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Saadh MJ, Faisal A, Adil M, Zabibah RS, Mamadaliev AM, Jawad MJ, Alsaikhan F, Farhood B. Parkinson's Disease and MicroRNAs: A Duel Between Inhibition and Stimulation of Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04111-w. [PMID: 38520611 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent diseases of central nervous system that is caused by degeneration of the substantia nigra's dopamine-producing neurons through apoptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by initiators' and executioners' caspases both in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, further resulting in neuronal damage. In that context, targeting apoptosis appears as a promising therapeutic approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Non-coding RNAs-more especially, microRNAs, or miRNAs-are a promising target for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases because they are essential for a number of cellular processes, including signaling, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and gene regulation. It is estimated that a substantial portion of coding genes (more than 60%) are regulated by miRNAs. These small regulatory molecules can have wide-reaching consequences on cellular processes like apoptosis, both in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Furthermore, it was recommended that a disruption in miRNA expression levels could also result in perturbation of typical apoptosis pathways, which may be a factor in certain diseases like PD. The latest research on miRNAs and their impact on neural cell injury in PD models by regulating the apoptosis pathway is summarized in this review article. Furthermore, the importance of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network for regulating apoptosis pathways in PD models and treatment is explored. These results can be utilized for developing new strategies in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Mohaned Adil
- Pharmacy College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
- School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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2
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Alharthy KM, Rashid S, Yusufoglu HS, Alqasoumi SI, Ganaie MA, Alam A. Neuroprotective potential of Afzelin: A novel approach for alleviating catalepsy and modulating Bcl-2 expression in Parkinson's disease therapy. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101928. [PMID: 38261905 PMCID: PMC10797200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The lost dopaminergic neurons in the brain prevent mobility in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is impossible to stop the disease's progress by means of symptoms management. Research focuses on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal degeneration. Exploration of potential neuroprotective drugs against prosurvival B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein is ongoing. An investigable cause behind PD, as well as preventive measures, could be discovered considering the association between such behavioural manifestations (cataleptic behaviours) and PD. The compound Afzelin, known to guard the nervous system, was chosen for this study. The study was done on rats divided into six different groups. First, there was a control group. The other group was treated with Reserpine (RES) (1 mg/kg). The third group received RES (1 mg/kg) and levodopa (30 mg/kg). The remaining three groups were given RES (1 mg/kg) in conjunction with Afzelin at the following doses: 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg. Cataleptic behavior and mobility in rats was assessed using the rotarod, open field, and modified forced-swim tests. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitric oxide (NO), biogenic amines, and Bcl-2 level in rat tissue homogenates were considered. According to the study's findings, the rats treated through co-administration of RES and Afzelin improved significantly in their cataleptic behaviours and locomotor activity. In addition, administering Afzelin itself caused Bcl-2 expression, which could have some neuroprotection properties. This study provides meaningful information on the effectiveness of Afzelin in handling catalepsy and other degenerative neurologic disorders. As a result, other studies need to be conducted to establish the reasons behind the reactions and determine the long-term effects of Afzelin on these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Alharthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan S. Yusufoglu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh I. Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Buraydah Colleges, 51418 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Lin Z, Zhang J, Wu R, Chen G, Peng J, Li R, Chen S. Pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson disease revealed by bioinformatic analysis of necroptosis and immune cell infiltration. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35311. [PMID: 37773866 PMCID: PMC10545256 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease with very high prevalence by age 80 years. Necroptosis is a newly identified form of programmed cell death implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, but has not yet been conclusively associated with PD. This study examined the contributions of necroptosis to PD using bioinformatics analysis. Datasets GSE26927, GSE49036, and GSE54536 from the gene expression omnibus database were analyzed for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These DEGs were then subjected to gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis to identify associated functions and signaling mechanisms. Necroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (NRDEGs) were then identified by the overlap of DEGs and the necroptosis gene set hsa04217. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were then used to build and visualize a protein-protein interaction network and identify hubs and key functional modules among NRDEGs. In addition, immune cell type abundance was analyzed based on DEGs using ImmuCellAI. The identified DEGs, KEGG pathway enrichment terms, and protein-protein interaction network structures of NRDEGs were validated using an independent dataset (GSE54536). The necroptosis pathway was significantly enriched and activated in PD samples. Thirteen NRDEGs were identified in the GSE26927 and GSE49036 datasets, including receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1, CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator, TNFRSF1A associated via death domain, and interleukin 1 beta, of which 6 were validated in the GSE54536 dataset. According to gene ontology and KEGG analyses, these NRDEGs are involved in necroptosis-related processes, apoptosis, B cell receptor signaling pathways, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Analysis of DEGs also revealed significant increases in CD8 + T cell and Tex cell infiltration and significant decreases in B cell and T gamma delta cell infiltration within the PD brain. Necroptosis pathways are active in PD and associated with immune cell infiltration. The factors controlling necroptotic signaling and immune infiltration identified in this study may be valuable diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Lin
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiana Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runa Wu
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmei Chen
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieying Peng
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renai Li
