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Giordano G, Tucciarello C, Merlini A, Cutrupi S, Pignochino Y. Targeting the EphA2 pathway: could it be the way for bone sarcomas? Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:433. [PMID: 39252029 PMCID: PMC11382444 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. Complete surgical resection is the cornerstone of multidisciplinary treatment. However, advanced, unresectable forms remain incurable. A crucial step towards addressing this challenge involves comprehending the molecular mechanisms underpinning tumor progression and metastasis, laying the groundwork for innovative precision medicine-based interventions. We previously showed that tyrosine kinase receptor Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in bone sarcomas. EphA2 is a key oncofetal protein implicated in metastasis, self-renewal, and chemoresistance. Molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches have been developed to target EphA2 and its signaling pathway aiming to interfere with its tumor-promoting effects or as a carrier for drug delivery. This review synthesizes the main functions of EphA2 and their relevance in bone sarcomas, providing strategies devised to leverage this receptor for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, with a focus on its applicability in the three most common bone sarcoma histotypes: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giordano
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cristina Tucciarello
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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2
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Turhal G, Demirkan B, Baslilar IN, Yuncu NS, Baytas SN, Demiroglu-Zergeroglu A. Preliminary evaluation of antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of novel indolin-2-one derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22229. [PMID: 38958104 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Indole-based agents are frequently used in targeted or supportive therapy of several cancers. In this study, we investigated the anticancer properties of originally synthesized novel indolin-2-one derivatives (6a-d) against Malignant Mesothelioma, Breast cancer, and Colon Cancer cells. Our results revealed that all derivatives were effectively delayed cell proliferation by inhibiting the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, these variants induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase, accompanied by elevated levels of p21 and p27 expressions. Derivatives also initiated mitochondrial apoptosis through the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 proteins, leading to the activation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage in exposed cells. Remarkably, three of the indolin-2-one derivatives displayed significant selectivity towards Breast and Colon Cancer cells, with compound 6d promising as the most potent and wide spectral one for all cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulseren Turhal
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Demirkan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Izel Nermin Baslilar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nimet Sule Yuncu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Sultan Nacak Baytas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Abbas AA, Farghaly TA, Dawood KM. Recent advances on anticancer and antimicrobial activities of directly-fluorinated five-membered heterocycles and their benzo-fused systems. RSC Adv 2024; 14:19752-19779. [PMID: 38899036 PMCID: PMC11185950 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01387e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of the fluorinated heterocycles as main components of marketed drugs where 20% of the anticancer and antibiotic drugs contain fluorine atoms, this review describes the reported five-membered heterocycles and their benzo-fused systems having directly connected fluorine atom(s). The in vivo and in vitro anticancer and antimicrobial activities of these fluorinated heterocycles are well reported. Some fluorinated heterocycles were found to be lead structures for drug design developments where their activities were almost equal to or exceeded the potency of the reference drugs. In most cases, the fluorine-containing heterocycles showed promising safety index via their reduced cytotoxicity in non-cancerous cell lines. SAR study assigned that fluorinated heterocycles having various electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents significantly affected the anticancer and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt +202 35727556
| | - Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt +202 35727556
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt +202 35727556
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4
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Dorbabu A. Pyrazole/pyrazoline as an excellent pharmacophore in the design of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2018-2022). Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200562. [PMID: 36599496 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and dissociated ions of carbonic acid. In addition, CA performs various other functions in animals and plants, depending on the part of the living being. CAs have been found in almost all organisms. Besides, CAs are associated with several diseases, such as glaucoma, obesity, epilepsy, cancer, and so on. CAs are also involved in tumor cell growth and angiogenesis. Thus, inhibition of CA may be an attractive way of control of such diseases. Hence, CA inhibitors have been designed and developed to cure CA-associated diseases. Some examples of approved CA inhibitors are dorzolamide, methazolamide, brinzolamide, and dichlorphenamide. Furthermore, various heterocyclic scaffolds were utilized for the design of CA inhibitors. Among those, pyrazole/pyrazoline derivatives have exhibited greater potency toward CA inhibition. Hence, research that took place in the field of drug design and discovery of CA inhibition has been systematically reviewed and collated. Alongside, the structure-activity relationship has been described, followed by a description of the most potent molecules and their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorbabu
