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Rehpenn A, Walter A, Storch G. Molecular Editing of Flavins for Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1458-2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe diverse activity of flavoenzymes in organic transformations has fascinated researchers for a long time. However, when applied outside an enzyme environment, the isolated flavin cofactor only shows largely reduced activity. This highlights the importance of embedding the reactive isoalloxazine core of flavins in defined surroundings. The latter include crucial non-covalent interactions with amino acid side chains or backbone as well as controlled access to reactants such as molecular oxygen. Nevertheless, molecular flavins are increasingly applied in the organic laboratory as valuable organocatalysts. Chemical modification of the parent isoalloxazine structure is of particular interest in this context in order to achieve reactivity and selectivity in transformations, which are so far only known with flavoenzymes or even unprecedented. This review aims to give a systematic overview of the reported designed flavin catalysts and highlights the impact of each structural alteration. It is intended to serve as a source of information when comparing the performance of known catalysts, but also when designing new flavins. Over the last few decades, molecular flavin catalysis has emerged from proof-of-concept reactions to increasingly sophisticated transformations. This stimulates anticipating new flavin catalyst designs for solving contemporary challenges in organic synthesis.1 Introduction2 N1-Modification3 N3-Modification4 N5-Modification5 C6–C9-Modification6 N10-Modification7 Conclusion
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2
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Răsădean DM, Machida T, Sada K, Pudney CR, Pantoș GD. Flavin mimetics: Synthesis and photophysical properties. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Horstmann JS, Hepp A, Layh M, Uhl W. Al/N-based active Lewis pairs: isocyanate insertion products as efficient nucleophiles employed for the facile generation of highly functional molecules. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The previously reported active Lewis pair (ALP)
i
Bu2Al–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (1) (2-Ad = 2-adamantyl) is readily accessible by hydroalumination of the hydrazone H10C5N–N=(2-C10H14) with H–Al
i
Bu2. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of isocyanates R-N=C=O yields six-membered AlC2N2O heterocycles 2 (2a, R = Ph; 2b, R = p-Tol) by dual insertion into the Al–N bonds. 2a reacts as a nucleophile with carboxylic acid chlorides R-C(O)–Cl [R = CH2
t
Bu, p-Tol, H2CCH(Me)C6H4(4-CH2CHMe2) (Ibu-profen acid chloride), 0.5 (1,4-C6H4)] to afford by elimination of
i
Bu2AlCl and hydrolysis new triuret derivatives R-C(O)[N(Ph)C(O)]2–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (3a to 3d) as colourless, sparingly soluble solids in moderate (3c) to high (3b) yields. The analogous reaction of 2a with (p-Tol)–C(Cl)=N(p-Tol) leads to the imidoyl derivative (p-Tol)N=C(p-Tol)[N(Ph)C(O)]2–N(2-Ad)NC5H10 (4a), which showed a fast exchange of phenyl and tolyl groups to yield a mixture of isomers. The analogous reaction of 2b affords the corresponding compound 4b for which a single isomer is isolated despite the scrambling of substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Silissa Horstmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
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Oonishi T, Kawahara T, Arakawa Y, Minagawa K, Imada Y. Greener Preparation of 5-Ethyl-4a-hydroxyisoalloxazine and Its Use for Catalytic Aerobic Oxygenations. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oonishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Yukihiro Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8502 Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Tokushima University; Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
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Guarneri A, van Berkel WJ, Paul CE. Alternative coenzymes for biocatalysis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 60:63-71. [PMID: 30711813 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Guarneri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Jh van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Lee J, Müller F, Visser AJWG. The Sensitized Bioluminescence Mechanism of Bacterial Luciferase. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:679-704. [PMID: 30485901 DOI: 10.1111/php.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
After more than one-half century of investigations, the mechanism of bioluminescence from the FMNH2 assisted oxygen oxidation of an aliphatic aldehyde on bacterial luciferase continues to resist elucidation. There are many types of luciferase from species of bioluminescent bacteria originating from both marine and terrestrial habitats. The luciferases all have close sequence homology, and in vitro, a highly efficient light generation is obtained from these natural metabolites as substrates. Sufficient exothermicity equivalent to the energy of a blue photon is available in the chemical oxidation of the aldehyde to the corresponding carboxylic acid, and a luciferase-bound FMNH-OOH is a key player. A high energy species, the source of the exothermicity, is unknown except that it is not a luciferin cyclic peroxide, a dioxetanone, as identified in the pathway of the firefly and the marine bioluminescence systems. Besides these natural substrates, variable bioluminescence properties are found using other reactants such as flavin analogs or aldehydes, but results also depend on the luciferase type. Some rationalization of the mechanism has resulted from spatial structure determination, NMR of intermediates and dynamic optical spectroscopy. The overall light path appears to fall into the sensitized class of chemiluminescence mechanism, distinct from the dioxetanone types.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Antonie J W G Visser
- Laboratory of Biochemistry Microspectroscopy Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Šturala J, Boháčová S, Chudoba J, Metelková R, Cibulka R. Electron-Deficient Heteroarenium Salts: An Organocatalytic Tool for Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Oxidations. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2676-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Šturala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ‡Central Laboratories, and §Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická
5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Boháčová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ‡Central Laboratories, and §Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická
