bis(carbonothioyl))bis(2,4-dichlorobenzamide) (UP-1), N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene) bis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))diheptanamide (UP-2), and N,N’-(((4-nitro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))dibutannamide (UP-3), were synthesized in two steps. The structural characterization of the derivatives was carried out by FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and then their DNA binding, anti-urease, and anticancer activities were explored. Both theoretical and experimental results, as obtained by density functional theory, molecular docking, UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence (Flu-)spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and viscometry, pointed towards compounds’ interactions with DNA. However, the values of binding constant (Kb), binding site size (n), and negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) (as evaluated by docking, UV-vis, Flu-, and CV) indicated that all the derivatives exhibited binding interactions with the DNA in the order UP-3 > UP-2 > UP-1. The experimental findings from spectral and electrochemical analysis complemented each other and supported the theoretical analysis. The lower diffusion coefficient (Do) values, as obtained from CV responses of each compound after DNA addition at various scan rates, further confirmed the formation of a bulky compound–DNA complex that caused slow diffusion. The mixed binding mode of interaction as seen in docking was further verified by changes in DNA viscosity with varying compound concentrations. All compounds showed strong anti-urease activity, whereas UP-1 was found to have comparatively better inhibitory efficiency, with an IC50 value of 1.55 ± 0.0288 µM. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the synthesized derivatives against glioblastoma MG-U87 cells (a human brain cancer cell line) followed by HEK-293 cells (a normal human embryonic kidney cell line) indicated that UP-1 and UP-3 have greater cytotoxicity against both cancerous and healthy cell lines at 400 µM. However, dose-dependent responses of UP-2 showed cytotoxicity against cancerous cells, while it showed no cytotoxicity on the healthy cell line at a low concentration range of 40–120 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasima Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Uzma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Waseem Sharaf Saeed
- Restorative Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.P.); (B.A.)
| | - Aneela Javed
- Healthcare Biotechnology Atta-ur-Rehman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hammad Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ismail Mir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (U.P.); (M.I.M.)
| | - Atteeque Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Basit Azad
- School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.P.); (B.A.)
| | - Ishaq Khan
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Joe H. Reynolds Medical Build, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Oswin HP, Haddrell AE, Hughes C, Otero-Fernandez M, Thomas RJ, Reid JP. Oxidative Stress Contributes to Bacterial Airborne Loss of Viability. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0334722. [PMID: 36912675 PMCID: PMC10101003 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03347-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While the airborne decay of bacterial viability has been observed for decades, an understanding of the mechanisms driving the decay has remained elusive. The airborne transport of bacteria is often a key step in their life cycle and as such, characterizing the mechanisms driving the airborne decay of bacteria is an essential step toward a more complete understanding of microbial ecology. Using the Controlled Electrodynamic Levitation and Extraction of Bioaerosols onto a Substrate (CELEBS), it was possible to systematically evaluate the impact of different physicochemical and environmental parameters on the survival of Escherichia coli in airborne droplets of Luria Bertani broth. Rather than osmotic stress driving the viability loss, as was initially considered, oxidative stress was found to play a key role. As the droplets evaporate and equilibrate with the surrounding environment, the surface-to-volume ratio increases, which in turn increased the formation of reactive oxygen species in the droplet. These reactive oxygen species appear to play a key role in driving the airborne loss of viability of E. coli. IMPORTANCE The airborne transport of bacteria has a wide range of impacts, from disease transmission to cloud formation. By understanding the factors that influence the airborne stability of bacteria, we can better understand these processes. However, while we have known for several decades that airborne bacteria undergo a gradual loss of viability, we have not previously identified the mechanisms driving this process. In this work, we discovered that oxygen surrounding an airborne droplet facilitates the formation of reactive oxygen species within the droplet, which then gradually damage and kill bacteria within the droplet. This discovery indicates that adaptations to help bacteria deal with oxidative stress may also aid their airborne survival and be essential adaptations for bacterial airborne pathogens. Understanding the adaptations bacteria need to survive in airborne droplets could eventually lead to the development of novel antimicrobials designed to inhibit their airborne survival, helping to prevent the transmission of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry P. Oswin
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Allen E. Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Otero-Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Thomas
- Defence Science Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Ngueumaleu Y, Deutchoua ADD, Hanga SSP, Liendji RW, Dedzo GK, Ngameni E. Probing the reactivity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with metal cations and acids in acetonitrile by electrochemistry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5282-5290. [PMID: 36723192 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05296b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is certainly one of the most widely used free radicals in several applications, because of its high stability. Unfortunately, there are few works dealing with its stability in the presence of many chemical species that coexist during chemical processes. In this work, the stability of DPPH was investigated by electrochemistry and UV-Vis spectroscopy in the presence of some metal cations (Cu2+ and Zn2+) and acids (HClO4 and HNO3) in acetonitrile. In the presence of Cu2+, DPPH was oxidized to DPPH+ with the formation of an equivalent amount of Cu+. With Zn2+, DPPH undergoes a slow disproportionation with the formation of Zn(DPPH)+ and DPPH+, certainly favored by the acidity of the metal cation. This hypothesis was subsequently confirmed by studying the stability of DPPH in the presence of HClO4. This acid of appreciable strength in acetonitrile (pKa = 1.83) causes a fast disproportionation of DPPH with the formation of DPPH-H and DPPH+. This mechanism was confirmed both by UV-Vis spectroscopy and by electrochemistry, with a stoichiometry corresponding to 2 equivalents of DPPH for about 1 equivalent of HClO4. In the presence of nitric acid, which is about 107 weaker than HClO4 in acetonitrile, the disproportionation was much slower. These preliminary results are proof that many chemical species are likely to react with DPPH and indirectly induce sources of bias during its application, especially when evaluating antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Ngueumaleu
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B. P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Arlette Danelle Djitieu Deutchoua
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B. P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Department of Transformation and Quality Control of Fisheries Products, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences at Yabassi, University of Douala, B. P. 7236 Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Rossel Wendji Liendji
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B. P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Gustave Kenne Dedzo
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B. P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Emmanuel Ngameni
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, B. P. 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.
