Preparation, spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity of binary and ternary Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ce(III) and UO2(VI) complexes of a thiocarbohydrazone ligand

Biological evaluation of newly synthesized α-benzil monoxime thiocarbohydrazide derivatives as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent: In vitro screening and ADMET predictions

The current comprehensive study showcases a meticulous synthesis of novel class of α-benzilmonoxime thiocarbohydrazide (BMOTC) derivatives, and manifesting their multifaceted potential as antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. The synthesis of target compounds was performed in three phases using literature methods. In the first step, benzilmonoxime is synthesized using benzil and hydroxyl amine hydrochloride, followed by benzilmonoxime imine using thiocarbohydrazide. The final stage involves combining BMOTC imine with various aldehydes and ketones. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized derivatives against five bacterial panels, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and one fungal pathogen have been screened. Twelve of the twenty-four synthetic derivatives showed noteworthy activity; eight derivatives exhibited growth inhibition (GI) >73 % against Acinetobacter baumannii, two exhibited GI >95 % against Escherichia coli, and two exhibited GI >93 % against Candida albicans at concentration 32 μg/mL. Further assessment revealed that two derivatives 5v and 5w, exhibited negligible cytotoxicity towards human embryonic kidney cells (HK-293) and human red blood cells (RBC), signifying their promising safety profile at concentration 32 μg/mL (GI against Candida albicans - 97.51 % and 93.71 % respectively). The synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro cytostatic activity, where a rigorous scrutiny against a diverse panel of NCI 60 cancer cell lines representing various malignancies was carried out. A total of eleven compounds emerged as promising candidates, demonstrating significant growth percent (GP) at a concentration of 10 µM. Notably, compounds 5d, 5h, and 5x, turned up as standout performers, exhibiting potent anticancer activity across multiple cancer types, including colon, CNS, melanoma, and breast cancers. Of particular interest, compound 5d displayed notable antiproliferative effects against leukemia cancer cell lines RPMI-8226 & SR, while maintaining non-cytotoxicity against the same. Compound 5h showcased activity against ovarian, non-small cell lung, and prostate cancers, without inducing cytotoxic effects. Compound 5x demonstrated remarkable anticancer activity against leukemia and breast cancer cell lines, further bolstered by its non-cytotoxic nature. A compelling aspect of this study is the comparative analysis with the established drug molecule sunitinib, revealing that compounds 5d, 5h, and 5x exhibit superior potency. These findings not only highlight the therapeutic potential of the BMOTC derivatives but also underscore their viability as promising candidates for future drug development endeavours. This study serves as a pivotal step towards harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of BMOTC derivatives in combating microbial infections and advancing cancer therapy.

Glutathione Induced In Situ Activation of Dual-Locked Cuproptosis Nanoamplifier with Glycolysis Metabolism Inhibition to Boost Cancer Immunotherapy

Interference with glycolysis metabolism not only promotes the efficient sensitization of cuproptosis, but also amplifies cytotoxic T cell functions and proliferations, thus contributing to relieve immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. However, the synergistic mechanism and the design of multicomponent nanoformulations involving these three pathways have not yet been explored. a copper-coordinated nanoassembly (designated as Cu-GM) is reported here that integrates a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, galloflavin (GF), with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, myricetin (MY), to boost cancer cuproptosis-immunotherapy. These results suggest that Cu-GM can be activated by the endogenous overexpressed glutathione to release Cu+, leading to the abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins and iron-sulfur cluster proteins loss, which triggers proteotoxic stress and cell cuproptosis. Meanwhile, the released GF not only inhibits the glycolysis to amplify cuproptosis efficacy but also achieves effective lactate depletion, thus alleviating immunosuppressive effects of lactate. Notably, the killed tumor cells can induce immunogenic cell death to evoke the anti-tumor immunity, which further augmented by the MY-mediated immune checkpoint blockade. Taken together, the first anticancer synergy of glycolysis metabolism, cuproptosis, and immunotherapy is presented, showcasing remarkable in vivo antitumor effects and encouraging further exploration of a rational multimodal treatment approach.

