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Bhuyan S, Das D, Chakraborty A, Mandal S, Dhanabal K, Roy BG. A Carbohydrate-based Synthetic Approach to Diverse Structurally and Stereochemically Complex Chiral Polyheterocycles. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:4108-4121. [PMID: 34706155 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chiral polyheterocycles are one of the most frequently encountered scaffolds in natural products and in current drugs repertoire. A carbohydrate-based diversity oriented synthetic (DOS) approach has been employed for gaining access to many structurally diverse and stereochemically complex rigid polyheterocyclic molecules with multiple chiral hydroxyl groups to enhance aqueous solubility. Inexpensive chiral pool of D-Glucose has been judiciously exploited to get access of complex chiral polyheterocyclic structures using inexpensive, common achiral reagents and domino-Knoevenagel hetero-Diels-Alder (DKHDA) reaction as one of the key synthetic tools. Stereochemistry of newly generated stereocenters of polycyclic structures are unambiguously determined through NMR and X-ray crystallographic study. A chemoinformatic comparison (PCA and PMI) with 40 branded blockbuster drugs showed that newly generated polyheterocycles have good three-dimensional scaffold diversity and most of these pass the Lipinski filter of drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuzal Bhuyan
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Dharmendra Das
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- Department of Mathematics, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | - Susanta Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
| | | | - Biswajit Gopal Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
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Furiassi L, Tonogai EJ, Hergenrother PJ. Limonin as a Starting Point for the Construction of Compounds with High Scaffold Diversity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16119-16128. [PMID: 33973348 PMCID: PMC8260459 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Structurally complex natural products have been a fruitful source for the discovery and development of new drugs. In an effort to construct a compound collection populated by architecturally complex members with unique scaffolds, we have used the natural product limonin as a starting point. Limonin is an abundant triterpenoid natural product and, through alteration of its heptacyclic core ring system using short synthetic sequences, a collection of 98 compounds was created, including multiple members with novel ring systems. The reactions leveraged in the construction of these compounds include novel ring cleavage, rearrangements, and cyclizations, and this work is highlighted by the discovery of a novel B-ring cleavage reaction, a unique B/C-ring rearrangement, an atypical D-ring cyclization, among others. Computational analysis shows that 52 different scaffolds/ring systems were produced during the course of this work, of which 36 are unprecedented. Phenotypic screening and structure-activity relationships identified compounds with activity against a panel of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Furiassi
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Emily J Tonogai
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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3
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Furiassi L, Tonogai EJ, Hergenrother PJ. Limonin as a Starting Point for the Construction of Compounds with High Scaffold Diversity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Furiassi
- Department of Chemistry Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Emily J. Tonogai
- Department of Chemistry Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Cancer Center at Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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Paciaroni NG, Norwood VM, Ratnayake R, Luesch H, Huigens RW. Yohimbine as a Starting Point to Access Diverse Natural Product-Like Agents with Re-programmed Activities against Cancer-Relevant GPCR Targets. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115546. [PMID: 32616180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest protein superfamily in the human genome. GPCRs play key roles in mediating a wide variety of physiological events including proliferation and cancer metastasis. Given the major roles that GPCRs play in mediating cancer growth, they present promising targets for small molecule therapeutics. One of the principal goals of our lab is to identify complex natural products (NPs) suitable for ring distortion, or the dramatic altering of the inherently complex architectures of NPs, to rapidly generate an array of compounds with diverse molecular skeletal systems. The overarching goal of our ring distortion approach is to re-program the biological activity of select natural products and identify new compounds of importance to the treatment of disease, such as cancer. Described herein are the results from biological screens of diverse small molecules derived from the indole alkaloid yohimbine against a panel of GPCRs involved in various diseases. Several analogues displayed highly differential antagonistic activities across the GPCRs tested. We highlight the re-programmed profile of one analogue, Y7g, which exhibited selective antagonistic activities against AVPR2 (IC50 = 459 nM) and OXTR (IC50 = 1.16 µM). The activity profile of Y7g could correlate its HIF-dependent anti-cancer activity to its GPCR antagonism since these receptors are known to be upregulated in hypoxic cellular environments. Our findings demonstrate that the ring distortion of yohimbine can lead to the identification of new compounds capable of interacting with distinct cancer-relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Paciaroni
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
| | - Robert W Huigens
