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Laurenge A, Huillard E, Bielle F, Idbaih A. Cell of Origin of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1394:85-101. [PMID: 36587383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of cellular and molecular biology of primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors is a critical step toward the design of innovative treatments. In addition to improving knowledge, identification of the cell of origin in tumors allows for sharp and efficient targeting of specific tumor cells promoting and driving oncogenic processes. The World Health Organization identifies approximately 150 primary brain tumor subtypes with various ontogeny and clinical outcomes. Identification of the cell of origin of each tumor type with its lineage and differentiation level is challenging. In the current chapter, we report the suspected cell of origin of various CNS primary tumors including gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, medulloblastoma, meningioma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, germinomas, and lymphoma. Most of them have been pinpointed through transgenic mouse models and analysis of molecular signatures of tumors. Identification of the cell or cells of origin in primary brain tumors will undoubtedly open new therapeutic avenues, including the reactivation of differentiation programs for therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laurenge
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bielle
- AP-HP, SIRIC CURAMUS, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de La Moelle Épinière, ICM, Service de Neuropathologie Escourolle, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Idbaih
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Service de Neurologie 2-Mazarin, 75013, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) are derived from stem cells of the early embryo and the germ line. They occur in the gonads (ovaries and testes) and also in extragonadal sites, where migrating primordial germ cells are located during embryogenesis. This group of heterogeneous neoplasms is unique in that their developmental potential is in effect determined by the latent potency state of their cells of origin, which are reprogrammed to omnipotent, totipotent or pluripotent stem cells. Seven GCT types, defined according to their developmental potential, have been identified, each with distinct epidemiological and (epi)genomic features. Heritable predisposition factors affecting the cells of origin and their niches likely explain bilateral, multiple and familial occurrences of the different types of GCTs. Unlike most other tumour types, GCTs are rarely caused by somatic driver mutations, but arise through failure to control the latent developmental potential of their cells of origin, resulting in their reprogramming. Consistent with their non-mutational origin, even the malignant tumours of the group are characterized by wild-type TP53 and high sensitivity for DNA damage. However, tumour progression and the rare occurrence of treatment resistance are driven by embryonic epigenetic state, specific (sub)chromosomal imbalances and somatic mutations. Thus, recent progress in understanding GCT biology supports a comprehensive developmental pathogenetic model for the origin of all GCTs, and provides new biomarkers, as well as potential targets for treatment of resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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AID, APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B efficiently deaminate deoxycytidines neighboring DNA damage induced by oxidation or alkylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129415. [PMID: 31404619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AID/APOBEC3 (A3) enzymes instigate genomic mutations that are involved in immunity and cancer. Although they can deaminate any deoxycytidine (dC) to deoxyuridine (dU), each family member has a signature preference determined by nucleotides surrounding the target dC. This WRC (W = A/T, R = A/G) and YC (Y = T/C) hotspot preference is established for AID and A3A/A3B, respectively. Base alkylation and oxidation are two of the most common types of DNA damage induced environmentally or by chemotherapy. Here we examined the activity of AID, A3A and A3B on dCs neighboring such damaged bases. METHODS Substrates were designed to contain target dCs either in normal WRC/YC hotspots, or in oxidized/alkylated DNA motifs. AID, A3A and A3B were purified and deamination kinetics of each were compared between substrates containing damaged vs. normal motifs. RESULTS All three enzymes efficiently deaminated dC when common damaged bases were present in the -2 or -1 positions. Strikingly, some damaged motifs supported comparable or higher catalytic efficiencies by AID, A3A and A3B than the WRC/YC motifs which are their most favored normal sequences. Based on the resolved interactions of AID, A3A and A3B with DNA, we modeled interactions with alkylated or oxidized bases. Corroborating the enzyme assay data, the surface regions that recognize normal bases are predicted to also interact robustly with oxidized and alkylated bases. CONCLUSIONS AID, A3A and A3B can efficiently recognize and deaminate dC whose neighbouring nucleotides are damaged. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Beyond AID/A3s initiating DNA damage, some forms of pre-existing damaged DNA can constitute favored targets of AID/A3s if encountered.