1-D MOF [Ag2(C10H10N3O3S)2(C4H8N)2]n: photocatalytic treatment, crystallographic evaluation, ADMET parameters, CT-DNA and anticancer activity

Newly synthesized dinuclear crystalline polymer, the silver complex of bidentate Sulfamethoxazole (Ag-SMX) in the presence of secondary ligand pyrrolidine has been characterized by elemental, spectral (1H-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectra, UV-Vis spectra.), powder XRD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (single-crystal) analysis. The synthesis molecular structure of the dinuclear [Ag2(C10H10N3O3S)2(C4H8N)2]n complex reveals a one-dimensional polymeric chain with seesaw geometry (τ4 = 0.71): two silvers interlink each other by argentophilic interaction with Ag1…Ag2 separation distance of 3.0047(6) Å. The Hirshfeld surfaces (HS) and 2D fingerprint plots were used to examine the interconnects in the crystal packing. Molecule properties including MEP, MPA, HOMO-LUMO energy, and global reactivity descriptor parameters were computed to understand the molecule's stability. From ADMET parameters, human Intestinal Absorbance data revealed that the compound has the potential to be well absorbed, and also Ag-smx complex cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The capacity of the silver complex to interact with CtDNA was investigated using absorption spectroscopy and viscosity tests. The interaction between CT-DNA reveals that the Ag-SMX complex exhibits the strongest binding affinity among all known sulfonamide derivatives and their metal complexes. The silver complex has higher inhibitory action than the free SMX ligand, according to data from a panel of gram (+ve) and gram (-ve) organisms' minimum inhibitory concentrations. In vitro cytotoxicity investigation revealed that the IC50 value for Ag-SMX is 57.12 g/mL and for SMX is 100.90 g/mL against human lung cancer cell line (A549). This study revealed that, when compared to SMX free-ligand, Ag-SMX is the most effective in terms of cytotoxicity toward the human lung cancer cell line (A549 cell line). In under 120 min, the synthesized Ag-smx complex showed exceptional photo-degradation characteristics against methylene blue (MB) (10 ppm) in visible light radiation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Spectroscopic, theoretical and computational investigations of novel benzo[b]thiophene based ligand and its M(II) complexes: As high portentous antimicrobial and antioxidant agents

The reaction of 3-chlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazide with 4-(diethylamino) salicylaldehyde gave the new ligand; 3-chloro-N'-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazide. The Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes have been successfully prepared. The ligand and the complexes were characterized by analytical, FT-IR, 1H NMR, mass, UV-visible spectroscopy, molar conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The FT-IR spectral data showed that the ligand adopted a tridentate fashion when binding with the metal ions via the nitrogen atoms of the imine (C = N), carboxyl (C = O), and phenolic oxygen (O-H) donor atoms. Density Functional Theory (DFT) estimations for the ligand at the DFT/B3LYP level via 6-31G++ (d, p) replicate the structure and geometry. Finally, HOMO and LUMO analyses were used for the charge transfer interface of the structure. Furthermore, molecular docking and ADME calculations were also performed to correlate and interpret the experimental results. The antimicrobial activity study illustrated enhancement in the activity of the free ligand upon complex formation, and the Cu(II) complex (MIC 25 µg mL-1) may be considered a promising antibacterial agent, and the Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes (MIC 25 µg mL-1) as promising antifungal agents. Also, synthesized Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes (MIC 3.125 µg mL-1) showed promising anti-TB activity against M. tuberculosis. Further, benzo[b]thiophene-based ligand and its metal complexes were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity, and in silico docking studies were carried out against Cytochrome c Peroxidase (PDB ID: 2X08).

Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii) and Cd(ii)-thiocarbonohydrazone complexes: spectroscopic, DFT, thermal, and electrical conductivity studies

New and stable coordinated compounds have been isolated in a good yield. The chelates have been prepared by mixing Co(ii), Ni(ii), Cu(ii), and Cd(ii) metal ions with (1E)-1-((6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)thiocarbonohydrazide (MCMT) in 2 : 1 stoichiometry (MCMT : M²⁺). Various techniques, including elemental microanalyses, molar conductance, thermal studies, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, UV-Vis, and XRD spectral analyses, magnetic moment measurements, and electrical conductivity, were applied for the structural and spectroscopic elucidation of the coordinating compounds. Further, computational studies using the DFT-B3LYP method were reported for MCMT and its metal complexes. MCMT behaves as a neutral NS bidentate moiety that forms octahedral complexes with general formula [M(MCMT)₂Cl(OH₂)]Cl·XH₂O (M = Cu²⁺; (X = ½), Ni²⁺, Co²⁺; (X = 1)); [Cd(MCMT)₂Cl₂]·½H₂O. There is good confirmation between experimental infrared spectral data and theoretical DFT-B3LYP computational outcomes where MCMT acts as a five-membered chelate bonded to the metal ion through azomethine nitrogen and thiocarbonyl sulphur donors. The thermal analysis is studied to confirm the elucidated structure of the complexes. Also, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the thermal decomposition steps were evaluated. The measured optical band gap values of the prepared compounds exhibited semiconducting nature. AC conductivity and dielectric properties of the ligand and its complexes were examined, which showed that Cu(ii) complex has the highest dielectric constant referring to its high polarization and storage ability.