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Chen B, Su J, Hu Y, Liu S, Ouyang X, Cai R, You X, Li X. Antioxidant mechanisms and products of four 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonoids with different structural types. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:173-182. [PMID: 36760741 PMCID: PMC9890593 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
4',5,7-OHs are common substituents of natural flavonoids, a type of effective phenolic antioxidant. However, the antioxidant processes between 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonoids with different structural types have not been compared systematically, and the antioxidant products are challenging to determine. This study compared four 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonoids, including apigenin, genistein, kaempferol, and naringenin. In quantum chemical analyses, the four 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonoids showed different thermodynamic properties, and the C4'-OH (or C3-OH of kaempferol) possessed the strongest activity. Moreover, the reaction rate constants were larger when a hydrogen atom was transferred from C4'-OH (or C3-OH of kaempferol) than from C5-OH. When different atoms were linked to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH˙), the C3'-DPPH adducts showed the smallest energy. In experimental assays, the scavenging ability for neutral free radicals, radical cations, and radical anions was negatively correlated with the corresponding theoretical parameters. Finally, mass spectroscopy detected the apigenin-DPPH˙, genistein-DPPH˙, and naringenin-DPPH˙ adduct peaks. In conclusion, the structural type of 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavonoids can affect the antioxidant ability, site, and speed, but not the mechanism. After hydrogen abstraction at C4'-OH, 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavones, 4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavones, and 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanones will produce antioxidant products via C3'-radical linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
| | - Yuchen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510000 China
| | | | - Rongxin Cai
- Guangdong Food Industry Institute Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510000 China
| | - Xiangyu You
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430000 China
| | - Xican Li
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou 510000 China
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El-Mokadem TH, Hashem A, Abd el-Sattar NE, A DE, Abdelshafi N. Green synthesis, electrochemical, DFT studies and MD simulation of novel synthesized thiourea derivatives on carbon steel corrosion inhibition in 1.0 M HCl. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Synthesis and study of the biological activity of thiourea-containing amiridine derivatives as potential multi-target drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Ngaini Z, Abd Halim AN, Rasin F, Wan Zullkiplee WSH. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of mono- and bis-thiourea derivatives featuring halogenated azo dyes with antimicrobial properties. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2046577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Ngaini
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Ferlicia Rasin
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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9
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Makhaeva GF, Kovaleva NV, Boltneva NP, Rudakova EV, Lushchekina SV, Astakhova TY, Serkov IV, Proshin AN, Radchenko EV, Palyulin VA, Korabecny J, Soukup O, Bachurin SO, Richardson RJ. Bis-Amiridines as Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: N-Functionalization Determines the Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity Profile. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031060. [PMID: 35164325 PMCID: PMC8839189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using two ways of functionalizing amiridine—acylation with chloroacetic acid chloride and reaction with thiophosgene—we have synthesized new homobivalent bis-amiridines joined by two different spacers—bis-N-acyl-alkylene (3) and bis-N-thiourea-alkylene (5) —as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). All compounds exhibited high inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with selectivity for BChE. These new agents displayed negligible carboxylesterase inhibition, suggesting a probable lack of untoward drug–drug interactions arising from hydrolytic biotransformation. Compounds 3 with bis-N-acyl-alkylene spacers were more potent inhibitors of both cholinesterases compared to compounds 5 and the parent amiridine. The lead compounds 3a–c exhibited an IC50(AChE) = 2.9–1.4 µM, IC50(BChE) = 0.13–0.067 µM, and 14–18% propidium displacement at 20 μM. Kinetic studies of compounds 3a and 5d indicated mixed-type reversible inhibition. Molecular docking revealed favorable poses in both catalytic and peripheral AChE sites. Propidium displacement from the peripheral site by the hybrids suggests their potential to hinder AChE-assisted Aβ42 aggregation. Conjugates 3 had no effect on Aβ42 self-aggregation, whereas compounds 5c–e (m = 4, 5, 6) showed mild (13–17%) inhibition. The greatest difference between conjugates 3 and 5 was their antioxidant activity. Bis-amiridines 3 with N-acylalkylene spacers were nearly inactive in ABTS and FRAP tests, whereas compounds 5 with thiourea in the spacers demonstrated high antioxidant activity, especially in the ABTS test (TEAC = 1.2–2.1), in agreement with their significantly lower HOMO-LUMO gap values. Calculated ADMET parameters for all conjugates predicted favorable blood–brain barrier permeability and intestinal absorption, as well as a low propensity for cardiac toxicity. Thus, it was possible to obtain amiridine derivatives whose potencies against AChE and BChE equaled (5) or exceeded (3) that of the parent compound, amiridine. Overall, based on their expanded and balanced pharmacological profiles, conjugates 5c–e appear promising for future optimization and development as multitarget anti-AD agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Elena V. Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Yu. Astakhova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Alexey N. Proshin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Eugene V. Radchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir A. Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.R.); (V.A.P.)
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Sergey O. Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (G.F.M.); (N.V.K.); (N.P.B.); (E.V.R.); (S.V.L.); (I.V.S.); (A.N.P.); (S.O.B.)
| | - Rudy J. Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-936-0769
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