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Devaraji V, Sivaraman J. Exploring the potential of machine learning to design antidiabetic molecules: a comprehensive study with experimental validation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37938122 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2275176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in hardware and software algorithms have led to the rise of data-driven approaches for designing therapeutic modalities. One of the major causes of human mortality is diabetes. Thus, there is a tremendous opportunity for research into effective antidiabetic designs. Therefore, in this study, we used machine learning-based small molecule design. We used various chemoinformatic and binary fingerprint techniques on small molecules to construct multiple models for alpha-amylase inhibitors. Among these models, the top models were used for ensemble-based machine learning predictions on libraries of organic molecules supplemented with synthetic scaffolds that could be used as antidiabetic agents. Further, involved identifying 10 promising molecules from computational studies and determining their inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase. These molecules were synthesised and thoroughly analysed to assess their biological inhibitory properties. Then, thermodynamic simulations were conducted to determine the stability and affinity of experimentally active molecules. The research results showcased the top 10 ML models recorded impressive statistics with an average model score of 0.8216, Pearson-r value of 0.827 and external validation yielding a Q2 value of 0.835, proving their reliability and accuracy. Ten derivatives of benzothiophene dioxolane was prime research focus due to computational predictions. The biological inhibitory assay of synthesised molecules showed that small molecules with ID ALC5 and ALC6 exhibited inhibitory efficiencies (IC50) of 2.1 ± 0.14 µM and 5.71 ± 0.02 µM against alpha-amylase enzyme, whereas other molecules showed moderate inhibition. In conclusion, the positive results of the experiment indicate that researchers should explore machine learning-driven design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Devaraji
- Computational Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayanthi Sivaraman
- Computational Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Hesse S. Synthesis of 5-arylidenerhodanines in L-proline-based deep eutectic solvent. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1537-1544. [PMID: 37822921 PMCID: PMC10562643 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodanines and their derivatives are known to have many pharmacological activities that can be modulated through different functionalization sites. One of the most studied modification in those scaffolds is the introduction of a benzylidene moiety on C5 via a Knoevenagel reaction. Here, a facile synthesis of 5-arylidenerhodanines via a Knoevenagel reaction in an ʟ-proline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) is reported. This method is fast (1 h at 60 °C), easy, catalyst-free and sustainable as no classical organic solvents were used. The expected compounds are recovered by a simple filtration after hydrolysis and no purification is required. Those derivatives were studied for their antioxidant activities and the results are consistent with those reported in the literature indicating that phenolic compounds are the more active ones.
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An alternative technique for cyclization synthesis, in vitro anti-esophageal cancer evaluation, and molecular docking of novel thiazolidin-4-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Younis MH, Mohammed ER, Mohamed AR, Abdel-Aziz MM, Georgey HH, Abdel Gawad NM. Design, Synthesis and Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Evaluation of New Thiazolidin-4-one and Thiazolo[3,2-a][1,3,5]triazine Derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Recent advancements and developments in search of anti-tuberculosis agents: A quinquennial update and future directions. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Vanitha U, Elancheran R, Manikandan V, Kabilan S, Krishnasamy K. Design, synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and computational studies of 3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Trotsko N. Antitubercular properties of thiazolidin-4-ones - A review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113266. [PMID: 33588179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidin-4-one scaffold has great potential for medicinal chemistry and is of interest to scientists in view of wide spectrum of biological activity. This scaffold is often used for designing of small molecules with various biological activity including antituberculosis activity. The presented review is an attempt to gather, analyze and systemize data about antitubercular properties of thiazolidine-4-ones from two last decades. Some of them have promising antitubercular activity which is significantly higher than that of the reference drugs. Among them compounds 82c, 82d and 84 that were active against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain with MICs in the range of 0.05-0.2 μg/mL and compound 108 exhibited activity with MIC = 0.36 μM. Compounds 115a-115c and 116a-116c were very effective against M. tuberculosis H37Ra with MIC values in the range of 0.031-0.125 μg/mL. Acidomycin was showed activity against seven MDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs in the range of 0.6-0.62 μM and against two XDR M. tuberculosis strains with MICs 0.096 and 1.2 μM. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of some groups of compounds, as well as some potential molecular targets were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Trotsko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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8
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Harshitha KR, Sarojini BK, Narayana B, Lobo AG, Kalal BS. Molecular Docking of 4-ethoxychalcones on Oxidoreductase/Pirin Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Evaluation on Breast/Skin Cancer Cell Lines. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817666200129143803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The role of α, β unsaturated propenone derivatives, has attracted the
chemists for its biological importance. An attempt is made to reveal the interaction between breast
and skin cancer cell lines with the help of molecular docking studies.
