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Hasegawa K, Goto S, Kataoka H, Chatani H, Kinoshita T, Yokoyama H, Tsuchida T. Quantification of crystallinity during indomethacin crystalline transformation from α- to γ-polymorphic forms and of the thermodynamic contribution to dissolution in aqueous buffer and solutions of solubilizer. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4129-4141. [PMID: 38292264 PMCID: PMC10825737 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08481g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermodynamic properties and dissolution of indomethacin (INM) were analyzed as models for poorly water-soluble drugs. Physical mixtures of the most stable γ-form and metastable α-form of INM at various proportions were prepared, and their individual signal intensities proportional to their mole fractions were observed using X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry at standard temperature. The endothermic signals of the α-form, with a melting point of 426 K, and that of the γ-form, with a melting point of 433 K, were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, an exothermic DSC peak of the α/γ-phase transition at approximately 428 K was obtained. As we computed the melting entropy of the α-form and that of its transformation, the frequency of the transition was quantitatively determined, which indicated the maximum of the α/γ-phase transition at an α-form proportion of 68%. Subsequently, the thermodynamic contributions of the α- and γ-forms were analyzed using a Van't Hoff plot for solubility in aqueous solutions at pH 6.8. The dissolution enthalpies for α- and γ-forms were 28.2 and 31.2 kJ mol-1, respectively, which are in agreement with the quantitative contribution predicted by the product of the temperature and melting entropy. The contribution of melting entropy was conserved in different dissolution processes with aqueous solvents containing lidocaine, diltiazem, l-carnosine, and aspartame as solubilizers; their γ-form Setschenow coefficients were -39.6, +82.9, -17.3, and +23.2, whereas those of the α-form were -39.7, +80.4, -16.7, and +22.7, respectively. We conclude that the dissolution ability of the solid state and solubilizers indicate their additivity independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Hikaru Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Hideshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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2
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Hasegawa K, Goto S, Tsunoda C, Kuroda C, Okumura Y, Hiroshige R, Wada-Hirai A, Shimizu S, Yokoyama H, Tsuchida T. Using singular value decomposition to analyze drug/β-cyclodextrin mixtures: insights from X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29266-29282. [PMID: 37874293 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02737f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The article discusses the use of mathematical models and linear algebra to understand the crystalline structures and interconversion pathways of drug complexes with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). It involved the preparation and analysis of mixtures of indomethacin, diclofenac, famotidine, and cimetidine with β-CD using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis is used to identify the presence of different polymorphs in the mixtures of these drugs and β-CD, determine interconversion pathways, and distinguish between different forms. In general, linear algebra or artificial intelligence (AI) is used to approximate the contribution of distinguishable entities to various phenomena. We expected linear algebra to completely reveal all eight entities present in the diffractogram dataset. However, after performing the SVD procedure, we found that only six independent basis functions were extracted, and the entities of the INM α-form and the CIM B-form were not included. It is considered that this is due to that data processing is limited to revealing only six or seven independent factors, as it is a small world. The authors caution that these may not always reproduce or approach reality in complicated real-world situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Kuroda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Yuta Okumura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Hiroshige
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Ayako Wada-Hirai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Shota Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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3
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Tsunoda C, Goto S, Hiroshige R, Kasai T, Okumura Y, Yokoyama H. Optimization of the stability constants of the ternary system of diclofenac/famotidine/β-cyclodextrin by nonlinear least-squares method using theoretical equations. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122913. [PMID: 37024067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a new method for determining the stability constants of drug/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexes when multiple drugs interacting with each other coexist in the solution of complexation. The basic drug famotidine (FAM) and the acidic drug diclofenac (DIC) were used as model drugs, their solubility decreasing owing to their mutual interaction. The dissolution of both FAM and DIC was characterized by AL-type phase solubility diagrams in the presence of the other's 1:1 complex with β-CD. When the stability constant was calculated from the slope of the phase solubility diagram using the conventional phase solubility diagram method, it was modified in the presence of the other drug. However, by performing optimization calculations that considered the interactions between the drug/β-CD complex and the drug, drug/β-CD complexes, and drugs, we were able to accurately calculate the stability constant of DIC/β-CD and FAM/β-CD complexes even in the presence of FAM and DIC, respectively. The results of the solubility profile indicated that various molecular species, which are attributed to drug-drug and drug/β-CD interactions, interfere with the values of the dissolution rate constants and saturated concentration in the solubility profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Hiroshige
