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Mollaamin F, Mohammadian NT, Najaflou N, Monajjemi M. Iranian Qara Qat fruit (redcurrant) in Arasbaran forests as the resource of anthocyanin pigments in formation of [ACN-Mg2+/Al3+/Ga3+/ Sn2+/Cr3+/Fe3+] chelation clusters. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractClusters of metallic cations (Mg2+, Al3+, Ga3+, Sn2+, Cr3+ and Fe3+) jointed to anthocyanins in water media were studied for unraveling the color shifting of different complexes of these structures in the low ranges of pH. Anthocyanin jointed to metallic cation progresses the color expression range of anthocyanin in more different range of pH. In this verdict, it has been studied the metallic cations diffusing of deprotonating for the anthocyanin (B)-ring of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp) and petunidin (Pt) in two media of gas and water, transforming flavylium cations to the blue quinonoidal bases at lower range of pH applying the infrared method by approaching Beer Lambert law for getting the physico-chemical parameters of frequency, intensity, and absorbance of the compounds, respectively. In previous investigation, it has been indicated that the important factor for enhancing the absorbance in a positive non-linear fashion due to deviating from the Beer Lambert law is the self-association of anthocyanins of cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin of anthocyanin structures. The difference of heat of formation (∆HR) among clusters of metallic cations jointed to anthocyanins has been illustrated toward the double bonds and carbonyl groups by the chelation of (B)-ring for cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin anthocyanins in two media of gas and water that explains the stability and color of [anthocyanin-metallic cations] cluster chelation of cyanidin (Cy), delphinidin (Dp) and petunidin (Pt) colorful pigments in a weak acidic medium. By this work we exhibited that the color of the anthocyanin chelates is an important factor for estimating the efficiency of these types of food colorants.
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Iron Complexes of Flavonoids-Antioxidant Capacity and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020646. [PMID: 33440733 PMCID: PMC7827006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are common plant natural products able to suppress ROS-related damage and alleviate oxidative stress. One of key mechanisms, involved in this phenomenon is chelation of transition metal ions. From a physiological perspective, iron is the most significant transition metal, because of its abundance in living organisms and ubiquitous involvement in redox processes. The chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological properties of flavonoids can be significantly affected by their interaction with transition metal ions, mainly iron. In this review, we explain the interaction of various flavonoid structures with Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions and critically discuss the influence of chelated ions on the flavonoid biochemical properties. In addition, specific biological effects of their iron metallocomplexes, such as the inhibition of iron-containing enzymes, have been included in this review.
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Fatemeh Mollaamin, Majid Monajjemi. Thermodynamic and IR Spectral Study of Metal Cations–Anthocyanin Chelation: Mechanism of Formation of Pigments. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024420090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Topical oral wound healing potential of anthocyanin complex: animal and clinical studies. Ther Deliv 2018; 9:359-374. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: An anthocyanin complex (AC), combined Zea mays and Clitoria ternatea extracts, was evaluated for topical oral wound healing in rats and a clinical trial in orthodontic patients. Methods/results: AC enhanced anthocyanin permeation in vitro. In rats, 10% w/w of AC in a mucoadhesive gel (AG) reduced erythema and sizes of oral wounds after topical applications at higher extent than its placebo gel. Acute orthodontic wounds in 68 volunteers were randomly assigned to topically receive either AG or placebo gel and double-blind assessed. Wound size reduction and wound closure enhancement were obvious in AG-treated group on day 3 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: At 10% w/w, AC promoted wound closure and possessed a potential in healing stimulation of acute oral wounds.