- University of Florida, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), College of Pharmacy, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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Mahalaxmi I, Santhy K. Role and hallmarks of Sp1 in promoting ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Portugal J. Challenging transcription by DNA-binding antitumor drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:336-345. [PMID: 30040927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has been associated with altered gene expression. Therefore, transcription and its regulation by transcription factors are considered key points to be explored in the pursuit of more efficient antitumor agents. This paper reviews the effects of DNA-binding drugs on the interaction between transcription factors and DNA, and it discusses recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which small compounds interfere with the activity of transcription factors and gene expression. Many DNA-binding drugs, some of them in clinical use, can compete with a variety of transcription factors for their preferred binding sites in gene promoters, or they can covalently modify DNA, thus preventing transcription factors from recognizing their binding sites. On the other hand, transcription factor activity can be impaired through modification of the protein factors or their complexes. Several "omic" tools have been developed to explore the genome-wide changes in gene expression induced by DNA-binding drugs, which reveal details of the mechanisms of action. Transcriptomic profiles obtained from drug-treated cells and of samples collected from patients upon treatment provide insights into the in vivo mechanisms of drug action related to the inhibition of gene transcription. The information available about the molecular structure and mechanisms of action of both transcription factors and DNA-binding drugs, together with the new opportunities provided by functional genomics, should encourage the development of new more-selective DNA-binding antitumor drugs to target a single gene with little effect on others.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Portugal
- Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, CSIC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have been used as traditional medicines since antiquity. With more than 1060 estimated compounds with molecular weights less than 500 Da representing chemical space, NPs occupy a very small percentage; however, they are significantly overrepresented in biologically relevant chemical space. The classical approach concentrates on identifying one or more NPs with biological activity from a source organism. There is much more to be learned from NPs than we can discover this narrow view. In this review, we discuss ways to harness the global properties of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Boufridi
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; ,
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; ,
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Paciaroni NG, Ratnayake R, Matthews JH, Norwood VM, Arnold AC, Dang LH, Luesch H, Huigens RW. A Tryptoline Ring-Distortion Strategy Leads to Complex and Diverse Biologically Active Molecules from the Indole Alkaloid Yohimbine. Chemistry 2017; 23:4327-4335. [PMID: 27900785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is the primary driver to current drug-discovery efforts. New therapeutic agents that enter the market are a direct reflection of the structurally simple compounds that make up screening libraries. Unlike medically relevant natural products (e.g., morphine), small molecules currently being screened have a low fraction of sp3 character and few, if any, stereogenic centers. Although simple compounds have been useful in drugging certain biological targets (e.g., protein kinases), more sophisticated targets (e.g., transcription factors) have largely evaded the discovery of new clinical agents from screening collections. Herein, a tryptoline ring-distortion strategy is described that enables the rapid synthesis of 70 complex and diverse compounds from yohimbine (1); an indole alkaloid. The compounds that were synthesized had architecturally complex and unique scaffolds, unlike 1 and other scaffolds. These compounds were subjected to phenotypic screens and reporter gene assays, leading to the identification of new compounds that possessed various biological activities, including antiproliferative activities against cancer cells with functional hypoxia-inducible factors, nitric oxide inhibition, and inhibition and activation of the antioxidant response element. This tryptoline ring-distortion strategy can begin to address diversity problems in screening libraries, while occupying biologically relevant chemical space in areas critical to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Paciaroni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - James H Matthews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Austin C Arnold
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Long H Dang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Product Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Xu H, Liu L, Fan X, Zhang G, Li Y, Jiang B. Identification of a diverse synthetic abietane diterpenoid library for anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:505-510. [PMID: 28011223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A diverse natural-product-like synthetic abietane diterpenoid library contains about 56 compounds were obtained, and evaluated for their potential in vitro cytotoxic or antitumor activity against A549, PC-3 and SKOV-3 tumor cell lines by SRB assay. Treatment of A549 cells with the most potent compound ketone 19 showed induction of apoptosis, as revealed by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential staining, TUNNEL assay, western blotting analysis and flow cytometry assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lili Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, PR China.