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Bloom JC, Loehr AR, Schimenti JC, Weiss RS. Germline genome protection: implications for gamete quality and germ cell tumorigenesis. Andrology 2019; 7:516-526. [PMID: 31119900 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cells have a unique and critical role as the conduit for hereditary information and therefore employ multiple strategies to protect genomic integrity and avoid mutations. Unlike somatic cells, which often respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle and conducting DNA repair, germ cells as well as long-lived pluripotent stem cells typically avoid the use of error-prone repair mechanisms and favor apoptosis, reducing the risk of genetic alterations. Testicular germ cell tumors, the most common cancers of young men, arise from pre-natal germ cells. OBJECTIVES To summarize the current understanding of DNA damage response mechanisms in pre-meiotic germ cells and to discuss how they impact both the origins of testicular germ cell tumors and their remarkable responsiveness to genotoxic chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a review of literature gathered from PubMed regarding the DNA damage response properties of testicular germ cell tumors and the germ cells from which they arise, as well as the influence of these mechanisms on therapeutic responses by testicular germ cell tumors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of how the developmental origins of male germ cells and their inherent germ cell-like DNA damage response directly impact the development and therapeutic sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors. CONCLUSIONS The DNA damage response of germ cells directly impacts the development and therapeutic sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors. Recent advances in the study of primordial germ cells, post-natal mitotically dividing germ cells, and pluripotent stem cells will allow for new investigations into the initiation, progression, and treatment of testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A R Loehr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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5
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Fetcko K, Dey M. Primary Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2018; 6:1719. [PMID: 30271875 PMCID: PMC6157918 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v6i3.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Primary central nervous system (CNS) germ cell tumors (GCT) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that are still poorly understood. In North America, GCTs comprise approximately 1% of primary brain tumors in pediatric and young adult patients. GCTs can occur as pure or mixed subtypes; they are divided into germinomas, which are the most common subtype, and non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs), which consist of approximately one-third of GCTs and include teratomas, embryonal carcinomas, choriocarcinomas, and yolk sac tumors. OBSERVATIONS While the etiology of primary CNS GCT is not entirely clear, the various subtypes are lineage-related and may involve progenitor germ cells that fail to migrate and become trapped in midline locations. Primary CNS GCT most commonly arises in the pineal region but also occur in other areas. Presenting symptoms can include headache, Parinaud syndrome, diabetes insipidus, precosious puberty, ataxia, or hemiparesis. Diagnosis of primary CNS GCTs can be difficult and is often delayed. Various imaging studies and tumor markers can assist in specific diagnosis. Treatment plans differ depending on the subtype of GCT and may vary among physicians and institutions. Germinomas have a favorable prognosis with a greater than 90% overall survival, while NGGCTs only have survival rates ranging from 40-70%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Germinomas seem to be most effectively treated with chemotherapy and radiation, while NGGCT usually require surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation with the exception of mature teratomas frequently curable with surgery alone. Gamma knife radiosurgery is a promising treatment that may be an effective additional treatment option. Cytogenic and molecular analyses are attempting to further specify the different GCT subtypes and are helping to direct the development of distinct therapeutic targets to improve treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh Fetcko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IUPUI, Indiana, USA
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IUPUI, Indiana, USA,Correspondence: Mahua Dey, MD, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Neuroscience Re-search Building, 320 W 15th Street, NB 400A, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Tel: 317-274-2601;
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Romano FJ, Rossetti S, Conteduca V, Schepisi G, Cavaliere C, Di Franco R, La Mantia E, Castaldo L, Nocerino F, Ametrano G, Cappuccio F, Malzone G, Montanari M, Vanacore D, Quagliariello V, Piscitelli R, Pepe MF, Berretta M, D'Aniello C, Perdonà S, Muto P, Botti G, Ciliberto G, Veneziani BM, De Falco F, Maiolino P, Caraglia M, Montella M, De Giorgi U, Facchini G. Role of DNA repair machinery and p53 in the testicular germ cell cancer: a review. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85641-85649. [PMID: 27821802 PMCID: PMC5356765 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the peculiar sensitivity to cisplatin-based treatment, resulting in a very high percentage of cures even in advanced stages of the disease, still we do not know the biological mechanisms that make Testicular Germ Cell Tumor (TGCT) “unique” in the oncology scene. p53 and MDM2 seem to play a pivotal role, according to several in vitro observations, but no correlation has been found between their mutational or expression status in tissue samples and patients clinical outcome. Furthermore, other players seem to be on stage: DNA Damage Repair Machinery (DDR) , especially Homologous Recombination (HR) proteins, above all Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), cooperates with p53 in response to DNA damage, activating apoptotic cascade and contributing to cell “fate”. Homologous Recombination deficiency has been assumed to be a Germ Cell Tumor characteristic underlying platinum-sensitivity, whereby Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), an enzyme involved in HR DNA repair, is an intriguing target: PARP inhibitors have already entered in clinical practice of other malignancies and trials are recruiting TGCT patients in order to validate their role in this disease. This paper aims to summarize evidence, trying to outline an overview of DDR implications not only in TGCT curability, but also in resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Jacopo Romano
