Facile synthesis of Curcuma longa tuber powder engineered metal nanoparticles for bioimaging applications

Facile Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Cytotoxicity, Antioxidative Properties and Bactericidal Activity

Background

Bioreductive processes are quite potent, effective and affordable for the synthesis of green nanoparticles (NPs), as compared to the physical and chemical methods. The present study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal, antioxidative and anticancer activity of turmeric rhizome-iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) derived from the turmeric rhizome (Curcuma amada) using ferric chloride as a precursor.

Methods

With focusing on the manufacture of FeONPs via green approach, we characterized the NPs using FTIR, FT-Vis, DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The produced particles were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The synthesized NPs were also examined using the MDA-MB-231 human epithelial breast cancer cell line and NCI-60 cancer cell lines.

Results

The antioxidant activity of TR-FeONPs was concentration-dependent. The scavenging activity of TR-FeONPs was 76.09% at a concentration of 140 µg/ml. Using different concentrations of TR-FeONPs in the MTT assay against the MDA-MB-231 cell line indicated a reduction of less than 50% in cell viability at 125 µg/ml. Moreover, TR-FeONPs exhibited an effective bactericidal property. The gTR-FeONPs synthesized bioreductively were found to be effective in renal cancer, UO-31 cell line, with GI50 value of 66.64%.

Conclusion

Our study showcases a sustainable method based on green chemistry principles to produce FeONPs utilizing turmeric rhizome. We anticipate that the FeONPs produced through this biosynthesis process could serve as a promising drug delivery system in cancer treatment and as an effective antimicrobial agent against various diseases.

Green Synthesis of Antibacterial Nanocomposite of Silver Nanoparticle-Doped Hydroxyapatite Utilizing Curcuma longa Leaf Extract and Land Snail (Achatina fulica) Shell Waste

Preparation of green synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs)-doped hydroxyapatite (Ag/HA) utilizing Curcuma longa leaf extract and land snail (Achatina fulica) shell waste was performed. Physicochemical characteristics and antibacterial activity of Ag/HA composite as a function of Ag content was studied. Instrumental analysis such as XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, and XPS were employed to characterize the nanocomposites. The physicochemical study revealed the maintained porous structure of HA after Ag immobilization, and from TEM analyses, it was found that the distributed spherical particles are associated with the dispersed Ag and have a particle diameter of around 5-25 nm. Antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Kliebsiella, pneumonia, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results showed that the varied Ag content (1.0; 1.6; and 2.4% wt) influenced the nanoparticle distribution in the nanocomposite and enhanced the antibacterial feature.

Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns

Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of disordered mesoporous silica loaded with ultrasmall-sized CuO nanoparticles based on an alkali-free strategy and its excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of organic dye

In this paper, disordered mesoporous silica loaded with ultrasmall-sized and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles was obtained by an alkali-free strategy. Pre-prepared copper bromoacetate (CuBA) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) were selected as reactants, which can be covalently connected with each other for the formation of functional hybrid precursors. Simultaneously, the protonated amino group with the ability to promote the hydrolysis of silane was generated, avoiding any additional catalyst. The covalent introduction of copper salt by chemical bonding promised the molecular-level dispersion of copper ions, favouring the in situ generation of ultrasmall-sized and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles in the silica matrix. The average diameter of this obtained composited silica material is around 700 nm, and CuO nanoparticles with an average diameter of ∼3 nm were uniformly dispersed in the silica matrix. Typically, disordered mesopores were obtained under the thermolysis of organic chains in the hybrid silica matrix; the BET surface area is 77 m² g⁻¹ and the pore diameter is about 2.5 nm. The catalytic property was investigated and the results show that this obtained CuO@mSiO₂ material has good catalytic performance in the reduction of organic dye with NaBH₄ as the reducing agent.

Mesoporous silica loaded with ultrasmall sized and highly dispersed CuO nanoparticles was synthesized based on an alkali-free strategy. The obtained silica material has excellent catalytic performance on reduction MB dye in the presence of NaBH₄ as reductant.