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10
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Kim J, Jung J, Koo J, Cho W, Lee WS, Kim C, Park W, Park SB. Diversity-oriented synthetic strategy for developing a chemical modulator of protein-protein interaction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13196. [PMID: 27774980 PMCID: PMC5078997 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) can provide a collection of diverse and complex drug-like small molecules, which is critical in the development of new chemical probes for biological research of undruggable targets. However, the design and synthesis of small-molecule libraries with improved biological relevance as well as maximized molecular diversity represent a key challenge. Herein, we employ functional group-pairing strategy for the DOS of a chemical library containing privileged substructures, pyrimidodiazepine or pyrimidine moieties, as chemical navigators towards unexplored bioactive chemical space. To validate the utility of this DOS library, we identify a new small-molecule inhibitor of leucyl-tRNA synthetase-RagD protein-protein interaction, which regulates the amino acid-dependent activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling pathway. This work highlights that privileged substructure-based DOS strategy can be a powerful research tool for the construction of drug-like compounds to address challenging biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Kim
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jinjoo Jung
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Koo
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Wansang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Won Seok Lee
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Chanwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Park
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Genome-wide modulation of gene transcription in ovarian carcinoma cells by a new mithramycin analogue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104687. [PMID: 25110883 PMCID: PMC4128730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to some cytotoxic drugs, raising the interest in new DNA-binding agents such as mithramycin analogues as potential chemotherapeutic agents in gynecological cancer. Using a genome-wide approach, we have analyzed gene expression in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells treated with the novel mithramycin analogue DIG-MSK (demycarosyl-3D-β-D-digitoxosyl-mithramycin SK) that binds to C+G-rich DNA sequences. Nanomolar concentrations of DIG-MSK abrogated the expression of genes involved in a variety of cell processes including transcription regulation and tumor development, which resulted in cell death. Some of those genes have been associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Sp1 transcription factor regulated most of the genes that were down-regulated by the drug, as well as the up-regulation of other genes mainly involved in response to cell stress. The effect of DIG-MSK in the control of gene expression by other transcription factors was also explored. Some of them, such as CREB, E2F and EGR1, also recognize C/G-rich regions in gene promoters, which encompass potential DIG-MSK binding sites. DIG-MSK affected several biological processes and molecular functions related to transcription and its cellular regulation in A2780 cells, including transcription factor activity. This new compound might be a promising drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Fernández-Guizán A, Mansilla S, Barceló F, Vizcaíno C, Núñez LE, Morís F, González S, Portugal J. The activity of a novel mithramycin analog is related to its binding to DNA, cellular accumulation, and inhibition of Sp1-driven gene transcription. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:123-32. [PMID: 24907531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DIG-MSK (demycarosyl-3D-β-D-digitoxosyl-mithramycin SK) is a recently isolated compound of the mithramycin family of antitumor antibiotics, which includes mithramycin A (MTA) and mithramycin SK (MSK). Here, we present evidence that the binding of DIG-MSK to DNA shares the general features of other mithramycins such as the preference for C/G-rich tracts, but there are some differences in the strength of binding and the DNA sequence preferentially recognized by DIG-MSK. We aimed at gaining further insights into the DIG-MSK mechanism of action by direct comparison with the effects of the parental MTA. Similar to MTA, MSK and DIG-MSK accumulated rapidly in A2780, IGROV1 and OVCAR3 human ovarian cancer cell lines, and DIG-MSK was a potent inhibitor of both basal and induced expression of an Sp1-driven luciferase vector. This inhibitory activity was confirmed for the endogenous Sp1 gene and a set of Sp-responsive genes, and compared to that of MTA and MSK. Furthermore, DIG-MSK was stronger than MTA as inhibitor of Sp3-driven transcription and endogenous Sp3 gene expression. Differences in the effects of MTA, MSK and DIG-MSK on gene expression may have a large influence on their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fernández-Guizán
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sylvia Mansilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisca Barceló
- Departament de Biologia Fundamental i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carolina Vizcaíno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz-Elena Núñez
- EntreChem SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Morís
- EntreChem SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Segundo González
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Portugal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Cientíific de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Kontos CK, Scorilas A, Papavassiliou AG. The role of transcription factors in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:1563-71. [PMID: 23612552 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating genetic and epigenetic modifications lead to alterations in gene expression, resulting in dysregulation of cellular homeostasis. The transcriptional machinery comprises many factors that cooperate to modulate gene expression. "Crosstalk" between DNA-bound transcription factors may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on the rate of transcription. The aberrant expression of several transcription regulators in the vast majority of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and various malignancies, as well as their involvement in many cancer-related processes such as cell growth regulation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, renders transcription factors very appealing as potential molecular biomarkers and as candidates for targeted therapy. In the present mini-review, we provide a brief overview of the transcriptional machinery and summarize current knowledge regarding the implication of key transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-κB, STATs, HOX proteins, and histone modifiers, in human diseases, with emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos K Kontos
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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14