5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Chudoba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ‡Central Laboratories, and §Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická
5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Metelková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ‡Central Laboratories, and §Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická
5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ‡Central Laboratories, and §Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická
5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Zelenka J, Hartman T, Klímová K, Hampl F, Cibulka R. Phase-Transfer Catalysis in Oxidations Based on the Covalent Bonding of Hydrogen Peroxide to Amphiphilic Flavinium Salts. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Iwahana S, Iida H, Yashima E, Pescitelli G, Di Bari L, Petrovic AG, Berova N. Absolute Stereochemistry of a 4 a-Hydroxyriboflavin Analogue of the Key Intermediate of the FAD-Monooxygenase Cycle. Chemistry 2014; 20:4386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
(1)H-, (11)B-, (13)C-, (15)N-, (17)O-, (19)F-, and (31)P-NMR chemical shifts of flavocoenzymes and derivatives of it, as well as of alloxazines and isoalloxazinium salts, from NMR experiments performed under various experimental conditions (e.g., dependence of the chemical shifts on temperature, concentration, solvent polarity, and pH) are reported. Also solid-state (13)C- and (15)N-NMR experiments are described revealing the anisotropic values of corresponding chemical shifts. These data, in combination with a number of coupling constants, led to a detailed description of the electronic structure of oxidized and reduced flavins. The data also demonstrate that the structure of oxidized flavin can assume a configuration deviating from coplanarity, depending on substitutions in the isoalloxazine ring, while that of reduced flavin exhibits several configurations, from almost planar to quite bended. The complexes formed between oxidized flavin and metal ions or organic molecules revealed three coordination sites with metal ions (depending on the chemical nature of the ion), and specific interactions between the pyrimidine moiety of flavin and organic molecules, mimicking specific interactions between apoflavoproteins and their coenzymes. Most NMR studies on flavoproteins were performed using (13)C- and (15)N-substituted coenzymes, either specifically enriched in the pterin moiety of flavin or uniformly labeled flavins. The chemical shifts of free flavins are used as a guide in the interpretation of the chemical shifts observed in flavoproteins. Although the hydrogen-bonding pattern in oxidized and reduced flavoproteins varies considerably, no correlation is obvious between these patterns and the corresponding redox potentials. In all reduced flavoproteins the N(1)H group of the flavocoenzyme is deprotonated, an exception is thioredoxin reductase. Three-dimensional structures of only a few flavoproteins, mostly belonging to the family of flavodoxins, have been solved. Also the kinetics of unfolding and refolding of flavodoxins has been investigated by NMR techniques. In addition, (31)P-NMR data of all so far studied flavoproteins and some (19)F-NMR spectra are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Müller
- , Wylstrasse 13, CH-6052, Hergiswil, Switzerland,
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Jurok R, Hodačová J, Eigner V, Dvořáková H, Setnička V, Cibulka R. Planar Chiral Flavinium Salts: Synthesis and Evaluation of the Effect of Substituents on the Catalytic Efficiency in Enantioselective Sulfoxidation Reactions. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Tan TC, Spadiut O, Wongnate T, Sucharitakul J, Krondorfer I, Sygmund C, Haltrich D, Chaiyen P, Peterbauer CK, Divne C. The 1.6 Å crystal structure of pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus meleagris rationalizes substrate specificity and reveals a flavin intermediate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53567. [PMID: 23326459 PMCID: PMC3541233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyranose dehydrogenases (PDHs) are extracellular flavin-dependent oxidoreductases secreted by litter-decomposing fungi with a role in natural recycling of plant matter. All major monosaccharides in lignocellulose are oxidized by PDH at comparable yields and efficiencies. Oxidation takes place as single-oxidation or sequential double-oxidation reactions of the carbohydrates, resulting in sugar derivatives oxidized primarily at C2, C3 or C2/3 with the concomitant reduction of the flavin. A suitable electron acceptor then reoxidizes the reduced flavin. Whereas oxygen is a poor electron acceptor for PDH, several alternative acceptors, e.g., quinone compounds, naturally present during lignocellulose degradation, can be used. We have determined the 1.6-Å crystal structure of PDH from Agaricus meleagris. Interestingly, the flavin ring in PDH is modified by a covalent mono- or di-atomic species at the C(4a) position. Under normal conditions, PDH is not oxidized by oxygen; however, the related enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O) activates oxygen by a mechanism that proceeds via a covalent flavin C(4a)-hydroperoxide intermediate. Although the flavin C(4a) adduct is common in monooxygenases, it is unusual for flavoprotein oxidases, and it has been proposed that formation of the intermediate would be unfavorable in these oxidases. Thus, the flavin adduct in PDH not only shows that the adduct can be favorably accommodated in the active site, but also provides important details regarding the structural, spatial and physicochemical requirements for formation of this flavin intermediate in related oxidases. Extensive in silico modeling of carbohydrates in the PDH active site allowed us to rationalize the previously reported patterns of substrate specificity and regioselectivity. To evaluate the regioselectivity of D-glucose oxidation, reduction experiments were performed using fluorinated glucose. PDH was rapidly reduced by 3-fluorinated glucose, which has the C2 position accessible for oxidation, whereas 2-fluorinated glucose performed poorly (C3 accessible), indicating that the glucose C2 position is the primary site of attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Chye Tan
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Iris Krondorfer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Clemens K. Peterbauer
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Divne
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Ménová P, Cibulka R. Insight into the catalytic activity of alloxazinium and isoalloxazinium salts in the oxidations of sulfides and amines with hydrogen peroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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