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Li SC, Xu H, Wang PF, Wang LM, Du YR, Guan YB, Han ZX, Zhang QB. The mechanism of interaction between tri-para-cresyl phosphate and human serum protein: A multispectroscopic and in-silico study. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 400:111144. [PMID: 39002877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) pose the significant risks to the environment and human health and have become a serious public health issue. Tricresyl phosphates (TCPs), a group of aryl OPFRs, exhibit neurotoxicity and endocrine disrupting toxicity. However, the binding mechanisms between TCPs and human serum albumin (HSA) remain unknown. In this study, through fluorescence and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD), tri-para-cresyl phosphate (TpCP) was selected to explore potential interactions between HSA and TCPs. The results of the fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of HSA and a blue shift were observed with the increasing concentrations of TpCP. The binding constant (Ka) was 2.575 × 104 L/mol, 4.701 × 104 L/mol, 5.684 × 104 L/mol and 9.482 × 104 L/mol at 293 K, 298 K, 303 K, and 310 K, respectively. The fluorescence process between HSA and TpCP involved a mix of static and dynamic quenching mechanism. The gibbs free energy (ΔG0) of HSA-TpCP system was -24.452 kJ/mol, -25.907 kJ/mol, -27.363 kJ/mol, and - 29.401 kJ/mol at 293 K, 298 K, 303 K, and 310 K, respectively, suggesting that the HSA-TpCP reaction was spontaneous. The enthalpy change (ΔH0) and thermodynamic entropy change (ΔS0) of the HSA-TpCP system were 60.83 kJ/mol and 291.08 J/(mol·>k), respectively, indicating that hydrophobic force was the major driving force in the HSA-TpCP complex. Furthermore, multispectral analysis also revealed that TpCP could alter the microenvironment of tryptophan residue and the secondary structure of HSA and bind with the active site I of HSA. Molecular docking and MD simulations confirmed that TpCP could spontaneously form a stable complex with HSA, which was consistent with the fluorescence experimental results. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of underlying the transportation and distribution of OPFRs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chun Li
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Han Xu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Li-Mei Wang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; People's Hospital of Chongqing Hechuan, Chongqing, 401519, China
| | - Yue-Rou Du
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yong-Bin Guan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhi-Xia Han
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Qing-Bi Zhang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Cai R, Luo J, Chen C, Ding P, Wang X, Yang K, Zhu X, Guo Y, Chi B, Tuo X. Conformational alterations and functional changes of pepsin induced by a novel food supplement tetrahydrocurcumin: Multispectral techniques and computer simulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135178. [PMID: 39214215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), as a novel food supplement, has generated significant interests for its potential impact on health and nutrition. Pepsin serves as the primary enzyme involved in the digestive mechanism. This research investigated the conformational and functional alterations of pepsin induced by THC using multispectral techniques and computer simulations. The results showed that THC enters the cavity of pepsin, in which hydrophobic forces play a major role. The binding constant is 1.044 × 104 M-1 at 310 K. The upregulation or downregulation effect of THC on pepsin activity depends on its concentration. Molecular docking outcomes indicated that THC was encapsulated by various amino acids and established H-bonds with Tyr189 and Ser294, revealing that hydrogen bonds also contribute to maintaining the stability of THC-pepsin complex. In addition, the altered activity of pepsin may be related to the interaction between THC and the amino acids at the active site (Asp32) according to energy contribution results. 3D fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectra and molecular dynamic simulations show that THC causes conformational changes in pepsin. The existence of THC makes pepsin structure to be less dense, leading to the decrease of energy traps. This suggests that pepsin becomes conformationally more suitable to bind to THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kaiyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiner Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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Fan S, Lu Z, Yan Z, Hu L. Interactions of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts with bovine serum albumin (BSA): Spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133370. [PMID: 38917913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the interaction of three berberine mid-chain fatty acid salts ([BBR][FAs]), viz. berberine caproate ([BBR][CAP]), berberine heptylate ([BBR][HEP]) and berberine octoate ([BBR][OCT]), with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by means of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and molecular docking techniques. Fluorescence experiments revealed that three berberine salts quench the fluorescence of BSA by static quenching mechanism resulted from a stable [BBR][FAs]-BSA complex formation. The stoichiometric numbers of [BBR][FAs]-BSA complexes were found to be 1:1. Synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra as well as FT-IR demonstrated that the binding of [BBR][FAs] altered the microenvironment and conformation of BSA. The binding average distance from [BBR][FAs] to BSA (3.2-3.5 nm) was determined according to Förster energy transfer theory. Site probe investigation showed that [BBR][FAs] bound to BSA active site I (sub-domain IIA). The binding promotes the esterase-like activity of BSA. The molecular docking results confirmed the fluorescence competition findings and provided the type of binding forces. Furthermore, the relationship between the anionic chain length of [BBR][FAs] and the interaction was explored, and the positive correlation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiao Fan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Zechuan Lu
