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Mattheisen JM, Rasmussen VA, Ceraudo E, Kolodzinski A, Horioka-Duplix M, Sakmar TP, Huber T. Application of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to quantitate cell-surface expression of membrane proteins. Anal Biochem 2024; 684:115361. [PMID: 37865268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay to quantitate the fraction of an engineered membrane protein at the cell surface versus inside the cell. As test cases, we engineered two different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in which a NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc) and a HaloTag are fused to the extracellular amino-terminal tail of the receptors. We then employed a pulse-chase labeling approach relying on two different fluorescent dyes with distinctive cell permeability properties. The dyes are efficiently excited by luminescence from NLuc, but are spectrally distinct. Measuring BRET from the chemiluminescence of the NLuc to the fluorophores bound to the HaloTag minimizes the limitations of in-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based approaches such as photobleaching and autofluorescence. The BRET surface expression assay can quantitatively differentiate between the labeling of receptors at the cell surface and receptors inside of the cell. The assay is shown to be quantitative and robust compared with other approaches to measure cell surface expression of membrane proteins such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting, and significantly increases the throughput because the assay is designed to be carried out in microtiter plate format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Mattheisen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Victoria A Rasmussen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emilie Ceraudo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arielle Kolodzinski
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mizuho Horioka-Duplix
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Wei R, Li D, Jia S, Chen Y, Wang J. MC4R in Central and Peripheral Systems. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300035. [PMID: 37043700 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a critical and urgent health burden during the current global pandemic. Among multiple genetic causes, melanocortin receptor-4 (MC4R), involved in food intake and energy metabolism regulation through various signaling pathways, has been reported to be the lead genetic factor in severe and early onset obesity and hyperphagia disorders. Most previous studies have illustrated the roles of MC4R signaling in energy intake versus expenditure in the central system, while some evidence indicates that MC4R is also expressed in peripheral systems, such as the gut and endocrine organs. However, its physiopathological function remains poorly defined. This review aims to depict the central and peripheral roles of MC4R in energy metabolism and endocrine hormone homeostasis, the diversity of phenotypes, biased downstream signaling caused by distinct MC4R mutations, and current drug development targeting the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Zhang C, Tao YX. Hypothalamic-pituitary-derived melanocortin axis links to myelopoiesis and immunotherapy. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100453. [PMID: 37342674 PMCID: PMC10277577 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Yang LK, Zhang J, Liu D, Han TY, Qin QS, Wang AQ, Dong B. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone and its cognate receptor present in primitive chordate ascidian: Molecular identification and functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:401-412. [PMID: 36592853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein hormone (GPH) system is fundamentally significant in regulating the physiology of chordates, such as thyroid activity and gonadal function. However, the knowledge of the GPH system in the primitive chordate ascidian species is largely lacking. Here, we reported an ancestral GPH system in the ascidian (Styela clava), which consists of GPH α subunit (Sc-GPA2), GPH β subunit (Sc-GPB5), and the cognate leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Sc-GPHR). Comparative structure analysis revealed that distinct from vertebrate GPH β subunits, Sc-GPB5 was less conserved, showing an atypical N-terminal sequence with a type II transmembrane domain instead of a typical signal peptide. By investigating the presence of recombinant Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 in cell lysates and culture media of HEK293T cells, we confirmed that these two subunits could be secreted out of the cells via distinct secretory pathways. The deglycosylation experiments demonstrated that N-linked glycosylation only occurred on the conserved cysteine residue (N78) of Sc-GPA2, whereas Sc-GPB5 was non-glycosylated. Although Sc-GPB5 exhibited distinct topology and biochemical properties in contrast to its chordate counterparts, it could still interact with Sc-GPA2 to form a heterodimer. The Sc-GPHR was then confirmed to be activated by tethered Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer on the Gs-cAMP pathway, suggesting that Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer-initiated Gs-cAMP signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved in chordates. Furthermore, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR results revealed the co-expression patterns of Sc-GPA2 and Sc-GPB5 with Sc-GPHR transcripts, respectively in ascidian larvae and adults, highlighting the potential functions of Sc-GPA2/GPB5 heterodimer as an autocrine/paracrine neurohormone in regulating metamorphosis of larvae and physiological functions of adults. Our study systematically investigated the GPA2/GPB5-GPHR system in ascidian for the first time, which offers insights into understanding the function and evolution of the GPH system within the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Kun Yang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Liu
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong-Ye Han
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi-Shu Qin
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Haide College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Centre, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Wang M, Wang X, Jiang B, Zhai Y, Zheng J, Yang L, Tai X, Li Y, Fu S, Xu J, Lei X, Kuang Z, Zhang C, Bai X, Li M, Zan T, Qu S, Li Q, Zhang C. Identification of MRAP protein family as broad-spectrum GPCR modulators. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1091. [PMID: 36314066 PMCID: PMC9619224 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAP1 and MRAP2) are well-known endocrine regulators for the trafficking and signalling of all five melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R). The observation of MRAP2 on regulating several non-melanocortin G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been sporadically reported, whereas other endogenous GPCR partners of the MRAP protein family are largely unknown. METHODS Here, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and drew a fine GPCR blueprint and MRAPs-associated network of two major endocrine organs, the hypothalamus and adrenal gland at single-cell resolution. We also integrated multiple bulk RNA-seq profiles and single-cell datasets of human and mouse tissues, and narrowed down a list of 48 GPCRs with strong endogenous co-expression correlation with MRAPs. RESULTS 36 and 46 metabolic-related GPCRs were consequently identified as novel interacting partners of MRAP1 or MRAP2, respectively. MRAPs exhibited protein-protein interactions and varying pharmacological properties on the surface translocation, constitutive activities and ligand-stimulated downstream signalling of these GPCRs. Knockdown of MRAP2 expression by hypothalamic administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) packed shRNA stimulated body weight gain in mouse model. Co-injection of corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF), the agonist of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), suppressed feeding behaviour in a MRAP2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study has comprehensively elucidated the complex GPCR networks in two major endocrine organs and redefined the MRAP protein family as broad-spectrum GPCR modulators. MRAP proteins not only serve as a vital endocrine pivot on the regulation of global GPCR activities in vivo that could explain the composite physiological phenotypes of the MRAP2 null murine model but also provide us with new insights of the phenotyping investigation of GPCR-MRAP functional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bopei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Zhai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jihong Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismNational Metabolic Management CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaolu Tai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunpeng Li
