1
|
Meda R, Jain S, Singh S, Ramakanth D, Bhardwaj S, Teramoto Y, Mondal P, Maji PK. Investigating the Reactive Reinforcement Ability of Maleic Anhydride-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals via In-Situ Emulsion Polymerization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33386-33396. [PMID: 39130565 PMCID: PMC11307290 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
CNC-based nanocomposites have gained substantial interest because of their enhanced thermomechanical properties for high-end engineering applications. The chemical modification of CNCs expands their applicability, making them suitable for use in hydrophobic polymer matrices. The current study investigates the reactive reinforcing ability of maleic anhydride-modified cellulose nanocrystals during the in situ polymerization of a vinyl monomer, i.e., styrene. Highly crystalline nanocellulose (CNCBG) was isolated from Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle gourd) peels via Hydrochloric acid, which was further modified to synthesize maleic anhydride-modified cellulose nanocrystals (MACNCBG) and characterized employing various techniques. MACNCBG exhibited higher suspension stability than CNCBG due to the introduction of carboxyl groups. Furthermore, polystyrene-based nanocomposites of 3 and 5 wt % filler loading were prepared, respectively. While PSMACNCBG (5 wt %) displayed a premature failure, PSMACNCBG (3 wt %) demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties compared to PSCNCBG (3 wt %) and PS. At the same filler loading, MACNCBG demonstrated a more remarkable reinforcing ability than CNCBG, owing to its reactive tendency. The appearance of a new peak between 3000-2800 cm-1 corresponds to the C-H stretching of the formed C-C bond (between C=C of MACNCBG and benzal carbon of PS) in the FTIR spectra, confirming the reactive nature of MACNCBG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radheesh
Sharma Meda
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Somya Jain
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Shiva Singh
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Dakuri Ramakanth
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Division
of Forest & Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pradip K. Maji
- Department
of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Choudhary N, Patgiri R, Teramoto Y, Maji PK. Stimuli-Responsive Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystals Based Self-Assemblies for Security Measures to Prevent Counterfeiting: A Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39102587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c08290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of misleading information and counterfeit products in conjunction with technical progress presents substantial worldwide issues. To address the issue of counterfeiting, many tactics, such as the use of luminous anticounterfeiting systems, have been investigated. Nevertheless, traditional fluorescent compounds have a restricted effectiveness. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), known for their renewable nature and outstanding qualities, present an excellent opportunity to develop intelligent, optically active materials formed due to their self-assembly behavior and stimuli response. CNCs and their derivatives-based self-assemblies allow for the creation of adaptable luminous materials that may be used to prevent counterfeiting. These materials integrate the photophysical characteristics of optically active components due to their stimuli-responsive behavior, enabling their use in fibers, labels, films, hydrogels, and inks. Despite substantial attention, existing materials frequently fall short of practical criteria due to limited knowledge and poor performance comparisons. This review aims to provide information on the latest developments in anticounterfeit materials based on stimuli-responsive CNCs and derivatives. It also includes the scope of artificial intelligence (AI) in the near future. It will emphasize the potential uses of these materials and encourage future investigation in this rapidly growing area of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Nitesh Choudhary
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Rohan Patgiri
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Division of Forest & Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 240071, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mahur BK, Ahuja A, Singh S, Maji PK, Rastogi VK. Different nanocellulose morphologies (cellulose nanofibers, nanocrystals and nanospheres) extracted from Sunn hemp (Crotalaria Juncea). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126657. [PMID: 37660858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose of different morphologies was extracted from Sunn Hemp (Crotalaria Juncea) using acid hydrolysis. The work focused on two objectives: first, to valorize the Sunn Hemp fibers for nanocellulose (NC) production, and second, to study the effects of acid concentration on different morphologies of NC and their properties. The study extracted nanocellulose at five different concentrations of H2SO4: 16 %, 32 %, 48 %, 64 %, and 72 %. Obtained nanocellulose was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). AFM and FE-SEM confirmed the production of three different morphologies of nanocellulose. The NC-32 had a web-like structure typically observed for cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), whereas NC-48 and NC-64 were observed as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with rod-like and needle-like shapes, respectively, and NC-72 displayed spherical particles termed cellulose nanospheres (CNS). The total crystallinity index of NC was calculated using FTIR, and a similar trend of crystallinity was also observed from XRD analysis. NC-32 was obtained with the highest yield of 94.83 %, followed by 91.40 % and 81.70 % for NC-48 and NC-64, respectively, whereas NC-72 yielded the lowest yield of 12.03 %. NC-72 had the highest thermal stability among other NC morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender Kumar Mahur
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Arihant Ahuja
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, 247001, UP, India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, 247001, UP, India
| | - Vibhore Kumar Rastogi
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Las-Casas B, Dias IKR, Yupanqui-Mendoza SL, Pereira B, Costa GR, Rojas OJ, Arantes V. The emergence of hybrid cellulose nanomaterials as promising biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126007. [PMID: 37524277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are promising green materials due to their unique properties as well as their environmental benefits. Among these materials, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanocrystals (CNCs) are the most extensively researched types of CNs. While they share some fundamental properties like low density, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, they also possess unique differentiating characteristics such as morphology, rheology, aspect ratio, crystallinity, mechanical and optical properties. Therefore, numerous comparative studies have been conducted, and recently, various studies have reported the synergetic advantages resulting from combining CNF and CNC. In this review, we initiate by addressing the terminology used to describe combinations of these and other types of CNs, proposing "hybrid cellulose nanomaterials" (HCNs) as the standardized classifictation for these materials. Subsequently, we briefly cover aspects of properties-driven applications and the performance of CNs, from both an individual and comparative perspective. Next, we comprehensively examine the potential of HCN-based materials, highlighting their performance for various applications. In conclusion, HCNs have demonstraded remarkable success in diverse areas, such as food packaging, electronic devices, 3D printing, biomedical and other fields, resulting in materials with superior performance when compared to neat CNF or CNC. Therefore, HCNs exhibit great potential for the development of environmentally friendly materials with enhanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Las-Casas
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabella K R Dias
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luis Yupanqui-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh S, Bhardwaj S, Meda RS, Verma C, Chhajed M, Ghosh K, Maji PK. Insights into thermal degradation kinetics and liquid crystalline behavior of cellulose nanocrystals from the waste of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124507. [PMID: 37100324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are essential for advancing nanotechnology and modern science. This work used the Cajanus cajan stem, an agricultural waste, as a lignocellulosic mass, which can serve as a supply of CNCs. After extraction from the Cajanus cajan stem, CNCs have been thoroughly characterized. FTIR (Infrared Spectroscopy) and ssNMR (solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) successfully validated eliminating additional components from the waste stem. The ssNMR and XRD (X-ray diffraction) were utilized to compare the crystallinity index. For structural analysis, the XRD of cellulose Iβ was simulated to compare with the extracted CNCs. Various mathematical models inferred thermal stability and its degradation kinetics to ensure its high-end applications. Surface analysis established the rod-like shape of the CNCs. Rheological measurements were performed to gauge the liquid crystalline properties of CNC. The anisotropic liquid crystalline CNCs' birefringence proves that the Cajanus cajan stem is a promising resource for making CNCs for cutting-edge applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Radheesh Sharma Meda
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
| |
Collapse
|