A color reaction for the determination of Cu2+ in distilled beverages employing digital imaging

In this work, we describe for the first time the synthesis of a thiocarbazone for the selective determination of Cu²⁺ in distilled beverages. The method was based on the complexation reaction of Cu²⁺ with the thiocarbazone, and the colored product was analyzed using a smartphone application. The thiocarbazone reacts with Cu²⁺ to form a 1:1 (metal:ligand) complex. The Cu²⁺ complex was characterized by UV, IR and NMR spectral analyses. The proposed reaction yields a yellow color, and therefore, channel B of the RGB system was used in the analysis. After optimizing the reaction conditions, an analytical curve was obtained to determine Cu²⁺ concentrations ranging between 0.25 and 6.75 mg L^-1; the use of 400 μL sample volumes led to a relative standard deviation (n = 5) of 3.2% and a detection limit of 0.18 mg L^-1. Recovery experiments were performed with sugar cane spirits, whiskies and tequilas to evaluate the accuracy of the method, and the recovery obtained ranged from 80.5 to 112.2%.

Biological Applications of Thiocarbohydrazones and Their Metal Complexes: A Perspective Review

Although organic compounds account for more than 99% of currently approved clinical drugs, the established clinical use of cisplatin in cancer or auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis have paved the way to several research initiatives to identify metal-based drugs for a wide range of human diseases. Nitrogen and sulfur donor ligands, characterized by different binding motifs, have been the subject in recent years of one of the main research areas in coordination chemistry. Among the nitrogen/sulfur compounds, very little is known about thiocarbohydrazones (TCH), the higher homologues of the well-known thiosemicarbazones (TSC), and their metal complexes. The extra hydrazine moiety provides the ligands of variable metal binding modes, structural diversity and promising biological implications. The interesting coordination chemistry of TCH has mainly been focused on symmetric derivatives, which are relatively simple to synthesize while few examples of asymmetric ligands have been reported. This informative review on TCHs and their metal complexes will be helpful for improving the design of metal-based pharmaceuticals for applications ranging from anticancer to antinfective therapy.

Crystal structure of N′,2-bis((E)-2-chloro-6-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothiohydrazide, C15H12Cl2N4O2S

C15H12Cl2N4O2S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.236(7) Å, b = 20.199(10) Å, c = 6.992(4) Å, β = 105.987(9)°, V = 1661.2(16) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0707, wRref(F2) = 0.1917, T = 293(2) K.

New mixed amino acids complexes of iron(III) and zinc(II) with isonitrosoacetophenone: Synthesis, spectral characterization, DFT study and anticancer activity

New mixed Fe(III) and Zn(II) complexes with isonitrosoacetophenone (HINAP) and l-amino acids (such as l-histidine, l-phenylalanine and l-proline) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, UV-Vis, IR and ESR spectroscopy and thermal analyses. The values of molar conductance of the complexes in DMSO solution at 10^-3 M concentration indicate their non-electrolyte nature. IR spectroscopy has revealed the coordination of deprotonated ligands to metal through nitrogen and oxygen atoms in an N₂O₂ arrangement. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the hybrid functional of Truhlar and Zhao (M06) with basis set of double zeta quality LANL2DZ to evaluate the cis and trans coordination modes and to ascertain dipole moment, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, chemical hardness, softness and electrophilicity. The magnetic moments and ESR measurements suggest that there is an admixture of S = 5/2 and S = 1/2 spins in Fe(III) complexes. UV-Visible spectra indicate a distorted octahedral geometry around the metal ions. Thermal analyses show the presence of hydrated and coordinated water. The antimicrobial activity was investigated against (G⁺ and G^-) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans). The iron and zinc complexes were found to be more active against Gram-positive than Gram negative bacteria. They also show considerable growth inhibition against the fungi tested. In vitro antitumor activity assayed against cancer cell lines of the HEP2 type (cancer cells of the larynx) exhibited significant toxicity of the ligands and their mixed complexes.