Objective:
The study aimed to synthesize and characterize 4-ethoxychalcones for testing breast and
skin cancer targets.
Methods:
A series of chalcone analogues starting from 4-ethoxyacetophenone and substituted
aromatic aldehydes were synthesized, well-characterized and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer
activities against human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and human metastatic melanoma (A-375)
cell lines by MTT assay. Docking simulation was performed to study the drug-receptor interaction
of chalcone scaffold on the active site of target inhibitor bound to cytochrome P450 family
oxidoreductase for breast cancer and Pirin inhibiting target for skin cancer, respectively.
Results and Discussion:
After performing cytotoxic evaluation, it was observed that compounds
having a substitution at the para position showed better results compared to ortho and meta positions
for both the cell lines. Molecular docking studies revealed different types of interactions with
selected oxidoreductase and Pirin inhibiting targets. Ligand-protein interactions and morphological
changes are monitored by molecular dynamics.
Conclusion:
The presence of electron-withdrawing and donating groups on ring B marginally
affected IC50 and docking scores. The stability of the binding mode of ligands having high inhibitory
efficiency for compounds 8 and 10 predicted by docking studies was confirmed by molecular
dynamics simulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be within the acceptable
range. Further molecular dynamics study would provide the necessary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishori Ramachandra Harshitha
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Kishori Ramachandra Harshitha, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri Mangaluru, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Balladka Kunhanna Sarojini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Balladka Kunhanna Sarojini, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangaluru, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Badiadka Narayana
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Badiadka Narayana, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangaluru, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Anupam Glorious Lobo
- School of Chemical Sciences, Anupam Glorious Lobo, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal
- Department of Biochemistry, Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
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Mathew B, Parambi DGT, Sivasankarapillai VS, Uddin MS, Suresh J, Mathew GE, Joy M, Marathakam A, Gupta SV. Perspective Design of Chalcones for the Management of CNS Disorders: A Mini-Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:432-445. [PMID: 31187716 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190610111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of chalcone-based compounds for CNS disorders has been explored by many research groups. Chalcones are being considered as a potent organic scaffold with widespread applications in the field of drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. The planar or semi-planar geometry of chalcones with various functionalities impinged on the terminal aromatic systems renders the molecule its bio-activity including anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antileishmanial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive properties, etc. Moreover, cutting-edge research has been executed in the domain of Central Nervous System (CNS) based scheme, further, their identification and classifications also remain of high interest in the field of medicinal chemistry but the specific reviews are limited. Hence, the present review highlights the significance of chalcones toward their CNS activities (up to 2019), which include anti-depressant activity, anxiolytic activity, activity with GABA receptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibitions, activity as adenosine receptor antagonists anti-Alzheimer's agents, β-amyloid plaques imaging agents, monoamine oxidase inhibition. To our knowledge, this is the first review exclusively for CNS activity profile of chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jerad Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai 600004, India
| | | | - Monu Joy
- School of Pure & Applied Physics, M.G. University, Kottayam 686560, India
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut 673602, Kerala, India
| | - Sheeba Varghese Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
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10
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Abumelha HMA, Saeed A. Synthesis of some 5‐arylidene‐2‐(4‐acetamidophenylimino)‐thiazolidin‐4‐one derivatives and exploring their breast anticancer activity. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana M. A. Abumelha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencePrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
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11
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El-Mawgoud HKA. Synthesis, in-Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Some Novel Thiazole Based Heterocycles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1314-1323. [PMID: 31787658 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Condensation of rhodanine (1) with pyrazol-3(2H)-one derivatives (2a-f) gave 5-substituted-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives (3a-f). Reaction of compound (1) with 2-arylmethylidene-malononitrile (4a-d) yielded the unexpected derivatives (5a-d). The latter compounds were subjected to cyclization reactions with malononitrile under different basic conditions, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and/or thiourea to furnish the fused thiazole derivatives (6a-d) and (8-10a-d). Coupling of (1) with diazotized aromatic amines (11a-c) in pyridine afforded the arylhydrazones (12a-c). Fusion of latter compounds with malononitrile afforded the thiazolopyridazine derivatives (13a-c). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated via spectral data and elemental analyses. The in-vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds (3a-f) against the cell line MCF-7 was evaluated. Also, the synthesized products were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against six standard organisms including the G+ bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, G- bacteria, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris in addition to fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus.