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kasai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Okumura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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Chaiya P, Okonogi S, Phaechamud T. Stereomicroscope with Imaging Analysis: A Versatile Tool for Wetting, Gel Formation and Erosion Rate Determinations of Eutectic Effervescent Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1280. [PMID: 35745851 PMCID: PMC9228642 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wettability, gel formation and erosion behaviors could influence the drug release pattern of solid dosage forms. Typically, these parameters are evaluated using a variety of techniques. Nonetheless, there has been no previous research on versatile tool development for evaluating several tablet characteristics with a single tool. The aim of this study was to develop the versatile tool for measuring various physical properties of eutectic effervescent tablets and also investigate the relationship between these parameters with parameters from drug dissolution. Ibuprofen (IBU)-poloxamer 407 (P407) eutectic effervescent tablets were fabricated with a direct compression method. Their wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors were investigated using a stereomicroscope with imaging analysis in terms of the liquid penetration distance, gel thickness and erosion boundary diameter, respectively. In addition, the dissolution rate (k) and disintegration time of eutectic effervescent tablets in 0.1 N HCl buffer pH 1.2 were also determined. Incorporation of P407 into the IBU tablet improved the tablet wetting properties with increasing liquid penetration distance under stereoscope. CO2 liberation from effervescent agents promoted tablet surface roughness from matrix erosion. The relationship between observed physical properties and disintegration and dissolution parameters suggested that the combination of erosion by effervescent agents and gel formation by P407 had a potential influence on dissolution enhancement of the formulation. Therefore, a developed stereomicroscope with an imaging analysis technique was exhibited as an alternative versatile tool for determining the wetting properties, gel formation and erosion behaviors of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsit Chaiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand;
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Phaechamud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand;
- Natural Bioactive and Material for Health Promotion and Drug Delivery System Group (NBM Group), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Kinoshita T, Tsunoda C, Goto S, Hasegawa K, Chatani H, Fujita M, Kataoka H, Katahara Y, Shimada Y, Otsuka Y, Komatsu K, Terada H. Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation in the Structure-Dependent Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on the Aqueous Solubility of Diltiazem. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:120-129. [PMID: 35110432 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain combinations of acidic and basic drugs can cause significant changes in physicochemical properties through the formation of ionic liquids, eutectic mixtures, or deep eutectic solvents. In particular, combining indomethacin and lidocaine is known to result in apparent increases in both the partition coefficients (hydrophobicity) and aqueous solubilities (hydrophilicity). The physicochemical interactions between drugs change the water solubility of the drugs and affect the bio-availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Therefore, we need to clarify the mechanism of changes of water solubility of drugs through the physicochemical interactions. In the present study, we identified a thermodynamic factor that regulates the dissolution of a basic drug, in the presence of various acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The results demonstrated that enthalpy-entropy compensation plays a key role in the dissolution of drug mixtures and that relevant thermodynamic conditions should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chihiro Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kanji Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hitoshi Chatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Momoko Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hikaru Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuta Katahara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yohsuke Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuta Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Hiroshi Terada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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6
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Bazzo GC, Pezzini BR, Stulzer HK. Eutectic mixtures as an approach to enhance solubility, dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119741. [PMID: 32783978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic mixtures have been known for a long time in the pharmaceutical field. However, its potential as a system to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs remains little explored. Studies involving the microstructural characterization and the preparation of solid dosage forms containing eutectic mixtures are also an issue to be developed. Recently, the number of studies involving the preparation of eutectic mixtures to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs has increased considerably, including drug-carrier and drug-drug mixtures. In this review is discussed the potential of eutectic mixtures as an alternative pharmaceutical solid system to enhance drugs solubility, dissolution rate or oral bioavailability. Different aspects like history, physico-chemical, microstructural properties, preparation methods, mechanisms involved in solubility/dissolution enhancement, techniques for solid state characterization, in vivo studies, advantages, limitations and formulation perspective are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Carolina Bazzo