- SRMPP Government First Grade College, Huvina Hadagali, India
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5
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Sanap D, Avhad L, Ghotekar S, Gaikwad ND. An expedient synthesis of C3-arylidene-oxindole derivatives using calcite nanoflowers as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Punuch K, Wongwan C, Jantana S, Somboonyosdech C, Rodponthukwaji K, Kunwong N, Nguyen KT, Sirivatanauksorn V, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Srisawat C, Punnakitikashem P. Study of siRNA Delivery via Polymeric Nanoparticles in Combination with Angiogenesis Inhibitor for The Treatment of AFP-Related Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012666. [PMID: 36293521 PMCID: PMC9604025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitor drugs have been explored as important pharmacological agents for cancer therapy, including hepatocellular carcinoma. These agents have several drawbacks, such as drug resistance, nonspecific toxicity, and systemic side effects. Therefore, combination therapy of the drug and small interfering RNA could be a promising option to achieve high therapeutic efficacy while allowing a lower systemic dose. Therefore, we studied adding an alpha-fetoprotein siRNA (AFP-siRNA) incorporated on polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) along with angiogenesis inhibitor drugs. The AFP siRNA-loaded NPs were successfully synthesized at an average size of 242.00 ± 2.54 nm. Combination treatment of AFP-siRNA NPs and a low dose of sunitinib produced a synergistic effect in decreasing cell viability in an in vitro hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. AFP-siRNA NPs together with sorafenib or sunitinib greatly inhibited cell proliferation, showing only 39.29 ± 2.72 and 44.04 ± 3.05% cell viability, respectively. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) demonstrated that AFP-siRNA incorporated with NPs could significantly silence AFP-mRNA expression compared to unloaded NPs. Interestingly, the expression level of AFP-mRNA was further decreased to 28.53 ± 5.10% when sunitinib was added. Therefore, this finding was considered a new promising candidate for HCC treatment in reducing cell proliferation and enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiporn Punuch
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chamaiphorn Wongwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Saranrat Jantana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC—MU in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chayapol Somboonyosdech
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Natsuda Kunwong
- Research Network NANOTEC—MU in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Vorapan Sirivatanauksorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC—MU in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Srisawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC—MU in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Primana Punnakitikashem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Research Network NANOTEC—MU in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Theranostic Nanomedicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-419-9133
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7
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Moradinasab S, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Targeting macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis: An overview of phagocytosis checkpoints blockade, nanomedicine intervention, and engineered CAR-macrophage therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108499. [PMID: 34972068 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been developing at an unprecedented speed with promising therapeutic outcomes in the wide spectrum of cancers. Up until now, most immunotherapies have focused on adaptive immunity; however, investigating the potential of macrophage phagocytosis and consequent adaptive immune cross-priming has led to a growing interest in exploiting macrophages in cancer therapy. In light of the positive evidence from preclinical studies and early clinical data, targeting macrophage phagocytosis has become a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we review therapies based on harnessing and amplifying macrophage phagocytosis, such as blocking phagocytosis checkpoints and exploiting nanoparticles as efficient approaches in elevating macrophages-mediated phagocytosis. The present study introduces CAR-macrophage as the state-of-the-art modality serving as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system to mount a superior anti-tumor response in the treatment of cancer. We also take a look at the recent reports of therapies based on CAR-engineered macrophages with the hope of providing a future research direction for expanding the application of CAR-macrophage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moradinasab