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Zhejiang 315000, PR China
| | - Zhenning Yan
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Liuyang Hu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
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Asgharzadeh S, Shareghi B, Farhadian S. Structural alterations and inhibition of lysozyme activity upon binding interaction with rotenone: Insights from spectroscopic investigations and molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127831. [PMID: 37935297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive employment of pesticides such as rotenone on a global scale represents a substantial hazard to human health through direct exposure. Therefore, exploring the interactions between such compounds and body macromolecules such as proteins is crucial in comprehending the underlying mechanisms of their detrimental effects. The present study aims to delve into the molecular interaction between rotenone and lysozyme by employing spectroscopic techniques along with Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in mimicked physiological conditions. The binding interaction resulted in a fluorescence quenching characterized by both dynamic and static mechanisms, with static quenching playing a prominent role in governing this phenomenon. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic interactions primarily governed the spontaneous bonding process. FT-IR and circular dichroism findings revealed structural alternations of lysozyme upon complexation with rotenone. Also, complexation with rotenone declined the biological activity of lysozyme, thus rotenone could be considered an enzyme inhibitor. Further, the binding interaction substantially decreased the thermal stability of lysozyme. Molecular docking studies showed the binding location and the key residues interacting with rotenone. The findings of the spectroscopic investigations were confirmed and accurately supported by MD simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Asgharzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box 115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box 115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box 115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Ma X, Kuang L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Chen C, Ding P, Chi B, Xu J, Tuo X. Investigation on the interaction of aromatic organophosphate flame retardants with human serum albumin via computer simulations, multispectroscopic techniques and cytotoxicity assay. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125741. [PMID: 37423437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are newly emerging estrogenic environmental pollutants, which attracted widespread public interest owing to their potential threats to human. Here, the interaction between two typical aromatic OPFRs, TPHP/EHDPP and HSA was researched by different experiments. Experimental results indicated that TPHP/EHDPP can insert the site I of HSA and be encircled by several amino acid residues, Asp451, Glu292, Lys195, Trp214 and Arg218 played vital roles in this binding process. At 298 K, the Ka value of TPHP-HSA complex was 5.098 × 104 M-1, and the Ka value of EHDPP-HSA was 1.912 × 104 M-1. Except H-bonds and van der Waals forces, the π-electrons on the phenyl ring of aromatic-based OPFRs played a pivotal role in maintaining the stability of the complexes. The content alterations of HSA were observed in the present of TPHP/EHDPP. The IC50 values of TPHP and EHDPP were 157.9 μM and 31.14 μM to GC-2spd cells, respectively. And the existence of HSA has a regulatory effect on the reproductive toxicity of TPHP/EHDPP. In addition, the results of present work implied Ka values of OPFRs and HSA are possible to be a useful parameter for evaluating their relative toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junying Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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Duan X, Wang D, Liu Y, Wang L, Wang X, Liu B. The influence of several nutritional supplements on the rational use of cabozantinib. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:28-38. [PMID: 36327139 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To promote the rational use of cabozantinib (CBZ), this paper studied the influence of several nutritional supplements on the interaction between CBZ and bovine serum albumin (BSA), an appropriate alternative model for human serum albumin (HSA) that is one of the important transporter proteins in plasma, by fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that CBZ could quench the fluorescence of BSA via a dynamic-static quenching process, and the six nutritional supplements did not change the quenching mode of BSA by CBZ. However, all of them could reduce the binding constant of the CBZ-BSA system at 293 K and increase the polarity around tryptophan residues. Among them, nicotinamide and vitamin B12 (VB12 ) had a greater effect on the binding constants of the CBZ-BSA system. In the meantime, the thermodynamic parameters of the CBZ-BSA system were examined, indicating that the interaction of CBZ with BSA was spontaneous and dominated by hydrophobic forces. Further research discovered that the combining of CBZ with BSA was primarily located within Site I of BSA, and the binding distance r was 2.48 nm. Consequently, while taking CBZ, patients should use VB12 and nicotinamide carefully, which may interfere with the transport of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongjing Wang
