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Zhuo Y, Cheng HL, Zhao YG, Cui HR. Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:151. [PMID: 38276519 PMCID: PMC10818567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs), such as structural tunability, good solubility, chemical/thermal stability, favorable biocompatibility, and simplicity of preparation, have led to a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. ILs can not only speed up the chemical reaction process, improve the yield, and reduce environmental pollution but also improve many problems in the field of medicine, such as the poor drug solubility, product crystal instability, poor biological activity, and low drug delivery efficiency. This paper presents a systematic and concise analysis of the recent advancements and further applications of ILs in the pharmaceutical field from the aspects of drug synthesis, drug analysis, drug solubilization, and drug crystal engineering. Additionally, it explores the biomedical field, covering aspects such as drug carriers, stabilization of proteins, antimicrobials, and bioactive ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China;
| | - He-Li Cheng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Hai-Rong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
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Sharma S, Tomar VR, Deep S. Myricetin: A Potent Anti-Amyloidogenic Polyphenol against Superoxide Dismutase 1 Aggregation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37314311 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is believed to be caused by the aggregation of misfolded or mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). As there is currently no treatment, research into aggregation inhibitors continues. Based on docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and experimental observations, we propose that myricetin, a plant flavonoid, can act as a potent anti-amyloidogenic polyphenol against SOD1 aggregation. Our MD simulation results showed that myricetin stabilizes the protein interface, destabilizes the preformed fibril, and decreases the rate of fibril elongation. Myricetin inhibits the aggregation of SOD1 in a dose-dependent manner as shown by the ThT aggregation kinetics curves. Our transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and circular dichroism experiments indicate that fewer shorter fibrils have formed. Fluorescence spectroscopy results predict the involvement of a static quenching mechanism characterized by a strong binding between protein and myricetin. Importantly, size exclusion chromatography revealed the potential of myricetin for fibril destabilization and depolymerization. These experimental observations complement the MD results. Thus, myricetin is a potent SOD1 aggregation inhibitor that can reduce the fibril load. Using the structure of myricetin as a reference, it is possible to design more effective therapeutic inhibitors against ALS that prevent the disease and reverse its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi 10016, India
| | - Vijay Raj Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi 10016, India
| | - Shashank Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Delhi 10016, India
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Mavadat E, Seyedalipour B, Hosseinkhani S, Colagar AH. Role of charged residues of the "electrostatic loop" of hSOD1 in promotion of aggregation: Implications for the mechanism of ALS-associated mutations under amyloidogenic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125289. [PMID: 37307969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and amyloid formation are hallmarks of numerous diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which hSOD1 aggregation is involved in pathogenesis. We used two point mutations in the electrostatic loop, G138E and T137R, to analyze charge distribution under destabilizing circumstances to gain more about how ALS-linked mutations affect SOD1 protein stability or net repulsive charge. We show that protein charge is important in the ALS disease process using bioinformatics and experiments. The MD simulation findings demonstrate that the mutant protein differs significantly from WT SOD1, which is consistent with the experimental evidence. The specific activity of the wild type was 1.61 and 1.48 times higher than that of the G138E and T137R mutants, respectively. Under amyloid induction conditions, the intensity of intrinsic and ANS fluorescence in both mutants reduced. Increasing the content of β-sheet structures in mutants can be attributed to aggregation propensity, which was confirmed using CD polarimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Our findings show that two ALS-related mutations promote the formation of amyloid-like aggregates at near physiological pH under destabilizing conditions, which were detected using spectroscopic probes such as Congo red and ThT fluorescence, and also further confirmation of amyloid-like species by TEM. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting the notion that negative charge changes combined with other destabilizing factors play an important role in increasing protein aggregation by reducing repulsive negative charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mavadat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Bagher Seyedalipour
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Sharma S, Tomar VR, Jayaraj A, Deep S. A computational strategy for therapeutic development against superoxide dismutase (SOD1) amyloid formation: effect of polyphenols on the various events in the aggregation pathway. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6232-6246. [PMID: 36756854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pathology of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) aggregation is linked to a neurodegenerative disease known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Without suitable post-translational modifications (PTMs), the protein structure tends to become aggregation-prone. Understanding the role of PTMs and targeting the aggregation-prone SOD1 with small molecules can be used to design a strategy to inhibit its aggregation. Microsecond long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by free energy surface (FES) analyses show that the loss of structure in the apo monomer happens locally and stepwise. Removing the disulfide bond from apoprotein leads to further instability in the zinc-binding loop, giving rise to non-native protein conformations. Further, it was found that these non-native conformations have a higher propensity to form a non-native dimer. We chose three structurally similar polyphenols based on their binding energies and investigated their impact on SOD1 aggregation kinetics. MD simulations of apo-SOD1SH/corkscrew fibril-polyphenol complexes were also carried out. The effect of polyphenols was seen on fibril elongation as well. Based on the experiments and MD simulation results, it can be inferred that the choice of inhibitors is influenced not only by the binding energy but also by dimer interface stabilization, the proclivity to form non-native dimers, the propensity to break fibrils, and the propensity to decrease the rate of elongation. The polyphenols with 3' and 4' hydroxyl groups are better inhibitors of SOD1 aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016.
| | - Vijay Raj Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016.
| | - Abhilash Jayaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016.
| | - Shashank Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016.
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Pillai VS, Kumari P, Kolagatla S, Garcia Sakai V, Rudić S, Rodriguez BJ, Rubini M, Tych KM, Benedetto A. Controlling Amyloid Fibril Properties Via Ionic Liquids: The Representative Case of Ethylammonium Nitrate and Tetramethylguanidinium Acetate on the Amyloidogenesis of Lysozyme. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7058-7064. [PMID: 35900133 PMCID: PMC9358703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils has been observed in several pathological conditions and exploited in nanotechnology. It is also key in several biochemical processes. In this work, we show that ionic liquids (ILs), a vast class of organic electrolytes, can finely tune amyloid properties, opening a new landscape in basic science and applications. The representative case of ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and tetramethyl-guanidinium acetate (TMGA) ILs on lysozyme is considered. First, atomic force microscopy has shown that the addition of EAN and TMGA leads to thicker and thinner amyloid fibrils of greater and lower electric potential, respectively, with diameters finely tunable by IL concentration. Optical tweezers and neutron scattering have shed light on their mechanism of action. TMGA interacts with the protein hydration layer only, making the relaxation dynamics of these water molecules faster. EAN interacts directly with the protein instead, making it mechanically unstable and slowing down its relaxation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visakh
V. S. Pillai
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Pallavi Kumari
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Srikanth Kolagatla
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Victoria Garcia Sakai
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Svemir Rudić
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Brian J. Rodriguez
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Marina Rubini
- School
of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna M. Tych
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Benedetto
- School
of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Conway
Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
- Department
of Science, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory
for Neutron Scattering, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Himani, Pratap Singh Raman A, Babu Singh M, Jain P, Chaudhary P, Bahadur I, Lal K, Kumar V, Singh P. An Update on Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Toxicity of the ILs. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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