- Innovation Study Center in Pharmaceutical Technologies - NITfar, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramos Pezzini
- Innovation Study Center in Pharmaceutical Technologies - NITfar, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Hellen Karine Stulzer
- Innovation Study Center in Pharmaceutical Technologies - NITfar, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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7
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Fujita M, Goto S, Chatani H, Otsuka Y, Shimada Y, Terada H, Inoo K. The function of oxybuprocaine: a parachute effect that sustains the supersaturated state of anhydrous piroxicam crystals. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1572-1579. [PMID: 35494714 PMCID: PMC9047611 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers have been recognized to have the function of sustaining the supersaturated state of drugs. This function has been widely studied because it will improve the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, clarifying the mechanism of this sustaining pharmaceutical effect (parachute effect) on the supersaturated state as a result of polymers is remains a task. We have found that oxybuprocaine, which is a small molecule, has a parachute effect on the supersaturated state (due to an anhydrate-to-hydrate transformation) of piroxicam-anhydrate in the aqueous phase. We consider that oxybuprocaine controls the environment of the solution and the network of polymers is unnecessary. Therefore, oxybuprocaine not only becomes a clue for elucidating the essential mechanism of the parachute effect of polymers but also enables us to rationally propose a new type of solubilizer. A small molecule, oxybuprocaine, has a parachute effect on the supersaturated state of piroxicam anhydrous crystals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
| | - Satoru Goto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology
| | - Hitoshi Chatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
| | - Yuta Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology
| | - Yohsuke Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology
| | - Hiroshi Terada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba
- Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology
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Álvarez MS, Zhang Y. Sketching neoteric solvents for boosting drugs bioavailability. J Control Release 2019; 311-312:225-232. [PMID: 31521743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging neoteric solvents are being the subject of growing attention due to their lower cost and environmental impact, so they are being applied in a broad spectrum of industries. Among them, the pharmaceutical sector is demanding new environmentally friendly and non-toxic solvents able to enhance drugs solubility and stability. The introduction of ionic liquids turned out to be a breakthrough in the field of Green Chemistry opening up new separation and catalysis opportunities. In this sense, the options represented by Deep Eutectic Solvents make up an attractive alternative due to the low cost of their raw material, simple synthesis, and eco-friendly character. In line with these findings, Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents are new and promising alternatives to improve the bioavailability of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. This leading article is focused on providing a general picture of the advantages and drawbacks of these new solvents as well as the main research lines and perspectives to achieve efficient drugs delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Álvarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, P. O. Box 36310, Vigo, Spain; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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9
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Chatani H, Goto S, Kataoka H, Fujita M, Otsuka Y, Shimada Y, Terada H. Effects of phosphate on drug solubility behavior of mixture ibuprofen and lidocaine. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Bazzo GC, Mostafa D, França MT, Pezzini BR, Stulzer HK. How tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can impact on solubility and dissolution rate of efavirenz? Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118597. [PMID: 31401297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFZ) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) can be used simultaneously in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type1 infection. In this work the impact of TDF, a hydrophilic drug, on the solubility and dissolution rate of EFZ, a poorly water-soluble drug, was evaluated. EFZ/TDF binary mixtures in different molar ratios were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate the formation of a eutectic mixture, the molar ratio of 65/35 being the eutectic point. It was observed an increase in the EFZ solubility in water and acidic conditions (0.1 N HCl and biorelevant medium), in the presence of TDF. On the other hand, there was a decreasing on EFZ solubility in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, probably influenced by the lower solubility of TDF in this medium. The high solubility of TDF in water and acidic medium may have contributed to improve the solubility of EFZ, as well as the formation of a eutectic mixture, supported by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. However, TDF solubility and dissolution rate was not significantly influenced by the presence of EFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Carolina Bazzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Dina Mostafa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Terezinha França
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramos Pezzini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Hellen Karine Stulzer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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11
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Decarboxylation of indomethacin induced by heat treatment. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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