- Iranian Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Qaiser S, Mubarak MS, Ashraf S, Saleem M, Ul-Haq Z, Safdar M, Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Qadri MI, Maalik A. Benzilydene and thiourea derivatives as new classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: an in vitro and molecular docking study. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Myers KV, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Targeting Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM receptors): implications for macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:94. [PMID: 31088471 PMCID: PMC6515593 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are an abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. These macrophages serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer due to their roles in promoting cancer progression and simultaneous immunosuppression. The TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are promising therapeutic targets on tumor-associated macrophages. The TAM receptors are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with shared ligands Gas6 and Protein S that skew macrophage polarization towards a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype. In macrophages, the TAM receptors also promote apoptotic cell clearance, a tumor-promoting process called efferocytosis. The TAM receptors bind the "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell membranes using Gas6 and Protein S as bridging ligands. Post-efferocytosis, macrophages are further polarized to a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype and secrete increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokines. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the TAM receptors on macrophages serve as exciting targets for cancer therapy. Current TAM receptor-directed therapies in preclinical development and clinical trials may have anti-cancer effects though impacting macrophage phenotype and function in addition to the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla V. Myers
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah R. Amend
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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10
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Sharma C, Saripalli G, Kumar S, Gautam T, Kumar A, Rani S, Jain N, Prasad P, Raghuvanshi S, Jain M, Sharma JB, Prabhu KV, Sharma PK, Balyan HS, Gupta PK. A study of transcriptome in leaf rust infected bread wheat involving seedling resistance gene Lr28. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:1046-1064. [PMID: 32291004 DOI: 10.1071/fp17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust disease causes severe yield losses in wheat throughout the world. During the present study, high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis was used to gain insights into the role of Lr28 gene in imparting seedling leaf rust resistance in wheat. Differential expression analysis was conducted using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (HD 2329 and HD 2329+Lr28) at early (0h before inoculation (hbi), 24 and 48h after inoculation (hai)) and late stages (72, 96 and 168 hai) after inoculation with a virulent pathotype of pathogen Puccinia triticina. Expression of a large number of genes was found to be affected due to the presence/absence of Lr28. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts suggested enrichment of transcripts involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress and hormone metabolism, in resistant and/or susceptible NILs. Genes encoding receptor like kinases (RLKs) (including ATP binding; serine threonine kinases) and other kinases were the most abundant class of genes, whose expression was affected. Genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and several genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) (most abundant being WRKY TFs) were also identified along with some ncRNAs and histone variants. Quantitative real-time PCR was also used for validation of 39 representative selected genes. In the long term, the present study should prove useful in developing leaf rust resistant wheat cultivars through molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Gautam Saripalli
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Tinku Gautam
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Avneesh Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Sushma Rani
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Neelu Jain
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - Pramod Prasad
- Regional Station, Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Flowerdale, Shimla, 171002, India
| | - Saurabh Raghuvanshi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - J B Sharma
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - K V Prabhu
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa, New Delhi, 110022, India
| | - P K Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - H S Balyan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - P K Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch.Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
