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Mahmood MA, Awan MJA, Naqvi RZ, Mansoor S. Methyl-salicylate (MeSA)-mediated airborne defence. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:391-393. [PMID: 38135604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Stressed plants emit a variety of chemicals into the environment, leading to increased pest resistance in neighbouring plants but the genetic and molecular mechanisms of the emissions remain obscure. Recently, Gong et al. identified novel methyl salicylate (MeSA)-mediated airborne defence that confers resistance to neighbouring plants against aphids and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Mahmood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan; Present address: Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Muhammad Jawad Akbar Awan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE),Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE),Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE),Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan; International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Švara A, De Storme N, Carpentier S, Keulemans W, De Coninck B. Phenotyping, genetics, and "-omics" approaches to unravel and introgress enhanced resistance against apple scab ( Venturia inaequalis) in apple cultivars ( Malus × domestica). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae002. [PMID: 38371632 PMCID: PMC10873587 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Apple scab disease, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, endangers commercial apple production globally. It is predominantly managed by frequent fungicide sprays that can harm the environment and promote the development of fungicide-resistant strains. Cultivation of scab-resistant cultivars harboring diverse qualitative Rvi resistance loci and quantitative trait loci associated with scab resistance could reduce the chemical footprint. A comprehensive understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is, however, needed to efficiently breed cultivars with enhanced resistance against a variety of pathogenic strains. Breeding efforts should not only encompass pyramiding of Rvi loci and their corresponding resistance alleles that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors, but should also integrate genes that contribute to effective downstream defense mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the phenotypic and genetic aspects of apple scab resistance, and currently known corresponding defense mechanisms. Implementation of recent "-omics" approaches has provided insights into the complex network of physiological, molecular, and signaling processes that occur before and upon scab infection, thereby revealing the importance of both constitutive and induced defense mechanisms. Based on the current knowledge, we outline advances toward more efficient introgression of enhanced scab resistance into novel apple cultivars by conventional breeding or genetic modification techniques. However, additional studies integrating different "-omics" approaches combined with functional studies will be necessary to unravel effective defense mechanisms as well as key regulatory genes underpinning scab resistance in apple. This crucial information will set the stage for successful knowledge-based breeding for enhanced scab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Švara
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico De Storme
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Genetic resources, Bioversity International, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Laboratory of Plant Health and Protection, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Crop Improvement, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven Plant Institute, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Naqvi RZ, Mahmood MA, Mansoor S, Amin I, Asif M. Omics-driven exploration and mining of key functional genes for the improvement of food and fiber crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1273859. [PMID: 38259913 PMCID: PMC10800452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1273859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of omics technologies has obtained an incredible boost over the past few decades with the advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, innovative bioinformatics tools, and the deluge of available biological information. The major omics technologies in the limelight are genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics. These biotechnological advances have modernized crop breeding and opened new horizons for developing crop varieties with improved traits. The genomes of several crop species are sequenced, and a huge number of genes associated with crucial economic traits have been identified. These identified genes not only provide insights into the understanding of regulatory mechanisms of crop traits but also decipher practical grounds to assist in the molecular breeding of crops. This review discusses the potential of omics technologies for the acquisition of biological information and mining of the genes associated with important agronomic traits in important food and fiber crops, such as wheat, rice, maize, potato, tomato, cassava, and cotton. Different functional genomics approaches for the validation of these important genes are also highlighted. Furthermore, a list of genes discovered by employing omics approaches is being represented as potential targets for genetic modifications by the latest genome engineering methods for the development of climate-resilient crops that would in turn provide great impetus to secure global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Mahmood
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mahmood MA. Efficient A·T-to-C·G Base Editing via Adenine Transversion Editors. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:187-189. [PMID: 37725011 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating A-to-C transversions to correct defective alleles or introduce novel alleles has posed significant challenges. However, two recent studies focusing on adenine transversions have achieved successful A-to-C transversions in mouse embryos and plant cell. These remarkable accomplishments notably broaden the range of base editing and their applications both in fundamental research and in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Mahmood
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
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Tör M, Wood T, Webb A, Göl D, McDowell JM. Recent developments in plant-downy mildew interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:42-50. [PMID: 36670035 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildews are obligate oomycete pathogens that attack a wide range of plants and can cause significant economic impacts on commercial crops and ornamental plants. Traditionally, downy mildew disease control relied on an integrated strategies, that incorporate cultural practices, deployment of resistant cultivars, crop rotation, application of contact and systemic pesticides, and biopesticides. Recent advances in genomics provided data that significantly advanced understanding of downy mildew evolution, taxonomy and classification. In addition, downy mildew genomics also revealed that these obligate oomycetes have reduced numbers of virulence factor genes in comparison to hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic oomycetes. However, downy mildews do deploy significant arrays of virulence proteins, including so-called RXLR proteins that promote virulence or are recognized as avirulence factors. Pathogenomics are being applied to downy mildew population studies to determine the genetic diversity within the downy mildew populations and manage disease by selection of appropriate varieties and management strategies. Genome editing technologies have been used to manipulate host disease susceptibility genes in different plants including grapevine and sweet basil and thereby provide new soucres of resistance genes against downy mildews. Previously, it has proved difficult to transform and manipulate downy mildews because of their obligate lifestyle. However, recent exploitation of RNA interference machinery through Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) indicate that functional genomics in downy mildews is now possible. Altogether, these breakthrough technologies and attendant fundamental understanding will advance our ability to mitigate downy mildew diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Tör
- Department of Biology, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK.
| | | | | | - Deniz Göl
- Department of Biology, School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0329, USA
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