FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV–Vis, NMR and structural studies of carquejyl acetate, a distinctive component of the essential oil from Baccharis trimera (less.) DC. (Asteraceae)

Synthesis, spectroscopic, chemical reactivity, topology analysis and molecular docking study of ethyl 5-hydroxy-2-thioxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate

The organofluorine hexahydropyrimidine derivatives are used in the drug discovery due to its steric nature to hydrogen and its extreme electronegativity. The Ethyl 5-hydroxy-2-thioxo-4-(p-tolyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (ETP5C) compound was synthesized and characterized by NMR (13C and 1H), FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques for experimentally and theoretically and elemental analyses, mass spectra also investigated. The most stable structure of synthesized molecule was studied by PES analysis in gas and liquid medium. The structural parameters such as bond length and bond angle of the title molecule have been obtained by DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) set and compared with the structurally related experimental data of the compounds. The π-to-π* transition of the ETP5C molecule is identified using UV-Vis absorption spectral analysis. In addition, the chemical stability and reactivity are investigated using HOMO-LUMO analysis. The minimal HOMO-LUMO energy gap (4.6255 eV) clearly explains that the ETP5C molecule is more reactive for receptors. The nucleophilic and electrophilic regions such as active sites have been shown by MEP, ELF, LOL and Fukui functions. The second order optical effect has been explained by NLO analysis. The docking was performed with antineoplastic proteins that exhibit against the development of tumor cells.

Cytogenotoxicity evaluation of heavy metals detected in extracts and infusion of Baccharis trimera, potential bioaccumulator plant

Heavy metals (HMs) are natural components of the Earth's crust that might originate from natural and anthropogenic sources. In excess quantities, the presence of these metals is harmful for both environment and human health. Taking this into account, various investigators examined bioaccumulator species in order to reduce environmental toxicity, among these Baccharis trimera. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the capacity of B. trimera to bioaccumulate HMs and assess consequent cytogenotoxicity following exposure. B. trimera vegetative parts were collected from two groups (1) control, in which plants were cultivated in soil exposed to distilled water, and (2) exposed, in which plants were cultivated in soil exposed to HMs including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr). HMs were quantified in cultivation soil and extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) as well as infusion of B. trimera vegetative parts. Root lengths and cytogenotoxic effects were determined using Allium cepa test. Results demonstrated that all HMs studied were absorbed and bioaccumulated by B. trimera. Root lengths were decreased when exposed to ethanolic extract of B. trimera cultivated in soil exposed to HMs solution, which was the extract that exhibited the highest cytogenotoxicity values. Thus, data demonstrated that B. trimera might serve as a bioaccumulator for the reduction of environmental toxicity associated with the presence of certain HMs.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of novel organic L-Glutaminium Benzenesulfonate single crystal - DFT and experimental approach

An organic nonlinear optical crystal of l-Glutaminium Benzenesulfonate (LGBS) crystal was grown by slow evaporation method. Crystallization parameters and structural analysis of LGBS crystal were notified by Single crystal XRD technique and the theoretical structural parameters were also identified and compared using DFT. The grown LGBS crystal crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with the non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁. The presence of chemical bonding and functional groups were examined using FTIR and FT Raman spectra and their theoretical assignments were calculated. The lower cutoff wavelength was determined for grown LGBS crystal by UV-visible spectroscopy and it confirms that grown LGBS crystal has wide transmittance in the visible region. The emission region for the grown LGBS crystal was analysed by fluorescence spectrum. The global reactive descriptors and the intermolecular charge transfer interactions were also interpreted. The liberation of organic molecule and melting temperature of LGBS crystal were elucidated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) and DSC. The Kurtz and Perry powder technique confirms the formed LGBS crystal exhibits the second harmonic generation (SHG) and its outputs were compared with standard KDP.

Comparative experimental and theoretical study on the molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of sideroxol isolated from Sideritis stricta and its electronic properties

Sideroxol, a kaurene diterpene, was obtained from the acetone extract of Sideritis stricta plant. The ground-state molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and NMR chemical shifts were also investigated by using various density functional theories and Pople basis sets. The computed geometries are in good conformity with the experimental data. The comparison between theory and experiments indicates that B3LYP and M06 methods with the 6-31G(d) basis set are able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational and NMR properties. There seems to be no significant effect of addition of diffuse and polarization functions in the basis set used herein.

Detection of Orange Essential Oil, Isopropyl Myristate, and Benzyl Alcohol in Lemon Essential Oil by FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Essential oils are high-valued natural extracts that are involved in industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. The lemon essential oil (LEO) has high economic importance in the food and beverage industry because of its health-beneficial characteristics and desired flavor properties. LEO, similar to other natural extracts, is prone to being adulterated through economic motivations. Adulteration causes unfair competition between vendors, disruptions in national economies, and crucial risks for consumers worldwide. There is a need for cost-effective, rapid, reliable, robust, and eco-friendly analytical techniques to detect adulterants in essential oils. The current research developed chemometric models for the quantification of three adulterants (orange essential oil, benzyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) in cold-pressed LEOs by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) based on FTIR spectra. The cold-pressed LEO was successfully distinguished from adulterants by robust HCA. PLSR and PCR showed high accuracy with high R² values (0.99-1) and low standard error of cross-validation (SECV) values (0.58 and 5.21) for cross-validation results of the raw, first derivative, and second derivative FTIR spectra. The findings showed that FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analyses has a considerable capability to detect and quantify adulterants in lemon essential oil.

Molecular docking studies, structural and spectroscopic properties of monomeric and dimeric species of benzofuran-carboxylic acids derivatives: DFT calculations and biological activities

Structural optimization, molecular docking analysis, electronic and vibrational properties have been investigated for the 1-benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (2BF) and 1-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid (3BF) using DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The theoretical parameters have a very good consistency with the experimental ones. The weak intermolecular interactions were analyzed by different tool such as: Hirshfeld surfaces, topological analysis and natural bond orbital studies. The nonlinear optical properties have been investigated. Molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis have been carried out to understand the reactivity of the molecule. In addition, TD-DFT calculation is initiated to simulate the UV-vis absorption spectrum and to determine several important electronic properties like HOMO-LUMO gap energy and electronic transitions. The complete vibrational assignments and the force constants were reported for monomer and dimers of both acids. The biological activities of the tow acids have been studied via molecular docking analysis. The later calculations prove that the studied acids have an inhibitor effect against cancer and microbial diseases.