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Nosova EV, Lipunova GN, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Fluorine-containing indoles: Synthesis and biological activity. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Zhou Y, Ju Y, Yang Y, Sang Z, Wang Z, He G, Yang T, Luo Y. Discovery of hybrids of indolin-2-one and nitroimidazole as potent inhibitors against drug-resistant bacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 71:887-897. [DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Kaminska KK, Bertrand HC, Tajima H, Stafford WC, Cheng Q, Chen W, Wells G, Arner ESJ, Chew EH. Indolin-2-one compounds targeting thioredoxin reductase as potential anticancer drug leads. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40233-40251. [PMID: 27244886 PMCID: PMC5130005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several compounds bearing the indolinone chemical scaffold are known to possess anticancer properties. For example, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib is an arylideneindolin-2-one compound. The chemical versatility associated with structural modifications of indolinone compounds underlies the potential to discover additional derivatives possessing anticancer properties. Previously synthesized 3-(2-oxoethylidene)indolin-2-one compounds, also known as supercinnamaldehyde (SCA) compounds in reference to the parent compound 1 [1-methyl-3(2-oxopropylidene)indolin-2-one], bear a nitrogen-linked α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (Michael acceptor) moiety. Here we found that analogs bearing N-substituents, in particular compound 4 and 5 carrying an N-butyl and N-benzyl substituent, respectively, were strongly cytotoxic towards human HCT 116 colorectal and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. These compounds also displayed strong thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitory activity that was likely attributed to the electrophilicity of the Michael acceptor moiety. Their selectivity towards cellular TrxR inhibition over related antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was mediated through targeting of the selenocysteine (Sec) residue in the highly accessible C-terminal active site of TrxR. TrxR inhibition mediated by indolin-2-one compounds led to cellular Trx oxidation, increased oxidative stress and activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). These events also led to activation of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, and cell death with apoptotic features of PARP cleavage and caspase 3 activation. In conclusion, these results suggest that indolin-2-one-based compounds specifically targeting TrxR may serve as novel drug leads for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila K Kaminska
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Helene C Bertrand
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.,Current address: École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hisashi Tajima
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - William C Stafford
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Elias S J Arner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eng-Hui Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S117543, Republic of Singapore
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14
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Kabir TD, Ganda C, Brown RM, Beveridge DJ, Richardson KL, Chaturvedi V, Candy P, Epis M, Wintle L, Kalinowski F, Kopp C, Stuart LM, Yeoh GC, George J, Leedman PJ. A microRNA-7/growth arrest specific 6/TYRO3 axis regulates the growth and invasiveness of sorafenib-resistant cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67:216-231. [PMID: 28833396 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sorafenib remains the only approved drug for treating patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the therapeutic effect of sorafenib is transient, and patients invariably develop sorafenib resistance (SR). Recently, TYRO3, a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, was identified as being aberrantly expressed in a significant proportion of HCC; however, its role in SR is unknown. In this study, we generated two functionally distinct sorafenib-resistant human Huh-7 HCC cell lines in order to identify new mechanisms to abrogate acquired SR as well as new potential therapeutic targets in HCC. Initially, we investigated the effects of a microRNA (miR), miR-7-5p (miR-7), in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of human HCC and identified miR-7 as a potent tumor suppressor of human HCC. We identified TYRO3 as a new functional target of miR-7, which regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh-7 cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and is markedly elevated with acquisition of SR. Furthermore, miR-7 effectively silenced TYRO3 expression in both sorafenib-sensitive and sorafenib-resistant Huh-7 cells, inhibiting TYRO3/growth arrest specific 6-mediated cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSION We identified a mechanism for acquiring SR in HCC that is through the aberrant expression of the TYRO3/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction pathway, and that can be overcome by miR-7 overexpression. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for miR-7 as an RNA-based therapeutic to treat refractory and drug-resistant HCC. (Hepatology 2018;67:216-231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva D Kabir
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Clarissa Ganda
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Rikki M Brown
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Dianne J Beveridge
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Richardson
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Vishal Chaturvedi
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Patrick Candy
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Michael Epis
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Larissa Wintle
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Felicity Kalinowski
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Christina Kopp
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa M Stuart
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - George C Yeoh
- Liver Disease and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J Leedman
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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15
