Molecular structures, DFT studies and their photophysical properties in solution and solid state. Microwave-assisted multicomponent synthesis of organotin bearing Schiff bases

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence down to 77 K of organotin molecular rotors: eco-friendly synthesis, photophysical characterization, X-ray structures, and DFT studies

Fluorescent organotin compounds are useful in sensing, optoelectronic devices, and in vitro bioimaging. Although in vitro fluorescence bioimaging shows low resolution at room temperature, a better resolution is possible at cryotemperatures. Therefore, the search for new cryoluminescent materials with potential application in high-resolution fluorescence bioimaging remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the cryoluminescence properties of two fluorescent bis-organotin compounds, namely, BisNTHySnBu2 (5) and BisNTHySnPh2 (6), synthesized via microwave irradiation. All compounds were fully characterized using 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and HR-MS. The 119Sn δ and 3J(1H,119Sn) of 5 and 6 indicate that two Sn-ligands are chemically and electronically equivalent, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. The crystal structure of 6 showed pentacoordinate tin atoms with skeleton ligands. The study of self-assembled monolayers of both Sn-complexes via STM microscopy revealed a similar supramolecular packing in lamella-like patterns, adopting a face-on arrangement, where molecules stay flat lying on HOPG in accordance with the height profile of closely packed monolayers on graphite of about 0.33 nm thickness. However, only the Sn complex 6, which bears phenyls, covers large surface areas. The photophysical properties of bis-organotin compounds were also investigated in solution (room and low temperatures) and in the solid state. Good luminescence properties in solutions with fluorescence quantum yields (Φ) of approximately 35% and 50% were found. Despite this, Φ is quenched in the solid state because of aggregation, as supported by solvent/non solvent fluorescence studies, which is in agreement with STM and AFM investigation.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Base Metal–Ligand Complexes with Copper and Nickel Centres for Electrochemical In Vitro Sensing of Nitric Oxide in an Aqueous Solution

Nitric oxide (NO), the smallest signalling molecule known in the human body, keeps blood vessels dilated, controls blood pressure, and has numerous other health regulatory effects. The use of Schiff base complexes incorporated onto electrodes to make electrochemical sensors has been explored as an effective method for the determination and quantification of nitric oxide in aqueous solutions. Schiff base ligands were complexed with Cu and Ni metal centres using the microwave synthesis method to produce metal–ligand complexes with enhanced capabilites for NO detection. The electrical current generated at the anode is directly proportional to NO concentrations in the solution through its oxidation to HNO3. Various characterisation techniques were implemented to verify the integrity of each step of metal–ligand synthesis as well as the final product produced, using FT-IR, UV-VIS, and TGA. The as-synthesised Schiff base complexes were electrodeposited on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and electrochemically evaluated in a 0.1 M PBS. Furthermore, metal complexes were screened for their in vitro activity towards NO detection in an aqueous solution (PBS). The results show that the investigated sensors (SPCE/Ni-BPND and SPCE/Cu-BPND) respond positively toward NO detection. It was, therefore, identified that the two sensors also do not differ significantly in terms of precision, sensitivity, and lowest detection limit. The sensor strategies demonstrate the NO limits of detection of 0.22 µM and 0.09 µM, and they also demonstrate sensitivity values of 16.3 µA/µM and 13.1 µA/µM for SPCE/Cu-BPND and SPCE/Ni-BPND sensors, respectively.

Organotin Schiff bases as halofluorochromic dyes: green synthesis, chemio-photophysical characterization, DFT, and their fluorescent bioimaging in vitro

Fluorescent bioimaging is an excellent tool in cellular biology, and it will be a powerful technique in modern medicine as a noninvasive imaging technology where tumoral and normal cells must be distinguished. One of the differences between normal and cancer cells is the intracellular pH. Therefore, the design and synthesis of pH-responsive fluorescent materials are required. Organotin Schiff bases showed halofluorochromic behavior in solution. Microwave-assisted synthesis showed better reaction times and chemical yields compared with conventional heating. All compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The halofluorochromism study showed that some molecules in acidic media have the maximum luminescence intensity due to protonation. All the fluorescent tin complexes showed cell staining on hepatocyte and MCF-7 cells by confocal microscopy. The theoretical study has enabled us to rationalize the optical properties and the halofluorochromism for compounds 1 and 2 synthesized in this work. Our results showed that the emission decrease, in the acid and basic media for compounds 1 and 2, respectively, is caused by intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) deactivation.

One-Pot Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Water-Soluble Pyran-2,4,5-triol Glucose Amine Schiff Base Derivative: XRD/HSA Interactions, Crystal Structure, Spectral, Thermal and a DFT/TD-DFT

The(3R,4R,6R)-3-(((E)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triol water-soluble Glucose amine Schiff base (GASB-1) product was made available by condensation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with (3R,6R)-3-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetra-hydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triol under mono-mode microwave heating. A one-pot 5-minute microwave-assisted reaction was required to complete the condensation reaction with 90% yield and without having byproducts. The 3D structure of GASB-1 was solved from single crystal X-ray diffraction data and computed by DFT/6-311G(d,p). The Hirshfeld surface analysis (HSA), molecular electronic potential (MEP), Mulliken atomic charge (MAC), and natural population analysis (NPA) were performed. The IR and UV-Vis spectra were matched to their density functional theory (DFT) relatives and the thermal behavior was resolved in an open-room condition via thermogravimetry/Derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO/LUMO), density of state (DOS), and time-dependence TD-DFT computations were correlated to the experimental electron transfer in water and acrylonitrile solvents.

Fluorescent organotin compounds as dyes in silk fibroin (Bombyx mori): ultrasound-assisted synthesis, chemo-optical characterization, cytotoxicity, and confocal fluorescence microscopy

The fluorescent silk fibroin (FSF) is useful in a number of biomedical applications.