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Carla Cavaliere
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Onco-Ematology Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital of Taranto, Taranto, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Franco
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elvira La Mantia
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Castaldo
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Nocerino
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ametrano
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappuccio
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Malzone
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Micaela Montanari
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Vanacore
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Piscitelli
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Filomena Pepe
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Aniello
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.R.N. dei COLLI "Ospedali Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO", Napoli, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Division of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Muto
- Radiation Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Veneziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco De Falco
- Psicology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Piera Maiolino
- Pharmacy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-Fondazione G. Pascale Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Progetto ONCONET2.0, Linea Progettuale 14 per L'implementazione della Prevenzione e Diagnosi Precoce del Tumore alla Prostata e Testicolo, Regione Campania, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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7
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Bartek J, Fornara O, Merchut-Maya JM, Maya-Mendoza A, Rahbar A, Stragliotto G, Broholm H, Svensson M, Sehested A, Söderberg Naucler C, Bartek J, Bartkova J. Replication stress, DNA damage signalling, and cytomegalovirus infection in human medulloblastomas. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:945-964. [PMID: 28383788 PMCID: PMC5537913 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas are the most common, and often fatal, paediatric brain tumours that feature high genomic instability, frequent infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The causes of the pronounced chromosomal instability and its potential links with HCMV infection and/or resistance to genotoxic therapies remain largely unknown. To address these issues, here we have combined immunohistochemical analysis of a series of 25 paediatric medulloblastomas, complemented by medulloblastoma cell culture models including experimental HCMV infection. Using eight established immunohistochemical markers to assess the status of the DDR machinery, we found pronounced endogenous DNA damage signalling (γH2AX marker) and robust constitutive activation of both the ATM‐Chk2 and ATR‐Chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase cascades, yet unexpectedly modest p53 tumour suppressor activation, across our medulloblastoma cohort. Most tumours showed high proliferation (Ki67 marker), variable oxidative DNA damage (8‐oxoguanine lesions) and formation of 53BP1 nuclear ‘bodies’, the latter indicating (along with ATR‐Chk1 signalling) endogenous replication stress. The bulk of the clinical specimens also showed expression of HCMV immediate early and late proteins, in comparative analyses using three immunohistochemical protocols. Cell culture experiments validated the chronic endogenous replication stress in medulloblastoma cell lines and showed sharply differential, intriguing responses of normal cells and medulloblastoma cells to HCMV infection, including differential subcellular mislocalization and enhancement of replication stress‐related 53BP1 body formation, the latter in cell‐non‐autonomous manner. Overall, our results strongly indicate that in human medulloblastomas, the DDR checkpoint barrier is widely activated, at least in part due to replication stress. Furthermore, we propose that unorthodox p53 defects other than mutations may allow high proliferation despite the ongoing checkpoint signalling and that the highly prevalent HCMV may impact the medulloblastoma host cell replication stress and DNA repair. Collectively, the scenario we report here likely fuels genomic instability and evolution of medulloblastoma resistance to standard‐of‐care genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Afshar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Stragliotto
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Microbial Pathogenesis, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Sehested
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | | | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Nagasawa DT, Lagman C, Sun M, Yew A, Chung LK, Lee SJ, Bui TT, Ooi YC, Robison RA, Zada G, Yang I. Pineal germ cell tumors: Two cases with review of histopathologies and biomarkers. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 38:23-31. [PMID: 28189312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pineal germ cell tumors (GCTs) are primarily seen in pediatric and Asian populations. These tumors are divided into germinomatous and non-germinomatous GCTs (NGGCTs). GCTs are thought to arise by misplacement of totipotent stem cells en route to gonads during embryogenesis. Intracranial GCTs display an affinity to develop along the pineal-suprasellar axis and have variable manifestations dependent upon the location of the tumor. Management and outcomes are driven by histopathologies. In this study, we highlight two cases of pineal GCTs and present a review of the literature with an emphasis on histopathologies and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Nagasawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carlito Lagman