- Clinical Medicine Program of the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Neurology Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Elango R, Banaganapalli B, Mujalli A, AlRayes N, Almaghrabi S, Almansouri M, Sahly A, Jadkarim GA, Malik MZ, Kutbi HI, Shaik NA, Alefishat E. Potential Biomarkers for Parkinson Disease from Functional Enrichment and Bioinformatic Analysis of Global Gene Expression Patterns of Blood and Substantia Nigra Tissues. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231166214. [PMID: 37153842 PMCID: PMC10155030 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231166214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system and motor functions. The biological complexity of PD is yet to reveal potential targets for intervention or to slow the disease severity. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the fidelity of blood to substantia nigra (SN) tissue gene expression from PD patients to provide a systematic approach to predict role of the key genes of PD pathobiology. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from multiple microarray data sets of PD blood and SN tissue from GEO database are identified. Using the theoretical network approach and variety of bioinformatic tools, we prioritized the key genes from DEGs. A total of 540 and 1024 DEGs were identified in blood and SN tissue samples, respectively. Functional pathways closely related to PD such as ERK1 and ERK2 cascades, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, Wnt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and PI3K-Akt signaling were observed by enrichment analysis. Expression patterns of 13 DEGs were similar in both blood and SN tissues. Comprehensive network topological analysis and gene regulatory networks identified additional 10 DEGs functionally connected with molecular mechanisms of PD through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), autophagy, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. Potential drug molecules were identified by chemical-protein network and drug prediction analysis. These potential candidates can be further validated in vitro/in vivo to be used as biomarkers and/or novel drug targets for the PD pathology and/or to arrest or delay the neurodegeneration over the years, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Elango
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of
Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Babajan Banaganapalli
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of
Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Mujalli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine,
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Nuha AlRayes
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of
Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Almaghrabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory
Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized
Medicine (CIPM), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Almansouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Sahly
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of
Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Gada Ali Jadkarim
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative
Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hussam Ibrahim Kutbi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice,
Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Center of
Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology,
College of Medicine, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Yadav SK, Pandey A, Sarkar S, Yadav SS, Parmar D, Yadav S. Identification of Altered Blood MicroRNAs and Plasma Proteins in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1781-1798. [PMID: 35023059 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the age-related neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). PD is based on motor deficits which start to appear when up to 80% of the DA neurons of SNpc have been lost. Effective management of PD requires the development of novel biomarkers. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize biomarkers of PD using miRNomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics approaches. Rats exposed to rotenone (2.5 mg/kg b.wt) for 2 months were used as an animal model to identify the unbiased set of miRNAs and proteins deregulated in blood samples. OpenArray, a real-time PCR-based array, is used for high-throughput profiling of miRNAs, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to carry out the global protein profiling. Systematic bioinformatics analysis of miRNAs and proteins was also performed, including annotation, functional classification and functional enrichment, network analysis, and miRNA-protein interaction analysis. Expression of 19 miRNAs and 96 proteins was significantly upregulated in the blood, while 22 proteins were significantly downregulated in blood samples of rotenone-exposed rats. In silico pathway analysis of deregulated proteins and miRNAs in rotenone-exposed rats has identified multiple pathways leading to PD. In summary, we have identified a set of miRNAs (miR-144, miR-96, and miR-29a) and proteins (PLP1, TUBB4A, and TUBA1C), which can be used as a potential biomarker of PD, while further validation required large human population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anuj Pandey
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Sarkar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smriti Singh Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India. .,All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 229405, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Quan P, Wang K, Yan S, Wen S, Wei C, Zhang X, Cao J, Yao L. Integrated network analysis identifying potential novel drug candidates and targets for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13154. [PMID: 34162989 PMCID: PMC8222400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential novel drug candidates and targets for Parkinson's disease. First, 970 genes that have been reported to be related to PD were collected from five databases, and functional enrichment analysis of these genes was conducted to investigate their potential mechanisms. Then, we collected drugs and related targets from DrugBank, narrowed the list by proximity scores and Inverted Gene Set Enrichment analysis of drug targets, and identified potential drug candidates for PD treatment. Finally, we compared the expression distribution of the candidate drug-target genes between the PD group and the control group in the public dataset with the largest sample size (GSE99039) in Gene Expression Omnibus. Ten drugs with an FDR < 0.1 and their corresponding targets were identified. Some target genes of the ten drugs significantly overlapped with PD-related genes or already known therapeutic targets for PD. Nine differentially expressed drug-target genes with p < 0.05 were screened. This work will facilitate further research into the possible efficacy of new drugs for PD and will provide valuable clues for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusheng Quan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Center of TOF-PET/CT/MR, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shirong Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chengqun Wei
- Department of General Practice, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jingwei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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7