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Rafferty RJ, Hicklin RW, Maloof KA, Hergenrother PJ. Synthesis of complex and diverse compounds through ring distortion of abietic acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:220-4. [PMID: 24273016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many compound screening collections are populated by members that possess a low degree of structural complexity. In an effort to generate compounds that are both complex and diverse, we have developed a strategy that uses natural products as a starting point for complex molecule synthesis. Herein we apply this complexity-to-diversity approach to abietic acid, an abundant natural product used commercially in paints, varnishes, and lacquers. From abietic acid we synthesize a collection of complex (as assessed by fraction of sp(3) -hybridized carbons and number of stereogenic centers) and diverse (as assessed by Tanimoto analysis) small molecules. The 84 compounds constructed herein, and those created through similar efforts, should find utility in a variety of biological screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 261 RAL, Box 36-5, 600 S. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
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Rafferty RJ, Hicklin RW, Maloof KA, Hergenrother PJ. Synthesis of Complex and Diverse Compounds through Ring Distortion of Abietic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Kittler R, Zhou J, Hua S, Ma L, Liu Y, Pendleton E, Cheng C, Gerstein M, White KP. A comprehensive nuclear receptor network for breast cancer cells. Cell Rep 2013; 3:538-51. [PMID: 23375374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, nuclear receptors (NRs) play a prominent role in governing gene expression, have prognostic utility, and are therapeutic targets. We built a regulatory map for 24 NRs, six chromatin state markers, and 14 breast-cancer-associated transcription factors (TFs) that are expressed in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The resulting network reveals a highly interconnected regulatory matrix where extensive crosstalk occurs among NRs and other breast -cancer-associated TFs. We show that large numbers of factors are coordinately bound to highly occupied target regions throughout the genome, and these regions are associated with active chromatin state and hormone-responsive gene expression. This network also provides a framework for stratifying and predicting patient outcomes, and we use it to show that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta binds to a set of genes also regulated by the retinoic acid receptors and whose expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kittler
- Institute of Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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A ring-distortion strategy to construct stereochemically complex and structurally diverse compounds from natural products. Nat Chem 2013; 5:195-202. [PMID: 23422561 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening is the dominant method used to identify lead compounds in drug discovery. As such, the makeup of screening libraries largely dictates the biological targets that can be modulated and the therapeutics that can be developed. Unfortunately, most compound-screening collections consist principally of planar molecules with little structural or stereochemical complexity, compounds that do not offer the arrangement of chemical functionality necessary for the modulation of many drug targets. Here we describe a novel, general and facile strategy for the creation of diverse compounds with high structural and stereochemical complexity using readily available natural products as synthetic starting points. We show through the evaluation of chemical properties (which include fraction of sp(3) carbons, ClogP and the number of stereogenic centres) that these compounds are significantly more complex and diverse than those in standard screening collections, and we give guidelines for the application of this strategy to any suitable natural product.
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Grivas PD, Papavassiliou AG. Transcriptional corepressors in cancer: emerging targets for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2012; 119:1120-8. [PMID: 23224952 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The normal cell transcriptional process entails a high degree of combinatorial effects and time-dependent "flexibility" to translate cellular signaling into differential gene expression levels. Transcriptional corepressors can function as histone-modifying enzymes to regulate epigenetic events, modulate chromatin structure, and hence control transcriptional activity. Various corepressor complexes have been described; qualitative and quantitative alterations of corepressors can crucially influence the transcriptional output of both normal and malignant cells. Because these molecules can exert epigenetic control of tumorigenic signaling pathways, they can be considered potential regulators of cancer cell-related phenomena. Alterations of the expression level and/or function of transcriptional corepressors have been reported in a wide range of human cancers; thus, corepressors may present rational therapeutic targets as well as potential biomarkers of response to selective therapeutic interventions. Deeper insights into the context-specific and time-specific physical connections among transcription factors, coregulators, and gene regulatory elements, as well as epigenetic modifications, and their interactions, can enhance the capacity to interfere with small molecules that may restore the normal transcriptome/interactome in a cancer cell. There are several conceivable mechanisms of corepressor targeting in cancer that create enthusiasm. However, design, discovery, and testing of such innovative treatment approaches require extensive elaboration before they can achieve practical implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros D Grivas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Vaiopoulos AG, Kostakis ID, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting transcription factor corepressors in tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1745-53. [PMID: 22527719 PMCID: PMC11114811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
By being the "integration" center of transcriptional control as they move and target transcription factors, corepressors fine-tune the epigenetic status of the nucleus. Many of them utilize enzymatic activities to modulate chromatin through histone modification or chromatin remodeling. The clinical and etiological relevance of the corepressors to neoplastic growth is increasingly being recognized. Aberrant expression or function (both loss and gain of) of corepressors has been associated with malignancy and contribute to the generation of transcriptional "inflexibility" manifested as distorted signaling along certain axes. Understanding and predicting the consequences of corepressor alterations in tumor cells has diagnostic and prognostic value, and also have the capacity to be targeted through selective epigenetic regimens. Here, we evaluate corepressors with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in malignant development, and also highlight areas that can be exploited for molecular targeting of a large proportion of clinical cancers and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis D. Kostakis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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