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Priprem A, Damrongrungruang T, Limsitthichaikoon S, Khampaenjiraroch B, Nukulkit C, Thapphasaraphong S, Limphirat W. Topical Niosome Gel Containing an Anthocyanin Complex: a Potential Oral Wound Healing in Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 29532424 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins from dietary sources showing potential benefits as anti-inflammatory in oral lesions were developed as an anthocyanin complex (AC), comprised of extracts of Zea mays (CC) and Clitoria ternatea (CT), and formulated into a niosome gel to prove its topical oral wound healing in vitro and in vivo investigations. The AC formed nano-sized clusters of crystalline-like aggregates, occurring through both intra- and inter-molecular interactions, resulting in delivery depots of anthocyanins, following encapsulation in niosomes and incorporation into a mucoadhesive gel. In vitro permeation of anthocyanins was improved by complexation and further enhanced by encapsulation in niosomes. Collagen production in human gingival fibroblasts was promoted by AC and AC niosomes, but not CC or CT. The in vivo wound healing properties of AC gel (1 and 10%), AC niosome gel (1 and 10%), fluocinolone acetonide gel, and placebo gel were investigated for incisional wounds in the buccal cavities of Wistar rats. AC gel and AC niosome gel both reduced wound sizes after 3 days. AC niosome gel (10%) gave the highest reduction in wound sizes after day 3 (compared to fluocinolone acetonide gel, p < 0.05), and resulted in 100% wound healing by day 5. Histological observations of cross-sectioned wound tissues revealed the adverse effects of fluocinolone gel and wound healing potential of AC niosome gel. Topical application of AC niosome gel exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted oral wound closure in rats, possibly due to the improved mucosal permeability and presence of delivery depots of AC in the niosome gel.
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Luna-Vital D, Cortez R, Ongkowijoyo P, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Protection of color and chemical degradation of anthocyanin from purple corn (Zea mays L.) by zinc ions and alginate through chemical interaction in a beverage model. Food Res Int 2017; 105:169-177. [PMID: 29433204 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanin-rich purple corn pericarp water extract (PCW) has the potential to be used as a natural pigment in beverages. However, it has a limited shelf-life in aqueous solutions. The aim was to evaluate the effect of zinc ion (Zn2+) and alginate on color and chemical stability of anthocyanins from colored corn (PCW) in a beverage model for 12weeks. PCW was incorporated to Kool-Aid® Invisible™ along with ZnCl2 and/or alginate. Individual ANC were quantified through HPLC, and color stability was evaluated through the CIE-L*a*b* color system. Complexation between PCW and Zn/alginate was evaluated with fluorescence spectroscopy. The combination of Zn and alginate was the most effective treatment improving the half-life of total ANC concentration (10.4weeks), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (7.5weeks) and chroma (18.4weeks), compared to only PCW (6.6, 4.5 and 12.7weeks, respectively). Zn and alginate had bimolecular quenching constants (Zn kq: 3.4×1011 M-1S-1 and AA kq: 1.0×1012 M-1S-1) suggesting that fluorescence quenching was binding rather than collisional. Results suggested that Zn/alginate interacted with ANC from purple corn slowing its chemical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luna-Vital
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Regina Cortez
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Paulina Ongkowijoyo
- School of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, J. S. Morrill Hall, 505 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, United States.
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Sigurdson GT, Robbins RJ, Collins TM, Giusti MM. Evaluating the role of metal ions in the bathochromic and hyperchromic responses of cyanidin derivatives in acidic and alkaline pH. Food Chem 2016; 208:26-34. [PMID: 27132820 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many food products, colorants derived from natural sources are increasingly popular due to consumer demand. Anthocyanins are one class of versatile and abundant naturally occurring chromophores that produce different hues in nature, especially with metal ions and other copigments assisting. The effects of chelation of metal ions (Mg(2+), Al(3+), Cr(3+), Fe(3+), and Ga(3+)) in factorial excesses to anthocyanin concentration (0-500×) on the spectral characteristics (380-700nm) of cyanidin and acylated cyanidin derivatives were evaluated to better understand the color evolution of anthocyanin-metal chelates in pH 3-8. In all pH, anthocyanins exhibited bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts. Largest bathochromic shifts most often occurred in pH 6; while largest hyperchromic shifts occurred in pH 5. Divalent Mg(2+) showed no observable effect on anthocyanin color while trivalent metal ions caused bathochromic shifts and hue changes. Generally, bathochromic shifts on anthocyanins were greatest with more electron rich metal ions (Fe(3+)≈Ga(3+)>Al(3+)>Cr(3+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Sigurdson
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States
| | - R J Robbins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - T M Collins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - M M Giusti
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States.