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Rahman RU, Liebhoff AM, Bansal V, Fiosins M, Rajput A, Sattar A, Magruder DS, Madan S, Sun T, Gautam A, Heins S, Liwinski T, Bethune J, Trenkwalder C, Fluck J, Mollenhauer B, Bonn S. SEAweb: the small RNA Expression Atlas web application. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D204-D219. [PMID: 31598718 PMCID: PMC6943056 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the Small RNA Expression Atlas (SEAweb), a web application that allows for the interactive querying, visualization and analysis of known and novel small RNAs across 10 organisms. It contains sRNA and pathogen expression information for over 4200 published samples with standardized search terms and ontologies. In addition, SEAweb allows for the interactive visualization and re-analysis of 879 differential expression and 514 classification comparisons. SEAweb's user model enables sRNA researchers to compare and re-analyze user-specific and published datasets, highlighting common and distinct sRNA expression patterns. We provide evidence for SEAweb's fidelity by (i) generating a set of 591 tissue specific miRNAs across 29 tissues, (ii) finding known and novel bacterial and viral infections across diseases and (iii) determining a Parkinson's disease-specific blood biomarker signature using novel data. We believe that SEAweb's simple semantic search interface, the flexible interactive reports and the user model with rich analysis capabilities will enable researchers to better understand the potential function and diagnostic value of sRNAs or pathogens across tissues, diseases and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raza-Ur Rahman
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Liebhoff
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maksims Fiosins
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Genevention GmbH, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abdul Sattar
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel S Magruder
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Genevention GmbH, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sumit Madan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhivyakti Gautam
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Heins
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Bethune
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, 34128 Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Fluck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- German National Library of Medicine (ZB MED) - Information Centre for Life Sciences, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, 34128 Kassel, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Robinson EJ, Aguiar S, Smidt MP, van der Heide LP. MCL1 as a Therapeutic Target in Parkinson's Disease? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:1056-1065. [PMID: 31706839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta are selectively lost during the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work performed on the role of the Bcl2 family (highly specialized proteins which control cellular survival and death) in midbrain dopamine neurons has led to the identification of the Bcl2 factor Mcl1 as a weak link in the survival of these neurons. We hypothesize that the regulation of BCL2 proteins may explain this selective vulnerability, and may even provide a novel therapeutic opportunity - strengthening weak links such as MCL1 could result in a delay or complete abrogation of cell death during PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Robinson
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Aguiar
- Ageing and Cellular Senescence Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Marten P Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lars P van der Heide
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Liu J, Liu W, Yang H. Balancing Apoptosis and Autophagy for Parkinson's Disease Therapy: Targeting BCL-2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:792-802. [PMID: 30400738 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are important intracellular processes that maintain organism homeostasis and promote survival. Autophagy selectively degrades damaged cellular organelles and protein aggregates, while apoptosis removes damaged or aged cells. Maintaining a balance between autophagy and apoptosis is critical for cell fate, especially for long-lived cells such as neurons. Conversely, their imbalance is associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Restoring the balance between autophagy and apoptosis is a promising strategy for the treatment of PD. Some core proteins engage in cross talk between apoptosis and autophagy, including B cell lymphoma (BCL)-2 family members. This Review summarizes the role of BCL-2 members in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy and discusses potential therapeutic approaches that target this balance for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology School of
Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson’s
Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson’s
Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry
of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Department of Neurobiology School of
Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson’s
Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson’s
Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry
of Education, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology School of
Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson’s
Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory
of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson’s
Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry
of Education, Beijing 100069, China
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10
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Survival of midbrain dopamine neurons depends on the Bcl2 factor Mcl1. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:107. [PMID: 30479840 PMCID: PMC6249233 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis plays an important role in the embryonic development of the midbrain dopaminergic system as well as in Parkinson’s disease. Central to mitochondria-dependent apoptosis is the Bcl2 family of apoptosis-regulating proteins. However, it was unclear which Bcl2 proteins are important for the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Here, we identify Mcl1 as a critical Bcl2 pro-survival factor in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Using a chemical biology approach to inhibit various components of the apoptotic machinery in the dopaminergic MN9D cell line or the control neuroblastoma N2A cell line, we find that functional inhibition of Mcl1 with the high affinity small molecule inhibitor UMI-77 results in a rapid and dose-dependent loss of viability, selectively in dopaminergic cells. In-depth analysis of the apoptotic signaling pathway reveals that chemical inhibition of Mcl1 results in the activation of Bax, activation of cleaved caspase-3 and finally cell death. The dependence of mouse dopaminergic midbrain neurons on Mcl1 was confirmed using ex vivo slice cultures from Pitx3GFP/+ and wildtype mice. In mouse dopaminergic midbrain neurons positive for the midbrain dopaminergic marker Pitx3, or tyrosine hydroxylase, UMI-77 treatment caused a dramatic increase in cleaved caspase 3, indicating that Mcl1 activity is required for basal neuronal survival. Overall, our results suggest that Mcl1 is of critical importance to dopaminergic neurons and is a weak link in the chain controlling cellular survival. Boosting the pro-survival function of Mcl1 should be pursued as a therapeutic approach to augment the resilience of midbrain dopaminergic neurons to apoptotic stress in Parkinson’s disease.