Characterization and Antitumoral Activity of Biohybrids Based on Turmeric and Silver/Silver Chloride Nanoparticles

The phyto-development of nanomaterials is one of the main challenges for scientists today, as it offers unusual properties and multifunctionality. The originality of our paper lies in the study of new materials based on biomimicking lipid bilayers loaded with chlorophyll, chitosan, and turmeric-generated nano-silver/silver chloride particles. These materials showed a good free radical scavenging capacity between 76.25 and 93.26% (in vitro tested through chemiluminescence method) and a good antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis bacterium (IZ > 10 mm). The anticancer activity of our developed bio-based materials was investigated against two cancer cell lines (human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT-29, and human liver carcinoma cells HepG2) and compared to one healthy cell line (human fibroblast BJ cell line). Cell viability was evaluated for all prepared materials after a 24 h treatment and was used to select the biohybrid with the highest therapeutic index (TI); additionally, the hemolytic activity of the samples was also evaluated. Finally, we investigated the morphological changes induced by the developed materials against the cell lines studied. Biophysical studies on these materials were done by correlating UV-Vis and FTIR absorption spectroscopy, with XRD, SANS, and SAXS methods, and with information provided by microscopic techniques (AFM, SEM/EDS). In conclusion, these "green" developed hybrid systems are an important alternative in cancer treatment, and against health problems associated with drug-resistant infections.

Filtration Materials Modified with 2D Nanocomposites-A New Perspective for Point-of-Use Water Treatment

Point-of-use (POU) water treatment systems and devices play an essential role in limited access to sanitary safe water resources. The filtering materials applied in POU systems must effectively eliminate contaminants, be readily produced and stable, and avoid secondary contamination of the treated water. We report an innovative, 2D Ti3C2/Al2O3/Ag/Cu nanocomposite-modified filtration material with the application potential for POU water treatment. The material is characterized by improved filtration velocity relative to an unmodified reference material, effective elimination of microorganisms, and self-disinfecting potential, which afforded the collection of 99.6% of bacteria in the filter. The effect was obtained with nanocomposite levels as low as 1%. Surface oxidation of the modified material increased its antimicrobial efficiency. No secondary release of the nanocomposites into the filtrate was observed and confirmed the stability of the material and its suitability for practical application in water treatment.

Lignin-Based Micro- and Nanomaterials and their Composites in Biomedical Applications

Lignin, as the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer in nature, has long been regarded as waste and simply discarded from the pulp and paper industry. In recent years, with many breakthroughs in lignin chemistry, pretreatment, and processing techniques, a lot of the inherent bioactivities of lignin, including antioxidant activities, antimicrobial activities, biocompatibilities, optical properties, and metal-ion chelating and redox activities, have been discovered and this has opened a new field not only for lignin-based materials but also for biomaterials. In this Review, the biological activities of lignin and drug/gene delivery and bioimaging applications of various types of lignin-based material are summarized. In addition, the challenges and limitations of lignin-based materials encountered during the development of biomedical applications are also discussed.

Antifungal and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Photochemically Synthesized Heparin-Coated Gold and Silver Nanoparticles

Heparin-based silver nanoparticles (AgHep-NPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuHep-NPs) were produced by a photochemical method using silver nitrate and chloroauric acid as metal precursors and UV light at 254 nm. UV-Vis spectroscopy graphs showed absorption for AgHep-NPs and AuHep-NPs at 420 nm and 530 nm, respectively. TEM revealed a pseudospherical morphology and a small size, corresponding to 10-25 nm for AgHep-NPs and 1.5-7.5 nm for AuHep-NPs. Their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Issatchenkia orientalis (Candida krusei), and Candida parapsilosis was assessed by the microdilution method. We show that AgHep-NPs were effective in decreasing fungus density, whereas AuHep-NPs were not. Additionally, the viability of human gingival fibroblasts was preserved by both nanoparticle types at a level above 80%, indicating a slight cytotoxicity. These results are potentially useful for applications of the described NPs mainly in dentistry and, to a lesser extent, in other biomedical areas.

