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He Z, Nam S, Liu S, Zhao Q. Characterization of the Nonpolar and Polar Extractable Components of Glanded Cottonseed for Its Valorization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104181. [PMID: 37241921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed is the second major product of cotton (Gossypium spp.) crops after fiber. Thus, the characterization and valorization of cottonseed are important parts of cotton utilization research. In this work, the nonpolar and polar fractions of glanded (Gd) cottonseed were sequentially extracted by 100% hexane and 80% ethanol aqueous solutions and subjected to 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. The nonpolar (crude oil) extracts showed the characteristic NMR peak features of edible plant oils with the absence of ω-3 linolenic acid. Quantitative analysis revealed the percentage of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated fatty acids as 48.7%, 16.9%, and 34.4%, respectively. Both general unsaturated fatty acid features and some specific olefinic compounds (e.g., oleic, linolenic, and gondonic acids) were found in the nonpolar fraction. In the polar extracts, FT-ICR MS detected 1673 formulas, with approximately 1/3 being potential phenolic compounds. Both the total and phenolic formulas fell mainly in the categories of lipid, peptide-like, carbohydrate, and lignin. A literature search and comparison further identifies some of these formulas as potential bioactive compounds. For example, one compound [2,5-dihydroxy-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene) benzohydrazide] identified in the polar extracts is likely responsible for the anticancer function observed when used on human breast cancer cell lines. The chemical profile of the polar extracts provides a formulary for the exploration of bioactive component candidates derived from cottonseed for nutritive, health, and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Sunghyun Nam
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Shasha Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Coordinated Instrument Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Tavakolian M, Koshani R, Tufenkji N, van de Ven TGM. Antibacterial Pickering emulsions stabilized by bifunctional hairy nanocellulose. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:328-339. [PMID: 37080040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Pickering emulsions, defined as emulsions that are stabilized by colloidal particles, provide dispersion stability by preventing coalescence of the dispersed phase. In this study, we used a bifunctional hairy nanocellulose (BHNC) bearing both aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups as an stabilizer. We hypothesize that these particles as Pickering stabilizers can effectively reside at the oil-water interface, better than hairy nanocelluloses containing only carboxyl groups or aldehyde groups, and provide long-term stability without the need of any surfactants. EXPERIMENTS Varying concentrations of BHNC were tested to explore the optimal concentration that provides emulsion stability. The effects of various preparation conditions such as salt and pH were also studied. Finally, carvacrol, an antibacterial essential oil, was loaded in the oil phase to develop antibacterial emulsions. FINDINGS It was shown that a 1% BHNC suspension provides 90% and 80% stability for a duration of 30 and 60 days, respectively. A theoretical model using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry data is developed to prove that only a monolayer of BHNC covers oil droplets. Increasing the concentration of BHNC decreased the size of oil droplets, which as a result increases the surface area available for monolayer coverage. It was also shown that the antibacterial emulsions are highly effective against Gram-negative (i.e. E. coli) and Gram-positive (i.e. S. aureus) bacteria. Accordingly, BHNC as a highly functionalized bio-derived colloidal particle opens new opportunities for engineering highly stable Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Tavakolian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada; Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada.
| | - Roya Koshani
- Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada; Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada.
| | - Theo G M van de Ven
- Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
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NMR-Based Metabolomics: A New Paradigm to Unravel Defense-Related Metabolites in Insect-Resistant Cotton Variety through Different Multivariate Data Analysis Approaches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041763. [PMID: 36838756 PMCID: PMC9966674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is an economically important crop and is widely cultivated around the globe. However, the major problem of cotton is its high vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. It has been around three decades since the cotton plant was genetically engineered with genes encoding insecticidal proteins (mainly Cry proteins) with an aim to protect it against insect attack. Several studies have been reported on the impact of these genes on cotton production and fiber quality. However, the metabolites responsible for conferring resistance in genetically modified cotton need to be explored. The current work aims to unveil the key metabolites responsible for insect resistance in Bt cotton and also compare the conventional multivariate analysis methods with deep learning approaches to perform clustering analysis. We aim to unveil the marker compounds which are responsible for inducing insect resistance in cotton plants. For this purpose, we employed 1H-NMR spectroscopy to perform metabolite profiling of Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties, and a total of 42 different metabolites were identified in cotton plants. In cluster analysis, deep learning approaches (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and neural networks) showed better separation among cotton varieties compared to conventional methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLSDA)). The key metabolites responsible for inter-class separation were terpinolene, α-ketoglutaric acid, aspartic acid, stigmasterol, fructose, maltose, arabinose, xylulose, cinnamic acid, malic acid, valine, nonanoic acid, citrulline, and shikimic acid. The metabolites which regulated differently with the level of significance p < 0.001 amongst different cotton varieties belonged to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), Shikimic acid, and phenylpropanoid pathways. Our analyses underscore a biosignature of metabolites that might involve in inducing insect resistance in Bt cotton. Moreover, novel evidence from our study could be used in the metabolic engineering of these biological pathways to improve the resilience of Bt cotton against insect/pest attacks. Lastly, our findings are also in complete support of employing deep machine learning algorithms as a useful tool in metabolomics studies.