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11
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Zhao L, Feng Y, Shi A, Zhang L, Guo S, Wan M. Neuroprotective Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Against MPP +-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells: Involvement of K2P Channels and Stretch-Activated Ion Channels. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:1986-1999. [PMID: 28583325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is a dopaminergic neuronal toxin that is widely used in constructing Parkinson's disease models in vitro. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has neuromodulation and neuroprotective effects in the central neural system; however, whether LIPUS can provide protection for dopaminergic neurons against MPP+-induced neurocytotoxicity remains unknown. In this study, we found that pre-treatment with LIPUS (1 MHz, 50 mW/cm2, 20% duty cycle and 100-Hz pulse repetition frequency, 10 min) inhibited MPP+-induced neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells. LIPUS decreased MPP+-induced oxidative stress by modulating antioxidant proteins, including thioredoxin-1 and heme oxygenase-1, and prevented neurocytotoxicity via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. Furthermore, these beneficial effects were attributed to the activation of K2P channels and stretch-activated ion channels by LIPUS. These data indicate that LIPUS protects neuronal cells from MPP+-induced cell death through the K2P channel- and stretch-activated ion channel-mediated downstream pathways. The data also suggest that LIPUS could be a promising therapeutic method in halting or retarding the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Aiwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shifang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Copy number variability in Parkinson's disease: assembling the puzzle through a systems biology approach. Hum Genet 2016; 136:13-37. [PMID: 27896429 PMCID: PMC5214768 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder of aging, was long believed to be a non-genetic sporadic origin syndrome. The proof that several genetic loci are responsible for rare Mendelian forms has represented a revolutionary breakthrough, enabling to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this debilitating still incurable condition. While single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small indels constitute the most commonly investigated DNA variations accounting for only a limited number of PD cases, larger genomic molecular rearrangements have emerged as significant PD-causing mutations, including submicroscopic Copy Number Variations (CNVs). CNVs constitute a prevalent source of genomic variations and substantially participate in each individual’s genomic makeup and phenotypic outcome. However, the majority of genetic studies have focused their attention on single candidate-gene mutations or on common variants reaching a significant statistical level of acceptance. This gene-centric approach is insufficient to uncover the genetic background of polygenic multifactorial disorders like PD, and potentially masks rare individual CNVs that all together might contribute to disease development or progression. In this review, we will discuss literature and bioinformatic data describing the involvement of CNVs on PD pathobiology. We will analyze the most frequent copy number changes in familiar PD genes and provide a “systems biology” overview of rare individual rearrangements that could functionally act on commonly deregulated molecular pathways. Assessing the global genome-wide burden of CNVs in PD patients may reveal new disease-related molecular mechanisms, and open the window to a new possible genetic scenario in the unsolved PD puzzle.