Incorporated plant extract fabricated silver/poly-D,l-lactide-co-glycolide nanocomposites for antimicrobial based wound healing

Polymeric nanocomposites have gained extensive attention in modern nanotechnology by reason of its design, flexibility, sole applications and lower life cycle costs. Preparation of composites using spreading of inorganic metal nanoparticles in organic polymeric matrices has plenty of scope and applications in the biomedical field. Poly-D,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) is an appreciated polymer for composites preparation because of its non-toxic and promising biodistribution. The consideration of metal nanoparticles has extended rapidly with the presence of new nanocomposites into a range of products and technologies. Compared to bulk materials the synthesized metal nanoparticles have unique character and biomedical uses due to its shape, size, and huge surface to volume ratio. Among different inorganic metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have dominated in the biomedical field owing to its diverse potential applications including imaging, sensor, diagnosis and disease treatment. Further, medicinal plant extract mediated Ag NPs shown superior advantages and its antimicrobial based wound healing prospective has been established. However, not much information on plant extract mediated Ag NPs integrated PLGA nanocomposites wound healing applications. In the present review, we discussed necessity, preparation, characterization and antimicrobial based wound healing mechanism of incorporated plant extract mediated silver/PLGA nanocomposites.

An Assessment of the Effect of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Sage Leaves (Salvia officinalis L.) on Germinated Plants of Maize (Zea mays L.)

AgNPs have attracted considerable attention in many applications including industrial use, and their antibacterial properties have been widely investigated. Due to the green synthesis process employed, the nanoparticle surface can be coated with molecules with biologically important characteristics. It has been reported that increased use of nanoparticles elevates the risk of their release into the environment. However, little is known about the behaviour of AgNPs in the eco-environment. In this study, the effect of green synthesized AgNPs on germinated plants of maize was examined. The effects on germination, basic growth and physiological parameters of the plants were monitored. Moreover, the effect of AgNPs was compared with that of Ag(I) ions in the form of AgNO₃ solution. It was found that the growth inhibition of the above-ground parts of plants was about 40%, and AgNPs exhibited a significant effect on photosynthetic pigments. Significant differences in the following parameters were observed: weights of the caryopses and fresh weight (FW) of primary roots after 96 h of exposure to Ag(I) ions and AgNPs compared to the control and between Ag compounds. In addition, the coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) between the control and the AgNPs varied and that between the Ag(I) ions and AgNPs was also different. Phytotoxicity was proved in the following sequence: control < AgNPs < Ag(I) ions.

Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) by plants and microbes: their cellular uptake, biocompatibility, and biomedical applications

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) with their diverse physical and chemical properties have been applied in various biomedical domains. The increasing demand for MNPs has attracted researchers to develop straightforward, inexpensive, simple, and eco-friendly processes for the enhanced production of MNPs. To discover new biomedical applications first requires knowledge of the interactions of MNPs with target cells. This review focuses on plant and microbial synthesis of biological MNPs, their cellular uptake, biocompatibility, any biological consequences such as cytotoxicity, and biomedical applications. We highlighted the involvement of biomolecules in capping and stabilization of MNPs and the effect of physicochemical parameters particularly the pH on the synthesis of MNPs. Recently achieved milestones to understand the role of synthetic biology (SynBiol) in the synthesis of tailored MNPs are also discussed.

Biochemistry and biomedicine of quantum dots: from biodetection to bioimaging, drug discovery, diagnostics, and therapy

According to recent research, nanotechnology based on quantum dots (QDs) has been widely applied in the field of bioimaging, drug delivery, and drug analysis. Therefore, it has become one of the major forces driving basic and applied research. The application of nanotechnology in bioimaging has been of concern. Through in vitro labeling, it was found that luminescent QDs possess many properties such as narrow emission, broad UV excitation, bright fluorescence, and high photostability. The QDs also show great potential in whole-body imaging. The QDs can be combined with biomolecules, and hence, they can be used for targeted drug delivery and diagnosis. The characteristics of QDs make them useful for application in pharmacy and pharmacology. This review focuses on various applications of QDs, especially in imaging, drug delivery, pharmaceutical analysis, photothermal therapy, biochips, and targeted surgery. Finally, conclusions are made by providing some critical challenges and a perspective of how this field can be expected to develop in the future.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

Quantum dots (QDs) is an emerging field of interdisciplinary subject that involves physics, chemistry, materialogy, biology, medicine, and so on. In addition, nanotechnology based on QDs has been applied in depth in biochemistry and biomedicine. Some forward-looking fields emphatically reflected in some extremely vital areas that possess inspiring potential applicable prospects, such as immunoassay, DNA analysis, biological monitoring, drug discovery, in vitro labelling, in vivo imaging, and tumor target are closely connected to human life and health and has been the top and forefront in science and technology to date. Furthermore, this review has not only involved the traditional biochemical detection but also particularly emphasized its potential applications in life science and biomedicine.