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Lu H, Rogowskyj J, Yu W, Venkatesh A, Khan N, Nakagawa S, Goossens N, Koh AP, Higashi T, Gunasekaran G, Schwarz ME, Hiotis SP, Xu X, Kinney W, Hoshida Y, Block T, Cuconati A, Du Y. Novel substituted aminothiazoles as potent and selective anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5819-5824. [PMID: 27793566 PMCID: PMC6317351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous identification of a disubstituted aminothiazole termed HBF-0079 with promising selective toxicity for HCC-derived cell lines versus non-HCC liver lines, a series of tri-substituted aminothiazole derivatives were prepared and evaluated. This work resulted in the discovery of isopropyl 4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)thiazole-5-carboxylate, 14, which displayed EC50 value of 0.11μM and more than 450times of selectivity, and its methyl carbonate prodrug 24 with improved solubility in organic solvents. Furthermore, 14, was shown to reduce the proliferation of several liver cancer cells derived directly from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagang Lu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - John Rogowskyj
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Anu Venkatesh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Noshena Khan
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Anna P Koh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Takaaki Higashi
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Ganesh Gunasekaran
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Myron E Schwarz
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Spiros P Hiotis
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - William Kinney
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
| | - Timothy Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Andrea Cuconati
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
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16
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Hwang SJ, Park HG, Park Y, Lee HJ. An α-quaternary chiral latam derivative, YH-304 as a novel broad-spectrum anticancer agent. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2480-2486. [PMID: 27748805 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that α-quaternary chiral lactam derivatives have broad spectrum anticancer activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and its relevance are largely unknown. In the present study, we report progress on α-quaternary chiral lactam analogues that address this, focusing on the novel analogue YH-304 as a candidate to broadly target human cancer cells. The effect of YH-304 on cell transformation was assessed by clonogenic assay in non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCs) A549 and 226B. Proapoptotic activity of YH-304 was determined by TUNEL assay and cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-9, and Bax as markers for apoptosis. The p53-dependency and therapeutic spectrum of YH-304 was assessed by western blot analysis, real-time PCR, and cell viability assays in cells expressing endogenous wild or mutant p53. The effect of YH-304 on angiogenesis in vivo was examined by bFGF-mediated angiogenesis assay in zebrafish. Finally, the effect of YH-304 on AKT and ERK activation (phosphorylation) as a putative mechanism underlying the effect of YH-304 on bFGF-mediated angiogenesis was assessed using western blotting. We found that YH-304 significantly decreases the colony-forming activities of both A549 and 226B cells, inducing cellular apoptosis. Unlike nutlin-3 (p53 pathway activator), YH-304 did not affect the expression levels of p53 and its target gene such as p21 and thus showed p53-independent anticancer activity with broad spectrum. In addition, YH-304 inhibited bFGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo through mediating AKT and ERK signaling pathway, which plays an important role in bFGF activation and angiogenesis. Taken together, our data indicate that YH-304 may represent a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer in a p53-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Geun Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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17
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Pathophysiological significance and therapeutic targeting of germinal center kinase in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016; 128:239-48. [PMID: 27151888 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-696856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, yet 40% to 50% of patients will eventually succumb to their disease, demonstrating a pressing need for novel therapeutic options. Gene expression profiling has identified messenger RNAs that lead to transformation, but critical events transforming cells are normally executed by kinases. Therefore, we hypothesized that previously unrecognized kinases may contribute to DLBCL pathogenesis. We performed the first comprehensive analysis of global kinase activity in DLBCL, to identify novel therapeutic targets, and discovered that germinal center kinase (GCK) was extensively activated. GCK RNA interference and small molecule inhibition induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in DLBCL cell lines and primary tumors in vitro and decreased the tumor growth rate in vivo, resulting in a significantly extended lifespan of mice bearing DLBCL xenografts. GCK expression was also linked to adverse clinical outcome in a cohort of 151 primary DLBCL patients. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, that GCK is a molecular therapeutic target in DLBCL tumors and that inhibiting GCK may significantly extend DLBCL patient survival. Because the majority of DLBCL tumors (∼80%) exhibit activation of GCK, this therapy may be applicable to most patients.