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12
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Mathew B, Parambi DGT, Mathew GE, Uddin MS, Inasu ST, Kim H, Marathakam A, Unnikrishnan MK, Carradori S. Emerging therapeutic potentials of dual-acting MAO and AChE inhibitors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1900177. [PMID: 31478569 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
No drug has been approved to prevent neuronal cell loss in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD); despite increased comprehension of the underlying molecular causes, therapies target cognitive functional improvement and motor fluctuation control. Drug design strategies that adopt the "one protein, one target" philosophy fail to address the multifactorial aetiologies of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD optimally. On the contrary, restoring neurotransmitter levels by combined combinatorial inhibition of cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, and adenosine A2A A receptors, in conjunction with strategies to counter oxidative stress and beta-amyloid plaque accumulation, would constitute a therapeutically robust, multitarget approach. This extensive review delineates the therapeutic advantages of combining dual-acting molecules that inhibit monoamine oxidases and cholinesterases and/or adenosine A2A A receptors, and describes the structure-activity relationships of compound classes that include, but are not limited to, alkaloids, coumarins, chalcones, donepezil-propargylamine conjugates, homoisoflavonoids, resveratrol analogs, hydrazones, and pyrazolines. In the wake of recent advances in network biology, in silico approaches, and omics, this review emphasizes the need to consider conceptually informed research strategies for drug discovery, in the context of the mounting burden posed by chronic neurodegenerative diseases with complex aetiologies and pathophysiologies involving multiple signalling pathways and numerous drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Githa E Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sini T Inasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Lab, Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research, Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Marathakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National College of Pharmacy, Calicut, India
| | | | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Perspective anti-thyroid drug 2-thioxo-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene) thiazolidin-4-one: X-ray and thermogravimetric characterization of two novel molecular adducts, obtained by interaction with I2. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Mathew B, Baek SC, Thomas Parambi DG, Lee JP, Mathew GE, Jayanthi S, Vinod D, Rapheal C, Devikrishna V, Kondarath SS, Uddin MS, Kim H. Potent and highly selective dual-targeting monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors: Fluorinated chalcones of morpholine versus imidazole. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800309. [PMID: 30663112 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two series of fluorinated chalcones containing morpholine and imidazole-based compounds (f1-f8) were synthesized and evaluated for recombinant human monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Our results indicate that morpholine containing chalcones are highly selective MAO-B inhibitors having reversibility properties. All the imidazole-based fluorinated chalcones showed weak MAO inhibitions in both isoforms. Among the tested compounds, (2E)-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl]prop-2-en-1-one (f2) showed potent inhibitory activity for recombinant human MAO-B (IC50 = 0.087 μM) with a high selectivity index (SI) of 517.2. In the recovery experiments using dialysis, the residual activity of MAO-B inhibited by f2 was close to that with the reversible reference inhibitor. Inhibition assays revealed that the Ki values of f1 and f2 for MAO-B were 0.027 and 0.020 μM, respectively, with competitive patterns. All the morpholine-based compounds (f1-f4) showed moderate inhibition toward acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values ranging between 24 and 54 μM. All morpholine-containing compounds exhibit good blood-brain barrier permeation in the PAMPA method. The rational approach regarding the highly selective MAO-B inhibitor f2 was further ascertained by induced fit docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Seung C Baek
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae P Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Githa E Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Sivaraman Jayanthi
- Computational Drug Design Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Devaraji Vinod
- Computational Drug Design Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Clariya Rapheal
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Vinod Devikrishna
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Shahin Shad Kondarath
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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El-Mawgoud HKA, Atta-Allah SR, Hemdan MM. Uses of 2-(Thiophene-2-carbonylcarbamothioylthio)acetic Acid as a Good Synthon for Construction of Some New Thiazole and Annulated Thiazole Derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:992-998. [PMID: 30270245 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of thiophene-2-carbonyl isothiocyanate 2 with thioglycolic acid gave 2-(thiophene-2-carbonylcarbamothioylthio)acetic acid 3. Compound 3 was subjected to some selected reactions with sulphuric acid as well as benzaldehyde, piperonal and isatin under different reaction conditions. The products obtained were new derivatives of thiazole and annulated thiazole derivatives bearing thiophene moiety in some cases. The structures of the new synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their microanalytical and spectral properties. Some compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six selected microorganisms using the standard antibacterial Gentamycin and antifungal Ketoconazole as references.
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