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Grunin YB, Grunin LY, Schiraya VY, Ivanova MS, Masas DS. Cellulose–water system’s state analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and sorption measurements. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMost cellulose-based materials’ manufacturing processes include processing this biopolymer in an aqueous medium. Sorption properties depend on cellulose supramolecular structure and nature of its change during moistening. Plenty of researchers’ efforts have been directed to the development of scientifically sound and commercially reliable processes over the past decade for the cellulose fibers’ dispersion in an aqueous medium. Therefore, it needs a more detailed study of the cellulose–water system components’ interaction. This study presents the supramolecular structure and sorption properties of native cotton cellulose research results obtained by 1H NMR relaxation, spectroscopy and sorption measurements. Hydrophilic properties of cellulose as an adsorbent are characterized, taking into account a porous system between its structural elements. We examine in detail water adsorption on the active surface of cellulose Iβ. We also demonstrate the approach for determining the entropy change in the first two layers of adsorbed water and estimate this value increased during adsorption. Cellulose moistening is accompanied by the decomposition of macrofibrils into microfibrils and is manifested in a crystallinity decrease and a specific surface area growth.
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Edwards JV, Graves E, Prevost N, Condon B, Yager D, Dacorta J, Bopp A. Development of a Nonwoven Hemostatic Dressing Based on Unbleached Cotton: A De Novo Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070609. [PMID: 32629845 PMCID: PMC7407894 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed greige (unbleached) cotton fibers demonstrate enhanced clotting relative to highly processed United States Pharmacopeia (USP) type 7 bleached cotton gauze. This effect is thought to be due to the material surface polarity. We hypothesized that a textile could be constructed, conserving the hemostasis-accelerating properties of greige cotton, while maintaining structural integrity and improving absorbance. Spun bond nonwovens of varying surface polarity were designed and prepared based on ratios of greige cotton/bleached cotton/polypropylene fibers. A thromboelastographic analysis was performed on fibrous samples in citrated blood to evaluate the rate of fibrin and clot formation. Lee White clotting times were obtained to assess the material’s clotting activity in platelet fresh blood. An electrokinetic analysis of samples was performed to analyze for material surface polarity. Hemostatic properties varied with composition ratios, fiber density, and fabric fenestration. The determinations of the surface polarity of cotton fabrics with electrokinetic analysis uncovered a range of surface polarities implicated in fabric-initiated clotting; a three-point design approach was employed with the combined use of thromboelastography, thrombin velocity index, Lee White clotting, and absorption capacity determinations applied to fabric structure versus function analysis. The resulting analysis demonstrates that greige cotton may be utilized, along with hydrophilic and hydrophobic fibers, to improve the initiation of fibrin formation and a decrease in clotting time in hemostatic dressings suitable to be commercially developed. Hydroentanglement is an efficient and effective process for imparting structural integrity to cotton-based textiles, while conserving hemostatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Vincent Edwards
- Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (E.G.); (N.P.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-284-4360
| | - Elena Graves
- Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (E.G.); (N.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Nicolette Prevost
- Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (E.G.); (N.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Brian Condon
- Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA; (E.G.); (N.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Dorne Yager
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23111, USA;
| | | | - Alvin Bopp
- Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70126, USA;
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Abstract
Interactions of water with cellulose are of both fundamental and technological importance. Here, we characterize the properties of water associated with cellulose using deuterium labeling, neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulation. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering provided quantitative details about the dynamical relaxation processes that occur and was supported by structural characterization using small-angle neutron scattering and X-ray diffraction. We can unambiguously detect two populations of water associated with cellulose. The first is "non-freezing bound" water that gradually becomes mobile with increasing temperature and can be related to surface water. The second population is consistent with confined water that abruptly becomes mobile at ~260 K, and can be attributed to water that accumulates in the narrow spaces between the microfibrils. Quantitative analysis of the QENS data showed that, at 250 K, the water diffusion coefficient was 0.85 ± 0.04 × 10-10 m2sec-1 and increased to 1.77 ± 0.09 × 10-10 m2sec-1 at 265 K. MD simulations are in excellent agreement with the experiments and support the interpretation that water associated with cellulose exists in two dynamical populations. Our results provide clarity to previous work investigating the states of bound water and provide a new approach for probing water interactions with lignocellulose materials.
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Grunin LY, Grunin YB, Nikolskaya EA, Sheveleva NN, Nikolaev IA. An NMR relaxation and spin diffusion study of cellulose structure during water adsorption. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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dos Santos FA, Valle Iulianelli GC, Bruno Tavares MI. Development and properties evaluation of bio-based PLA/PLGA blend films reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose and organophilic silica. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Abbate dos Santos
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia Bloco J-Cidade Universitária Ilha do Fundão; Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970, CP 68525 Brazil
| | - Gisele Cristina Valle Iulianelli
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia Bloco J-Cidade Universitária Ilha do Fundão; Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970, CP 68525 Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Bruno Tavares
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Centro de Tecnologia Bloco J-Cidade Universitária Ilha do Fundão; Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970, CP 68525 Brazil
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Fernandes AN, Thomas LH, Altaner CM, Callow P, Forsyth VT, Apperley DC, Kennedy CJ, Jarvis MC. Nanostructure of cellulose microfibrils in spruce wood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E1195-203. [PMID: 22065760 PMCID: PMC3223458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108942108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of cellulose microfibrils in wood is not known in detail, despite the abundance of cellulose in woody biomass and its importance for biology, energy, and engineering. The structure of the microfibrils of spruce wood cellulose was investigated using a range of spectroscopic methods coupled to small-angle neutron and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The scattering data were consistent with 24-chain microfibrils and favored a "rectangular" model with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces exposed. Disorder in chain packing and hydrogen bonding was shown to increase outwards from the microfibril center. The extent of disorder blurred the distinction between the I alpha and I beta allomorphs. Chains at the surface were distinct in conformation, with high levels of conformational disorder at C-6, less intramolecular hydrogen bonding and more outward-directed hydrogen bonding. Axial disorder could be explained in terms of twisting of the microfibrils, with implications for their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha N. Fernandes
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne H. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens M. Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philip Callow
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - V. Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Environment, Physical Sciences, and Applied Mathematics/Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Apperley
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Craig J. Kennedy
- Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael C. Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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