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shaliu Fu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaowei Lei
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Kuang
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanxuan Bai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mingyu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Tao Zan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismNational Metabolic Management CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Yang S, Zhao X, Du Y, Yu P. Emerging functions of neuronostatin in physiology, pathology, and potential therapeutics. Neuropeptides 2022; 94:102257. [PMID: 35660860 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronostatin, a bioactive peptide hormone, was encoded by pro-somatostatin and discovered using a bioinformatic method in 2008. Neuronostatin is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues, it is also highly conserved among humans, rodents, and even goldfish. The 13 and 19 amino acids and the C-terminal amidation type play important roles in physiological and pathological functions. The present study reviews the roles of neuronostatin in food intake and drinking of water, as well as in the neuroendocrine processes, pain regulation, cardiovascular and circulation function, memory and studies, depression-like effect, and energy metabolism in animals. However, the information on the physiology and pathology of neuronostatin, especially the molecular mechanism, remains scarce. Considering the broad functions of neuronostatin, this endogenous neuropeptide could be a promising therapeutic target for future research and drug design if the exact receptor could be found in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yaqin Du
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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Laiho L, Murray JF. The Multifaceted Melanocortin Receptors. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6608375. [PMID: 35700124 PMCID: PMC9214563 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The 5 known melanocortin receptors (MCs) have established physiological roles. With the exception of MC2, these receptors can behave unpredictably, and since they are more widely expressed than their established roles would suggest, it is likely that they have other poorly characterized functions. The aim of this review is to discuss some of the less well-explored aspects of the 4 enigmatic members of this receptor family (MC1,3-5) and describe how these are multifaceted G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors appear to be promiscuous in that they bind several endogenous agonists (products of the proopiomelanocortin [POMC] gene) and antagonists but with inconsistent relative affinities and effects. We propose that this is a result of posttranslational modifications that determine receptor localization within nanodomains. Within each nanodomain there will be a variety of proteins, including ion channels, modifying proteins, and other GPCRs, that can interact with the MCs to alter the availability of receptor at the cell surface as well as the intracellular signaling resulting from receptor activation. Different combinations of interacting proteins and MCs may therefore give rise to the complex and inconsistent functional profiles reported for the MCs. For further progress in understanding this family, improved characterization of tissue-specific functions is required. Current evidence for interactions of these receptors with a range of partners, resulting in modulation of cell signaling, suggests that each should be studied within the full context of their interacting partners. The role of physiological status in determining this context also remains to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Laiho
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanne Fiona Murray
- Correspondence: J. F. Murray, PhD, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9DX, UK.
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Wang M, Xu J, Lei XW, Zhang C, Liu SY, Jin LN, Zhang C. Selective Interactions of Mouse Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Proteins with Somatostatin Receptors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020267. [PMID: 35053382 PMCID: PMC8773839 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known to regulate exocrine secretion, neurotransmission, and inhibit endogenous cell proliferation. SSTR subtypes (SSTR1-SSTR5) exhibit homo- or heterodimerization with unique signaling characteristics. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 1 (MRAP1) functions as an allosteric modulator of melanocortin receptors and some other GPCRs. In this study, we investigated the differential interaction of MRAP1 and SSTRs and examined the pharmacological modulation of MRAP1 on mouse SSTR2/SSTR3 and SSTR2/SSTR5 heterodimerization in vitro. Our results show that the mouse SSTR2 forms heterodimers with SSTR3 and SSTR5 and that MRAP1 selectively interacts with SSTR3 and SSTR5 but not SSTR2. The interactive binding sites of SSTR2/SSTR3 or SSTR2/SSTR5 with MRAP1 locate on SSTR3 and SSTR5 but not SSTR2. The binding sites of MRAP1 to SSTR3 are extensive, while the ones of SSTR5 are restricted on transmembrane region six and seven. The heterodimerization of mouse SSTR2, SSTR3, and SSTR5 can be modulated by binding protein in addition to an agonist. Upregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases phosphorylation, p27Kip1, and increased cell growth inhibition with the co-expression of SSTR2/SSTR3 or SSTR2/SSTR5 with MRAP1 suggest a regulatory effect of MRAP1 on anti-proliferative response of two SSTR heterodimers. Taken together, these results provide a new insight of MRAP1 on the maintenance and regulation of mouse SSTR dimers which might be helpful to better understand the molecular mechanism involving SSTRs in tumor biology or other human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, China; (M.W.); (J.X.); (X.-W.L.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Jing Xu
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, China; (M.W.); (J.X.); (X.-W.L.)
| | - Xiao-Wei Lei
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, China; (M.W.); (J.X.); (X.-W.L.)
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Shang-Yun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200041, China;
| | - Li-Na Jin
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200041, China;
- Correspondence: (L.-N.J.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chao Zhang
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, China; (M.W.); (J.X.); (X.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.-N.J.); (C.Z.)
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