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Trouillas P, Sancho-García JC, De Freitas V, Gierschner J, Otyepka M, Dangles O. Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4937-82. [PMID: 26959943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural anthocyanin pigments/dyes and phenolic copigments/co-dyes form noncovalent complexes, which stabilize and modulate (in particular blue, violet, and red) colors in flowers, berries, and food products derived from them (including wines, jams, purees, and syrups). This noncovalent association and their electronic and optical implications constitute the copigmentation phenomenon. Over the past decade, experimental and theoretical studies have enabled a molecular understanding of copigmentation. This review revisits this phenomenon to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of binding (the dispersion and electrostatic components of π-π stacking, the hydrophobic effect, and possible hydrogen-bonding between pigment and copigment) and of spectral modifications occurring in copigmentation complexes, in which charge transfer plays an important role. Particular attention is paid to applications of copigmentation in food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges , Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan C Sancho-García
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante , Apartado de Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor De Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Porto University , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Nanoscience , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Dangles
- University of Avignon, INRA, UMR408 SQPOV , F-84000 Avignon, France
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Czibulya Z, Horváth I, Kollár L, Nikfardjam MP, Kunsági-Máté S. The effect of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on color stability of red wine. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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He F, Liang NN, Mu L, Pan QH, Wang J, Reeves MJ, Duan CQ. Anthocyanins and their variation in red wines I. Monomeric anthocyanins and their color expression. Molecules 2012; 17:1571-601. [PMID: 22314380 PMCID: PMC6268338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Originating in the grapes, monomeric anthocyanins in young red wines contribute the majority of color and the supposed beneficial health effects related to their consumption, and as such they are recognized as one of the most important groups of phenolic metabolites in red wines. In recent years, our increasing knowledge of the chemical complexity of the monomeric anthocyanins, their stability, together with the phenomena such as self-association and copigmentation that can stabilize and enhance their color has helped to explain their color representation in red wine making and aging. A series of new enological practices were developed to improve the anthocyanin extraction, as well as their color expression and maintenance. This paper summarizes the most recent advances in the studies of the monomeric anthocyanins in red wines, emphasizing their origin, occurrence, color enhancing effects, their degradation and the effect of various enological practices on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na-Na Liang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lin Mu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Pan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Malcolm J. Reeves
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Faculty of Applied Science, Business and Computing, Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier 4142, New Zealand
| | - Chang-Qing Duan
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-7136; Fax: +86-10-6273-7136
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Czibulya Z, Horváth I, Kollár L, Kunsági-Máté S. Unexpected effect of potassium ions on the copigmentation in red wines. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schreiber HD, Swink AM, Godsey TD. The chemical mechanism for Al3+ complexing with delphinidin: a model for the bluing of hydrangea sepals. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:732-9. [PMID: 20394986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The blooms of many hydrangea cultivars can be red or blue, with the color depending on the soil pH. This dependence reflects the availability of Al(3+) to the plant under acidic conditions, as Al(3+) changes the color of the anthocyanin pigment in hydrangea sepals from red to blue. A chemical model, Al(3+) and delphinidin in acidic ethanol, was developed to understand the spectral characteristics and bluing of the hydrangea sepals. Delphinidin as its flavylium cation leads to red solutions in the model system. In the presence of Al(3+), the Al(3+) removes H(+) ions from delphinidin, transforming delphinidin's flavylium cation to its blue quinoidal base anion which complexes with the Al(3+). To further stabilize this complex, a second flavylium cation stacks on top of the complexed quinoidal base anion, creating a bathochromic shift of the cation's spectral signature and accentuating the blue color. This Al(3+)-delphinidin entity forms in adequate concentration for bluing only if there is a sufficient excess of Al(3+), the exact excess being a function of pH and concentration. The role of Al(3+) in bluing is not just to form a primary complex with delphinidin, but also to create a template for the stacking of delphinidin (or possibily co-pigments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, United States.
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