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18
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Duan Y, Wong W, Chua SC, Wee HL, Lim SG, Chua BT, Ho HK. Overexpression of Tyro3 and its implications on hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:358-66. [PMID: 26573872 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While various tyrosine kinases have been associated with the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the identification of a dominant therapeutic target among them remains a challenge. Here, we investigated the role of Tyro3, a relatively uncharacterized member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl and Mer) receptor family. The present study aimed to profile and identify potential association between Tyro3 expression in HCC and cancer phenotypes. RNAs obtained from 55 HCC patients were quantified for Tyro3 expression in both cancerous tissue and the adjacent normal tissue. Expression profile was correlated with clinical data. These observations were further substantiated with in vitro HCC cell culture investigations.Tyro3 was strongly upregulated (>2-fold elevation) in the tumor tissue of ~42% of the patients. It was shown that higher expression level of Tyro3 was associated with the key tumor marker AFP, and the tumor diameter and liver injury marker ALT. Subsequent cell culture models indicated high expression in various HCC cell lines, in particular Hep3B. Gene silencing of Tyro3 in Hep3B effectively reduced cell proliferation, ERK phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression, indicating a key in maintaining the proliferative state of these cells. Notably, silencing also suppressed the transcriptional and translational expression of HCC tumor marker AFP. Overall, these data suggest that Tyro3 contributes significantly to tumor growth, aggressiveness and liver dysfunction. Inhibition of Tyro3 and its aberrant signaling in tumors with high expression could present new opportunities for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Winnie Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sonja Courtney Chua
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hwee Lin Wee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Tin Chua
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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19
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Chen X, Yang T, Deivasigamani A, Shanmugam MK, Hui KM, Sethi G, Go ML. N'-Alkylaminosulfonyl Analogues of 6-Fluorobenzylideneindolinones with Desirable Physicochemical Profiles and Potent Growth Inhibitory Activities on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ChemMedChem 2015. [PMID: 26214403 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The benzylideneindolinone 6-chloro-3-(3'-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (4) was reported to exhibit potent and selective growth inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Corroborative evidence supported multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibition as a possible mode of action. However, the poor physicochemical properties of 4 limited its furtherance as a lead compound. In this study, the modification of 4 was investigated with the aim of improving its potency and physicochemical profile. The 6-fluorobenzylideneindolinone 3-12 bearing a 3'-N-propylaminosulfonyl substituent was found to be a promising substitute. Compound 3-12 [6-fluoro-3-(3'-N-propylaminosulfonylbenzylidene)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one] was found to be tenfold more soluble than 4 and to have sub-micromolar growth inhibitory activities on HCC cells. It is apoptogenic and inhibits the phosphorylation of several RTKs in HuH7, of which the inhibition of FGFR4 and HER3 are prominent. Compound 3-12 decreased the tumor load in a physiologically relevant orthotopic HCC xenograft murine model. Structure-activity relationships support pivotal roles for the fluoro and N'-propylaminosulfonyl moieties in enhancing cell-based activity and moderating the physicochemical profile (solubility, permeability) of 3-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Tianming Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Amudha Deivasigamani
- National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Kam-Man Hui
- National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597 (Republic of Singapore)
| | - Mei-Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 (Republic of Singapore).
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20
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Benzylidene-indolinones are effective as multi-targeted kinase inhibitor therapeutics against hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1266-77. [PMID: 24839937 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective pharmacological intervention of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently lacking. Despite the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the targeted therapy of several malignancies, no agent has been developed to specifically interfere with the oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling aberrations found in HCC. Therefore, we adopted an orthogonal biological phenotypic screening approach to uncover candidate compounds: based on a potent cytotoxicity toward HCC-derived cell lines, and minimal toxicity toward normal liver cells. Given the success of indolinone as a chemical scaffold in deriving potent multi-kinase inhibitors (e.g. sunitinib), we screened a group of newly synthesized benzylidene-indolinones. Among the candidates, E/Z 6-Chloro-3-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyliden)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (compound 47) exhibited potent anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, pro-apoptotic properties and good safety profile as compared to known multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors sunitinib and sorafenib. Additionally, an accompanying suppression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) transcription, an HCC tumor marker, implies a favorable selectivity and efficacy on HCC. The in vivo efficacy was demonstrated in an HCC xenograft where 47 was administered once weekly (60 mg/kg) and suppressed tumor burden to the same extent as sorafenib (30 mg/kg daily). A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) array study revealed promising inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinases such as IGF-1R, Tyro3 and EphA2 phosphorylation. Gene silencing of these targets ameliorated the cytotoxic potential of 47 on the HuH7 cell line, thereby implicating their contribution to the tumorigenicity of HCC. Hence, 47 exhibits potent anti-cancer effects on HCC cell lines, and is a suitable lead for developing multi-targeted kinase inhibitors of relevance to HCC.
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