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13
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Transthyretin provides trophic support via megalin by promoting neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1749-1764. [PMID: 27518433 PMCID: PMC5071567 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein whose function has been associated to binding and distribution of thyroid hormones in the body and brain. However, little is known regarding the downstream signaling pathways triggered by wild-type TTR in the CNS either in neuroprotection of cerebral ischemia or in physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated how TTR affects hippocampal neurons in physiologic/pathologic conditions. Recombinant TTR significantly boosted neurite outgrowth in mice hippocampal neurons, both in number and length, independently of its ligands. This TTR neuritogenic activity is mediated by the megalin receptor and is lost in megalin-deficient neurons. We also found that TTR activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2) and Akt through Src, leading to the phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB. In addition, TTR promoted a transient rise in intracellular calcium through NMDA receptors, in a Src/megalin-dependent manner. Moreover, under excitotoxic conditions, TTR stimulation rescued cell death and neurite loss in TTR KO hippocampal neurons, which are more sensitive to excitotoxic degeneration than WT neurons, in a megalin-dependent manner. CREB was also activated by TTR under excitotoxic conditions, contributing to changes in the balance between Bcl2 protein family members, toward anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl2/BclXL versus Bax). Finally, we clarify that TTR KO mice subjected to pMCAO have larger infarcts than WT mice, because of TTR and megalin neuronal downregulation. Our results indicate that TTR might be regarded as a neurotrophic factor, because it stimulates neurite outgrowth under physiological conditions, and promotes neuroprotection in ischemic conditions.
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14
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Cifuentes-Diaz C, Marullo S, Doly S. Anatomical and ultrastructural study of PRAF2 expression in the mouse central nervous system. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4169-4185. [PMID: 26645984 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated Rab acceptor family, member 2 (PRAF2) is a four transmembrane domain protein of 19 kDa that is highly expressed in particular areas of mammalian brains. PRAF2 is mostly found in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of neurons where it plays the role of gatekeeper for the GB1 subunit of the GABAB receptor, preventing its progression in the biosynthetic pathway in the absence of hetero-dimerization with the GB2 subunit. However, PRAF2 can interact with several receptors and immunofluorescence studies indicate that PRAF2 distribution is larger than the ER, suggesting additional biological functions. Here, we conducted an immuno-cytochemical study of PRAF2 distribution in mouse central nervous system (CNS) at anatomical, cellular and ultra-structural levels. PRAF2 appears widely expressed in various regions of mature CNS, such as the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral tegmental area and spinal cord. Consistent with its regulatory role of GABAB receptors, PRAF2 was particularly abundant in brain regions known to express GB1 subunits. However, other brain areas where GB1 is expressed, such as basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus, contain little or no PRAF2. In these areas, GB1 subunits might reach the cell surface of neurons independently of GB2 to exert biological functions distinct from those of GABAB receptors, or be regulated by other gatekeepers. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the localization of PRAF2 in the ER, but identified previously unappreciated localizations, in mitochondria, primary cilia and sub-synaptic region. These data indicate additional modes of GABAB regulation in specific brain areas and new biological functions of PRAF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cifuentes-Diaz
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM UMR-S839, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Marullo
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Doly
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.
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15
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Pahuja R, Seth K, Shukla A, Shukla RK, Bhatnagar P, Chauhan LKS, Saxena PN, Arun J, Chaudhari BP, Patel DK, Singh SP, Shukla R, Khanna VK, Kumar P, Chaturvedi RK, Gupta KC. Trans-blood brain barrier delivery of dopamine-loaded nanoparticles reverses functional deficits in parkinsonian rats. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4850-71. [PMID: 25825926 DOI: 10.1021/nn506408v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sustained and safe delivery of dopamine across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for successful therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, in the present study we designed neurotransmitter dopamine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DA NPs) to deliver dopamine to the brain. These nanoparticles slowly and constantly released dopamine, showed reduced clearance of dopamine in plasma, reduced quinone adduct formation, and decreased dopamine autoxidation. DA NPs were internalized in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, regions affected in PD. Treatment with DA NPs did not cause reduction in cell viability and morphological deterioration in SH-SY5Y, as compared to bulk dopamine-treated cells, which showed reduced viability. Herein, we report that these NPs were able to cross the BBB and capillary endothelium in the striatum and substantia nigra in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD. Systemic intravenous administration of DA NPs caused significantly increased levels of dopamine and its metabolites and reduced dopamine-D2 receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of parkinsonian rats. Further, DA NPs significantly recovered neurobehavioral abnormalities in 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian rats. Dopamine delivered through NPs did not cause additional generation of ROS, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and ultrastructural changes in the striatum and substantia nigra as compared to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Interestingly, dopamine delivery through nanoformulation neither caused alterations in the heart rate and blood pressure nor showed any abrupt pathological change in the brain and other peripheral organs. These results suggest that NPs delivered dopamine into the brain, reduced dopamine autoxidation-mediated toxicity, and ultimately reversed neurochemical and neurobehavioral deficits in parkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pahuja
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kavita Seth
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anshi Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | | | - Prem Narain Saxena
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jharna Arun
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Bhushan Pradosh Chaudhari
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Khanna
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kailash Chand Gupta
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
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