- Beijing Liling Hengtai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Alanazi AM, Bakheit AH, Attwa MW, Abdelhameed AS. Spectroscopic, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies of binding between the new anticancer agent olmutinib and human serum albumin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14236-14246. [PMID: 34766879 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA), which is the key bio-distributor of exogenous and endogenous compounds in the human bloodstream, and HM61713 (Olmutinib; OMB), which is used as an anticancer drug, is examined by multiple spectroscopic techniques (steady-state fluorescence, UV spectrophotometry, synchronous, and 3 D fluorescence) combined with molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation investigations. The fluorescence results clearly demonstrated quenching in HSA fluorescence in the existence of OMB indicating the formation of complex and have also shown that the interaction is static. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to obtain the binding constant values that revealed a strong interaction between the HSA and OMB at 298 K with a binding constant of 7.39x104 M-1 suggesting strong interaction. OMB binds to HSA at site I (IIA). Electrostatic forces and H-bonding were the main binding forces of main bonding between HSA and OMB as revealed by docking and thermodynamic results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Saber Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lei Y, Zhang Z, Ma X, Cai R, Dai L, Guo Y, Tuo X. Deciphering the interaction of perampanel and calf thymus DNA: A multi-spectroscopic and computer modelling study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhou B, Zhou L, Zhou H, Chen F, Yang S, Chen C, Tuo X. Alterations in the conformation and function of human serum albumin induced by the binding of methyl hydrogen phthalate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121335. [PMID: 35526438 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizer components in production. Methyl hydrogen phthalate (MHP) is a metabolite of dimethyl phthalate (DMP, a kind of PAEs), and its toxic residues accumulate in the nature and can enter the human body. Here, the interaction between MHP and human serum albumin (HSA) was probed by using multi-spectral, computer simulations, and biochemical techniques. The results showed that MHP was spontaneously embedded in site I of HSA to form a complex by H-bonds and van der Waals forces (ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0). The binding constant (Ka) of the HSA-MHP system was 1.136 ± 0.026 × 104 M-1 (298 K). The combination of MHP produced conformational variations of HSA, as shown by the 3D fluorescence spectrum, CD spectra, and molecular dynamics simulation. Additionally, molecular docking indicated that MHP was surrounded by multiple residues, such as Lys199, Leu203, Phe206, and Trp214. Specifically, Lys199 and Trp214 exerted a crucial effect on the interaction of HSA and MHP. The residues with important energy contribution were mostly located in site I. The ASA values of the aromatic amino acids of HSA changed after combining with MHP. The Rg and SASA values of HSA increased after adding MHP, suggesting that the structure of HSA was less compact. Moreover, the esterase-like activity of HSA increased after adding MHP to HSA, indicating that MHP may disturb the normal physiological activities in the human body. This study was helpful to understand the biological function of MHP and provided some insights for its side effect in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bijia Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Like Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fengping Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuling Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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Inhibition mechanism of baicalein against alcohol dehydrogenase in vitro via biological techniques, spectroscopy and computer simulation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhou L, Zhou H, Xiao H, Zhang Z, Xiong Z, Tuo X, Guo H. Elucidation on inhibition and binding mechanism of bovine liver catalase by nifedipine: multi-spectroscopic analysis and computer simulation methods. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1547-1556. [PMID: 35816002 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nifedipine (NDP), a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. Catalase is a key antioxidant enzyme that is closely relevant to the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. Here, the research explored the effects of NDP on the conformation and catalytic function of bovine liver catalase (BLC) through enzymatic reaction kinetic techniques, multi-spectroscopic analysis and computer simulation method. Kinetic studies clarified that the NDP debased the activity of BLC by non-competitive inhibition mechanism. Based on the data of trials, it was a static quenching mechanism that functioned in the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of BLC. The binding constant value was (4.486 ± 0.008) × 104 M-1 (298 K) and BLC had one binding site for NDP. Tyr was prone to be exposed more to a hydrophilic environment in wake of a shift in fluorescence value. The binding reaction of BLC to NDP caused the conformational alteration of BLC, which in turn led to increase of the α-helix and decline of β-sheet contents. Furthermore, several amino acids residues interacted with NDP by means of van der Waals forces, whereas Gln397, Asn368, Gln371, Asn384 and Pro377 formed several Hydrogen Bonds with NDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huilong Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ziyun Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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