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Yew
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lawrance K Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seung J Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Timothy T Bui
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yinn Cher Ooi
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - R Aaron Robison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Zada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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9
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Kurfurstova D, Bartkova J, Vrtel R, Mickova A, Burdova A, Majera D, Mistrik M, Kral M, Santer FR, Bouchal J, Bartek J. DNA damage signalling barrier, oxidative stress and treatment-relevant DNA repair factor alterations during progression of human prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:879-94. [PMID: 26987799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoints provide an anti-cancer barrier in diverse tumour types, however this concept has remained unexplored in prostate cancer (CaP). Furthermore, targeting DNA repair defects by PARP1 inhibitors (PARPi) as a cancer treatment strategy is emerging yet requires suitable predictive biomarkers. To address these issues, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of multiple markers of DNA damage signalling, oxidative stress, DNA repair and cell cycle control pathways during progression of human prostate disease from benign hyperplasia, through intraepithelial neoplasia to CaP, complemented by genetic analyses of TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and NQO1, an anti-oxidant factor and p53 protector. The DNA damage checkpoint barrier (γH2AX, pATM, p53) mechanism was activated during CaP tumorigenesis, albeit less and with delayed culmination compared to other cancers, possibly reflecting lower replication stress (slow proliferation despite cases of Rb loss and cyclin D1 overexpression) and progressive loss of ATM activator NKX3.1. Oxidative stress (8-oxoguanine lesions) and NQO1 increased during disease progression. NQO1 genotypes of 390 men did not indicate predisposition to CaP, yet loss of NQO1 in CaP suggested potential progression-opposing tumour suppressor role. TMPRSS2-ERG rearrangement and PTEN loss, events sensitizing to PARPi, occurred frequently along with heterogeneous loss of DNA repair factors 53BP1, JMJD1C and Rev7 (all studied here for the first time in CaP) whose defects may cause resistance to PARPi. Overall, our results reveal an unorthodox DNA damage checkpoint barrier scenario in CaP tumorigenesis, and provide novel insights into oxidative stress and DNA repair, with implications for biomarker guidance of future targeted therapy of CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kurfurstova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Radek Vrtel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Mickova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Burdova
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dusana Majera
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kral
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic R Santer
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Bartkova J, Hoei-Hansen CE, Krizova K, Hamerlik P, Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Bartek J. Patterns of DNA damage response in intracranial germ cell tumors versus glioblastomas reflect cell of origin rather than brain environment: implications for the anti-tumor barrier concept and treatment. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1667-78. [PMID: 25066726 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) machinery becomes commonly activated in response to oncogenes and during early stages of development of solid malignancies, with an exception of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). The active DDR signaling evokes cell death or senescence but this anti-tumor barrier can be breached by defects in DDR factors, such as the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway, thereby allowing tumor progression. The DDR barrier is strongly activated in brain tumors, particularly gliomas, due to oxidative damage and replication stress. Here, we took advantage of rare human primary intracranial germ cell tumors (PIGCTs), to address the roles of cell-intrinsic factors including cell of origin, versus local tissue environment, in the constitutive DDR activation in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of 7 biomarkers on a series of 21 PIGCTs (germinomas and other subtypes), 20 normal brain specimens and 20 glioblastomas, revealed the following: i) The overall DDR signaling (γH2AX) and activation of the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway were very low among the PIGCTs, reminiscent of TGCTs, and contrasting sharply with strong DDR activation in glioblastomas; ii) Except for one case of embryonal carcinoma, there were no clear aberrations in the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway components among the PIGCT cohort; iii) Subsets of PIGCTs showed unusual cytosolic localization of Chk2 and/or ATM. Collectively, these results show that PIGCTs mimic the DDR activation patterns of their gonadal germ cell tumor counterparts, rather than the brain tumors with which they share the tissue environment. Hence cell-intrinsic factors and cell of origin dictate the extent of DDR barrier activation and also the ensuing pressure to select for DDR defects. Our data provide conceptually important insights into the role of DNA damage checkpoints in intracranial tumorigenesis, with implications for the differential biological responses of diverse tumor types to endogenous stress as well as to genotoxic treatments such as ionizing radiation or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina E Hoei-Hansen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katerina Krizova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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